automated upgrade of python code using ruff and ./setup.py upgrade_source_code

pyproject.toml

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ requires-python = ">=3.10"
 
 [tool.ruff]
 line-length = 160
-target-version = 'py310'
 builtins = ['_', 'I', 'P']
 include = ['*.py', '*.recipe']
 exclude = [

recipes/afrique_21.recipe

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ afriquexxi.info
 '''
 
 from datetime import datetime
-
 from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo
 
 from calibre import browser

recipes/arret_sur_images.recipe

@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 
 import json
 from datetime import datetime
+from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo
 
 import mechanize
-from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo
 
 from calibre import browser
 from calibre.web.feeds.news import BasicNewsRecipe

recipes/contretemps.recipe

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ contretemps.eu
 '''
 
 from datetime import datetime
-
 from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo
 
 from calibre.web.feeds.news import BasicNewsRecipe

recipes/orient_21.recipe

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 ''' orientxxi.info '''
 from datetime import datetime
-
 from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo
 
 from calibre import browser

setup/build.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import sys
 import sysconfig
 import textwrap
 from functools import partial
-from typing import List, NamedTuple
+from typing import NamedTuple
 
 from setup import SRC, Command, isbsd, isfreebsd, ishaiku, islinux, ismacos, iswindows
 
@@ -24,14 +24,14 @@ isunix = islinux or ismacos or isbsd or ishaiku
 py_lib = os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'libs', 'python%d%d.lib' % sys.version_info[:2])
 
 class CompileCommand(NamedTuple):
-    cmd: List[str]
+    cmd: list[str]
     src: str
     dest: str
 
 
 class LinkCommand(NamedTuple):
-    cmd: List[str]
+    cmd: list[str]
-    objects: List[str]
+    objects: list[str]
     dest: str
 
 
@@ -209,11 +209,11 @@ class Environment(NamedTuple):
     cc: str
     cxx: str
     linker: str
-    base_cflags: List[str]
+    base_cflags: list[str]
-    base_cxxflags: List[str]
+    base_cxxflags: list[str]
-    base_ldflags: List[str]
+    base_ldflags: list[str]
-    cflags: List[str]
+    cflags: list[str]
-    ldflags: List[str]
+    ldflags: list[str]
     make: str
     internal_inc_prefix: str
     external_inc_prefix: str
@@ -228,10 +228,10 @@ class Environment(NamedTuple):
     dest_ext: str
     std_prefix: str
 
-    def inc_dirs_to_cflags(self, dirs) -> List[str]:
+    def inc_dirs_to_cflags(self, dirs) -> list[str]:
         return [self.external_inc_prefix+x for x in dirs]
 
-    def lib_dirs_to_ldflags(self, dirs) -> List[str]:
+    def lib_dirs_to_ldflags(self, dirs) -> list[str]:
         return [self.libdir_prefix+x for x in dirs if x]
 
     def libraries_to_ldflags(self, libs):

setup/polib.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -* coding: utf-8 -*-
 #
 # License: MIT (see LICENSE file provided)
 # vim: set expandtab tabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4:
@@ -34,24 +33,13 @@ default_encoding = 'utf-8'
 # python 2/3 compatibility helpers {{{
 
 
-if sys.version_info < (3,):
+PY3 = True
-    PY3 = False
+text_type = str
-    text_type = unicode
 
-    def b(s):
+def b(s):
-        return s
+    return s.encode()
 
-    def u(s):
+def u(s):
-        return unicode(s, "unicode_escape")
-
-else:
-    PY3 = True
-    text_type = str
-
-    def b(s):
-        return s.encode("latin-1")
-
-    def u(s):
     return s
 # }}}
 # _pofile_or_mofile {{{
@@ -390,7 +378,7 @@ class _BaseFile(list):
         # But if pickling, we never want to check for duplicates anyway.
         if getattr(self, 'check_for_duplicates', False) and entry in self:
             raise ValueError('Entry "%s" already exists' % entry.msgid)
-        super(_BaseFile, self).append(entry)
+        super().append(entry)
 
     def insert(self, index, entry):
         """
@@ -408,7 +396,7 @@ class _BaseFile(list):
         """
         if self.check_for_duplicates and entry in self:
             raise ValueError('Entry "%s" already exists' % entry.msgid)
-        super(_BaseFile, self).insert(index, entry)
+        super().insert(index, entry)
 
     def metadata_as_entry(self):
         """
@@ -420,7 +408,7 @@ class _BaseFile(list):
             strs = []
             for name, value in mdata:
                 # Strip whitespace off each line in a multi-line entry
-                strs.append('%s: %s' % (name, value))
+                strs.append(f'{name}: {value}')
             e.msgstr = '\n'.join(strs) + '\n'
         if self.metadata_is_fuzzy:
             e.flags.append('fuzzy')
@@ -444,7 +432,7 @@ class _BaseFile(list):
             string, controls how universal newlines works
         """
         if self.fpath is None and fpath is None:
-            raise IOError('You must provide a file path to save() method')
+            raise OSError('You must provide a file path to save() method')
         contents = getattr(self, repr_method)()
         if fpath is None:
             fpath = self.fpath
@@ -452,7 +440,7 @@ class _BaseFile(list):
             with open(fpath, 'wb') as fhandle:
                 fhandle.write(contents)
         else:
-            with io.open(
+            with open(
                 fpath,
                 'w',
                 encoding=self.encoding,
@@ -730,10 +718,10 @@ class POFile(_BaseFile):
             object POFile, the reference catalog.
         """
         # Store entries in dict/set for faster access
-        self_entries = dict(
+        self_entries = {
-            (entry.msgid_with_context, entry) for entry in self
+            entry.msgid_with_context: entry for entry in self
-        )
+        }
-        refpot_msgids = set(entry.msgid_with_context for entry in refpot)
+        refpot_msgids = {entry.msgid_with_context for entry in refpot}
         # Merge entries that are in the refpot
         for entry in refpot:
             e = self_entries.get(entry.msgid_with_context)
@@ -822,7 +810,7 @@ class MOFile(_BaseFile):
 # class _BaseEntry {{{
 
 
-class _BaseEntry(object):
+class _BaseEntry:
     """
     Base class for :class:`~polib.POEntry` and :class:`~polib.MOEntry` classes.
     This class should **not** be instantiated directly.
@@ -942,16 +930,16 @@ class _BaseEntry(object):
             # quick and dirty trick to get the real field name
             fieldname = fieldname[9:]
 
-        ret = ['%s%s%s "%s"' % (delflag, fieldname, plural_index,
+        ret = ['{}{}{} "{}"'.format(delflag, fieldname, plural_index,
                                 escape(lines.pop(0)))]
         for line in lines:
-            ret.append('%s"%s"' % (delflag, escape(line)))
+            ret.append(f'{delflag}"{escape(line)}"')
         return ret
 
     @property
     def msgid_with_context(self):
         if self.msgctxt:
-            return '%s%s%s' % (self.msgctxt, "\x04", self.msgid)
+            return '{}{}{}'.format(self.msgctxt, "\x04", self.msgid)
         return self.msgid
 # }}}
 # class POEntry {{{
@@ -1023,14 +1011,14 @@ class POEntry(_BaseEntry):
                             break_long_words=False
                         )
                     else:
-                        ret.append('%s%s' % (c[1], comment))
+                        ret.append(f'{c[1]}{comment}')
 
         # occurrences (with text wrapping as xgettext does)
         if not self.obsolete and self.occurrences:
             filelist = []
             for fpath, lineno in self.occurrences:
                 if lineno:
-                    filelist.append('%s:%s' % (fpath, lineno))
+                    filelist.append(f'{fpath}:{lineno}')
                 else:
                     filelist.append(fpath)
             filestr = ' '.join(filelist)
@@ -1238,7 +1226,7 @@ class MOEntry(_BaseEntry):
 # class _POFileParser {{{
 
 
-class _POFileParser(object):
+class _POFileParser:
     """
     A finite state machine to efficiently and correctly parse po
     file format.
@@ -1264,10 +1252,10 @@ class _POFileParser(object):
         enc = kwargs.get('encoding', default_encoding)
         if _is_file(pofile):
             try:
-                self.fhandle = io.open(pofile, 'rt', encoding=enc)
+                self.fhandle = open(pofile, encoding=enc)
             except LookupError:
                 enc = default_encoding
-                self.fhandle = io.open(pofile, 'rt', encoding=enc)
+                self.fhandle = open(pofile, encoding=enc)
         else:
             self.fhandle = pofile.splitlines()
 
@@ -1373,7 +1361,7 @@ class _POFileParser(object):
                 if tokens[0] in keywords and nb_tokens > 1:
                     line = line[len(tokens[0]):].lstrip()
                     if re.search(r'([^\\]|^)"', line[1:-1]):
-                        raise IOError('Syntax error in po file %s(line %s): '
+                        raise OSError('Syntax error in po file %s(line %s): '
                                       'unescaped double quote found' %
                                       (fpath, self.current_line))
                     self.current_token = line
@@ -1391,7 +1379,7 @@ class _POFileParser(object):
                 elif line[:1] == '"':
                     # we are on a continuation line
                     if re.search(r'([^\\]|^)"', line[1:-1]):
-                        raise IOError('Syntax error in po file %s(line %s): '
+                        raise OSError('Syntax error in po file %s(line %s): '
                                       'unescaped double quote found' %
                                       (fpath, self.current_line))
                     self.process('mc')
@@ -1420,7 +1408,7 @@ class _POFileParser(object):
 
                 elif tokens[0] == '#|':
                     if nb_tokens <= 1:
-                        raise IOError('Syntax error in po file %s(line %s)' %
+                        raise OSError('Syntax error in po file %s(line %s)' %
                                       (fpath, self.current_line))
 
                     # Remove the marker and any whitespace right after that.
@@ -1434,14 +1422,14 @@ class _POFileParser(object):
 
                     if nb_tokens == 2:
                         # Invalid continuation line.
-                        raise IOError('Syntax error in po file %s(line %s): '
+                        raise OSError('Syntax error in po file %s(line %s): '
                                       'invalid continuation line' %
                                       (fpath, self.current_line))
 
                     # we are on a "previous translation" comment line,
                     if tokens[1] not in prev_keywords:
                         # Unknown keyword in previous translation comment.
-                        raise IOError('Syntax error in po file %s(line %s): '
+                        raise OSError('Syntax error in po file %s(line %s): '
                                       'unknown keyword %s' %
                                       (fpath, self.current_line,
                                        tokens[1]))
@@ -1453,7 +1441,7 @@ class _POFileParser(object):
                     self.process(prev_keywords[tokens[1]])
 
                 else:
-                    raise IOError('Syntax error in po file %s(line %s)' %
+                    raise OSError('Syntax error in po file %s(line %s)' %
                                   (fpath, self.current_line))
 
             if self.current_entry and len(tokens) > 0 and \
@@ -1524,7 +1512,7 @@ class _POFileParser(object):
             fpath = '%s ' % self.instance.fpath if self.instance.fpath else ''
             if hasattr(self.fhandle, 'close'):
                 self.fhandle.close()
-            raise IOError('Syntax error in po file %s(line %s)' %
+            raise OSError('Syntax error in po file %s(line %s)' %
                           (fpath, self.current_line))
 
     # state handlers
@@ -1673,7 +1661,7 @@ class _POFileParser(object):
 # class _MOFileParser {{{
 
 
-class _MOFileParser(object):
+class _MOFileParser:
     """
     A class to parse binary mo files.
     """
@@ -1729,14 +1717,14 @@ class _MOFileParser(object):
         elif magic_number == MOFile.MAGIC_SWAPPED:
             ii = '>II'
         else:
-            raise IOError('Invalid mo file, magic number is incorrect !')
+            raise OSError('Invalid mo file, magic number is incorrect !')
         self.instance.magic_number = magic_number
         # parse the version number and the number of strings
         version, numofstrings = self._readbinary(ii, 8)
         # from MO file format specs: "A program seeing an unexpected major
         # revision number should stop reading the MO file entirely"
         if version >> 16 not in (0, 1):
-            raise IOError('Invalid mo file, unexpected major revision number')
+            raise OSError('Invalid mo file, unexpected major revision number')
         self.instance.version = version
         # original strings and translation strings hash table offset
         msgids_hash_offset, msgstrs_hash_offset = self._readbinary(ii, 8)
@@ -1777,8 +1765,8 @@ class _MOFileParser(object):
                 entry = self._build_entry(
                     msgid=msgid_tokens[0],
                     msgid_plural=msgid_tokens[1],
-                    msgstr_plural=dict((k, v) for k, v in
+                    msgstr_plural={k: v for k, v in
-                                       enumerate(msgstr.split(b('\0'))))
+                                       enumerate(msgstr.split(b('\0')))}
                 )
             else:
                 entry = self._build_entry(msgid=msgid, msgstr=msgstr)

src/calibre/db/backend.py

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import time
 import uuid
 from contextlib import closing, suppress
 from functools import partial
-from typing import Optional
 
 import apsw
 
@@ -1007,7 +1006,7 @@ class DB:
     def add_notes_resource(self, path_or_stream, name, mtime=None) -> int:
         return self.notes.add_resource(self.conn, path_or_stream, name, mtime=mtime)
 
-    def get_notes_resource(self, resource_hash) -> Optional[dict]:
+    def get_notes_resource(self, resource_hash) -> dict | None:
         return self.notes.get_resource_data(self.conn, resource_hash)
 
     def notes_resources_used_by(self, field, item_id):

src/calibre/db/cache.py

@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ import sys
 import traceback
 import weakref
 from collections import defaultdict
-from collections.abc import MutableSet, Set
+from collections.abc import Iterable, MutableSet, Set
 from functools import partial, wraps
 from io import DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE, BytesIO
 from queue import Queue
 from threading import Lock
 from time import mktime, monotonic, sleep, time
-from typing import Iterable, NamedTuple, Optional, Tuple
+from typing import NamedTuple
 
 from calibre import as_unicode, detect_ncpus, isbytestring
 from calibre.constants import iswindows, preferred_encoding
@@ -725,7 +725,7 @@ class Cache:
         return self.backend.add_notes_resource(path_or_stream_or_data, name, mtime)
 
     @read_api
-    def get_notes_resource(self, resource_hash) -> Optional[dict]:
+    def get_notes_resource(self, resource_hash) -> dict | None:
         ' Return a dict containing the resource data and name or None if no resource with the specified hash is found '
         return self.backend.get_notes_resource(resource_hash)
 
@@ -3370,7 +3370,7 @@ class Cache:
         return dict.fromkeys(relpaths)
 
     @read_api
-    def list_extra_files(self, book_id, use_cache=False, pattern='') -> Tuple[ExtraFile, ...]:
+    def list_extra_files(self, book_id, use_cache=False, pattern='') -> tuple[ExtraFile, ...]:
         '''
         Get information about extra files in the book's directory.
 

src/calibre/db/constants.py

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # License: GPLv3 Copyright: 2023, Kovid Goyal <kovid at kovidgoyal.net>
 
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Sequence
 
 COVER_FILE_NAME = 'cover.jpg'
 METADATA_FILE_NAME = 'metadata.opf'

src/calibre/db/fields.py

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ __docformat__ = 'restructuredtext en'
 
 import sys
 from collections import Counter, defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Iterable
 from functools import partial
 from threading import Lock
-from typing import Iterable
 
 from calibre.db.tables import MANY_MANY, MANY_ONE, ONE_ONE, null
 from calibre.db.utils import atof, force_to_bool

src/calibre/db/notes/connect.py

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import time
 from collections import defaultdict
 from contextlib import suppress
 from itertools import count, repeat
-from typing import Optional
 
 import apsw
 import xxhash
@@ -368,7 +367,7 @@ class Notes:
                     name = f'{base_name}-{c}{ext}'
         return resource_hash
 
-    def get_resource_data(self, conn, resource_hash) -> Optional[dict]:
+    def get_resource_data(self, conn, resource_hash) -> dict | None:
         ans = None
         for (name,) in conn.execute('SELECT name FROM notes_db.resources WHERE hash=?', (resource_hash,)):
             path = self.path_for_resource(resource_hash)

src/calibre/db/tables.py

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ __docformat__ = 'restructuredtext en'
 
 import numbers
 from collections import defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Iterable
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
-from typing import Iterable
 
 from calibre.ebooks.metadata import author_to_author_sort
 from calibre.utils.date import UNDEFINED_DATE, parse_date, utc_tz

src/calibre/devices/kindle/apnx.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ __license__ = 'GPL v3'
 __copyright__ = '2011, John Schember <john at nachtimwald.com>, refactored: 2022, Vaso Peras-Likodric <vaso at vipl.in.rs>'
 __docformat__ = 'restructuredtext en'
 
-from typing import Dict, Optional
 
 '''
 Generates and writes an APNX page mapping file.
@@ -29,14 +28,14 @@ class APNXBuilder:
     Create an APNX file using a pseudo page mapping.
     """
 
-    generators: Dict[str, IPageGenerator] = {
+    generators: dict[str, IPageGenerator] = {
         FastPageGenerator.instance.name(): FastPageGenerator.instance,
         AccuratePageGenerator.instance.name(): AccuratePageGenerator.instance,
         PagebreakPageGenerator.instance.name(): PagebreakPageGenerator.instance,
         # ExactPageGenerator.instance.name(): ExactPageGenerator.instance,
     }
 
-    def write_apnx(self, mobi_file_path: str, apnx_path: str, method: Optional[str] = None, page_count: int = 0):
+    def write_apnx(self, mobi_file_path: str, apnx_path: str, method: str | None = None, page_count: int = 0):
         """
         If you want a fixed number of pages (such as from a custom column) then
         pass in a value to page_count, otherwise a count will be estimated
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ class APNXBuilder:
             fsync(apnxf)
 
     @staticmethod
-    def get_apnx_meta(mobi_file_path) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    def get_apnx_meta(mobi_file_path) -> dict[str, str]:
         import uuid
         apnx_meta = {
             'guid': str(uuid.uuid4()).replace('-', '')[:8],

src/calibre/devices/kindle/apnx_page_generator/generators/accurate_page_generator.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ __license__ = 'GPL v3'
 __copyright__ = '2022, Vaso Peras-Likodric <vaso at vipl.in.rs>'
 __docformat__ = 'restructuredtext en'
 
-from typing import Optional
 
 from calibre.devices.kindle.apnx_page_generator.generators.fast_page_generator import FastPageGenerator
 from calibre.devices.kindle.apnx_page_generator.i_page_generator import IPageGenerator, mobi_html
@@ -16,10 +15,10 @@ class AccuratePageGenerator(IPageGenerator):
     def name(self) -> str:
         return "accurate"
 
-    def _generate_fallback(self, mobi_file_path: str, real_count: Optional[int]) -> Pages:
+    def _generate_fallback(self, mobi_file_path: str, real_count: int | None) -> Pages:
         return FastPageGenerator.instance.generate(mobi_file_path, real_count)
 
-    def _generate(self, mobi_file_path: str, real_count: Optional[int]) -> Pages:
+    def _generate(self, mobi_file_path: str, real_count: int | None) -> Pages:
         """
         A more accurate but much more resource intensive and slower
         method to calculate the page length.

src/calibre/devices/kindle/apnx_page_generator/generators/exact_page_generator.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ __license__ = 'GPL v3'
 __copyright__ = '2022, Vaso Peras-Likodric <vaso at vipl.in.rs>'
 __docformat__ = 'restructuredtext en'
 
-from typing import Optional
 
 from calibre.devices.kindle.apnx_page_generator.generators.fast_page_generator import FastPageGenerator
 from calibre.devices.kindle.apnx_page_generator.i_page_generator import IPageGenerator, mobi_html_length
@@ -16,10 +15,10 @@ class ExactPageGenerator(IPageGenerator):
     def name(self) -> str:
         return "exact"
 
-    def _generate_fallback(self, mobi_file_path: str, real_count: Optional[int]) -> Pages:
+    def _generate_fallback(self, mobi_file_path: str, real_count: int | None) -> Pages:
         return FastPageGenerator.instance.generate(mobi_file_path, real_count)
 
-    def _generate(self, mobi_file_path: str, real_count: Optional[int]) -> Pages:
+    def _generate(self, mobi_file_path: str, real_count: int | None) -> Pages:
         """
         Given a specified page count (such as from a custom column),
         create our array of pages for the apnx file by dividing by

src/calibre/devices/kindle/apnx_page_generator/generators/fast_page_generator.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ __license__ = 'GPL v3'
 __copyright__ = '2022, Vaso Peras-Likodric <vaso at vipl.in.rs>'
 __docformat__ = 'restructuredtext en'
 
-from typing import Optional
 
 from calibre.devices.kindle.apnx_page_generator.i_page_generator import IPageGenerator, mobi_html_length
 from calibre.devices.kindle.apnx_page_generator.pages import Pages
@@ -13,10 +12,10 @@ class FastPageGenerator(IPageGenerator):
     def name(self) -> str:
         return "fast"
 
-    def _generate_fallback(self, mobi_file_path: str, real_count: Optional[int]) -> Pages:
+    def _generate_fallback(self, mobi_file_path: str, real_count: int | None) -> Pages:
         raise Exception("Fast calculation impossible.")
 
-    def _generate(self, mobi_file_path: str, real_count: Optional[int]) -> Pages:
+    def _generate(self, mobi_file_path: str, real_count: int | None) -> Pages:
         """
         2300 characters of uncompressed text per page. This is
         not meant to map 1 to 1 to a print book but to be a

src/calibre/devices/kindle/apnx_page_generator/generators/pagebreak_page_generator.py

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ __copyright__ = '2022, Vaso Peras-Likodric <vaso at vipl.in.rs>'
 __docformat__ = 'restructuredtext en'
 
 import re
-from typing import Optional
 
 from calibre.devices.kindle.apnx_page_generator.generators.fast_page_generator import FastPageGenerator
 from calibre.devices.kindle.apnx_page_generator.i_page_generator import IPageGenerator, mobi_html
@@ -15,10 +14,10 @@ class PagebreakPageGenerator(IPageGenerator):
     def name(self) -> str:
         return "pagebreak"
 
-    def _generate_fallback(self, mobi_file_path: str, real_count: Optional[int]) -> Pages:
+    def _generate_fallback(self, mobi_file_path: str, real_count: int | None) -> Pages:
         return FastPageGenerator.instance.generate(mobi_file_path, real_count)
 
-    def _generate(self, mobi_file_path: str, real_count: Optional[int]) -> Pages:
+    def _generate(self, mobi_file_path: str, real_count: int | None) -> Pages:
         """ Determine pages based on the presence of <*pagebreak*/>. """
         html = mobi_html(mobi_file_path)
         pages = []

src/calibre/devices/kindle/apnx_page_generator/i_page_generator.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ __docformat__ = 'restructuredtext en'
 
 import struct
 from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
-from typing import Optional
 
 from calibre.devices.kindle.apnx_page_generator.pages import Pages
 from calibre.ebooks.pdb.header import PdbHeaderReader
@@ -15,14 +14,14 @@ from polyglot.builtins import as_bytes
 class IPageGenerator(metaclass=ABCMeta):
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def _generate(self, mobi_file_path: str, real_count: Optional[int]) -> Pages:
+    def _generate(self, mobi_file_path: str, real_count: int | None) -> Pages:
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def _generate_fallback(self, mobi_file_path: str, real_count: Optional[int]) -> Pages:
+    def _generate_fallback(self, mobi_file_path: str, real_count: int | None) -> Pages:
         pass
 
-    def generate(self, mobi_file_path: str, real_count: Optional[int]) -> Pages:
+    def generate(self, mobi_file_path: str, real_count: int | None) -> Pages:
         try:
             result = self._generate(mobi_file_path, real_count)
             if result.number_of_pages > 0:

src/calibre/devices/kindle/apnx_page_generator/page_group.py

@@ -2,32 +2,31 @@ __license__ = 'GPL v3'
 __copyright__ = '2022, Vaso Peras-Likodric <vaso at vipl.in.rs>'
 __docformat__ = 'restructuredtext en'
 
-from typing import List, Tuple, Union
 
 from calibre.devices.kindle.apnx_page_generator.page_number_type import PageNumberTypes
 
 
 class PageGroup:
     """Simulate constructor overloading"""
-    def __init__(self, page_locations: Union[int, List[int]], page_number_type: PageNumberTypes, first_value: int,
+    def __init__(self, page_locations: int | list[int], page_number_type: PageNumberTypes, first_value: int,
-                 page_labels: Union[str, List[str], None] = None):
+                 page_labels: str | list[str] | None = None):
         if page_locations.__class__ is int:
-            self.page_locations: List[int] = [page_locations]
+            self.page_locations: list[int] = [page_locations]
         else:
-            self.page_locations: List[int] = page_locations
+            self.page_locations: list[int] = page_locations
         self.__page_number_type: PageNumberTypes = page_number_type
         self.__first_value = first_value
         if page_number_type == PageNumberTypes.Custom:
             assert page_labels is not None
             if page_labels.__class__ is str:
                 assert 1 == len(self.page_locations) and len(page_labels) > 0
-                self.__page_number_labels: List[str] = [page_labels]
+                self.__page_number_labels: list[str] = [page_labels]
             else:
                 assert len(page_labels) == len(self.page_locations)
                 assert all(len(label) > 0 for label in page_labels)
-                self.__page_number_labels: List[str] = page_labels
+                self.__page_number_labels: list[str] = page_labels
 
-    def append(self, page_location: Union[int, Tuple[int, str]]) -> None:
+    def append(self, page_location: int | tuple[int, str]) -> None:
         if page_location.__class__ is int:
             assert self.__page_number_type != PageNumberTypes.Custom
             self.page_locations.append(page_location)
@@ -54,4 +53,4 @@ class PageGroup:
             values = str(self.__first_value)
         else:
             values = "|".join(self.__page_number_labels)
-        return "({},{},{})".format(starting_location, self.__page_number_type.value, values)
+        return f"({starting_location},{self.__page_number_type.value},{values})"

src/calibre/devices/kindle/apnx_page_generator/pages.py

@@ -3,18 +3,17 @@ __copyright__ = '2022, Vaso Peras-Likodric <vaso at vipl.in.rs>'
 __docformat__ = 'restructuredtext en'
 
 import itertools
-from typing import List, Optional
 
 from calibre.devices.kindle.apnx_page_generator.page_group import PageGroup
 from calibre.devices.kindle.apnx_page_generator.page_number_type import PageNumberTypes
 
 
 class Pages:
-    def __init__(self, page_locations: Optional[List[int]] = None):
+    def __init__(self, page_locations: list[int] | None = None):
         if page_locations.__class__ is list:
-            self.__pages_groups: List[PageGroup] = [PageGroup(page_locations, PageNumberTypes.Arabic, 1)]
+            self.__pages_groups: list[PageGroup] = [PageGroup(page_locations, PageNumberTypes.Arabic, 1)]
         else:
-            self.__pages_groups: List[PageGroup] = []
+            self.__pages_groups: list[PageGroup] = []
 
     def append(self, page_location: PageGroup) -> None:
         self.__pages_groups.append(page_location)
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ class Pages:
         return ",".join(result)
 
     @property
-    def page_locations(self) -> List[int]:
+    def page_locations(self) -> list[int]:
         return list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(list(map(lambda pg: pg.page_locations, self.__pages_groups))))
 
     @property

src/calibre/devices/mtp/driver.py

@@ -12,8 +12,9 @@ import os
 import posixpath
 import sys
 import traceback
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from io import BytesIO
-from typing import NamedTuple, Sequence
+from typing import NamedTuple
 
 from calibre import prints
 from calibre.constants import iswindows, numeric_version

src/calibre/devices/mtp/filesystem_cache.py

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ from collections import defaultdict, deque
 from datetime import datetime
 from itertools import chain
 from operator import attrgetter
-from typing import Dict, Tuple
 
 from calibre import force_unicode, human_readable, prints
 from calibre.constants import iswindows
@@ -121,7 +120,7 @@ class FileOrFolder:
         return not self.files and not self.folders
 
     @property
-    def id_map(self) -> Dict[int, 'FileOrFolder']:
+    def id_map(self) -> dict[int, 'FileOrFolder']:
         return self.fs_cache().id_maps[self.storage_id]
 
     @property
@@ -141,7 +140,7 @@ class FileOrFolder:
         return self.fs_cache().storage(self.storage_id)
 
     @property
-    def full_path(self) -> Tuple[str, ...]:
+    def full_path(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
         parts = deque()
         parts.append(self.name)
         p = self.parent

src/calibre/devices/smart_device_app/driver.py

@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ class ConnectionListener(Thread):
                             device_socket = None
                             self.driver._debug('driver is not answering')
 
-                    except socket.timeout:
+                    except TimeoutError:
                         pass
                     except OSError:
                         x = sys.exc_info()[1]
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ class SMART_DEVICE_APP(DeviceConfig, DevicePlugin):
             if not wait_for_response:
                 return None, None
             return self._receive_from_client(print_debug_info=print_debug_info)
-        except socket.timeout:
+        except TimeoutError:
             self._debug('timeout communicating with device')
             self._close_device_socket()
             raise TimeoutError('Device did not respond in reasonable time')
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ class SMART_DEVICE_APP(DeviceConfig, DevicePlugin):
                     self._debug('receive after decode')  # , v)
                 return (self.reverse_opcodes[v[0]], v[1])
             self._debug('protocol error -- empty json string')
-        except socket.timeout:
+        except TimeoutError:
             self._debug('timeout communicating with device')
             self._close_device_socket()
             raise TimeoutError('Device did not respond in reasonable time')
@@ -1202,7 +1202,7 @@ class SMART_DEVICE_APP(DeviceConfig, DevicePlugin):
                 pass
 
             return True
-        except socket.timeout:
+        except TimeoutError:
             self._close_device_socket()
         except OSError:
             x = sys.exc_info()[1]

src/calibre/ebooks/conversion/plugins/pdf_input.py

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class PDFInput(InputFormatPlugin):
             from calibre.ebooks.pdf.reflow import PDFDocument
             from calibre.utils.cleantext import clean_ascii_chars
             pdftohtml(os.getcwd(), stream.name, self.opts.no_images, as_xml=True)
-            with open(u'index.xml', 'rb') as f:
+            with open('index.xml', 'rb') as f:
                 xml = clean_ascii_chars(f.read())
             PDFDocument(xml, self.opts, self.log)
         else:

src/calibre/ebooks/mobi/debug/mobi8.py

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class FDST:
     def __str__(self):
         ans = ['FDST record']
         def a(k, v):
-            return ans.append('{}: {}'.format(k, v))
+            return ans.append(f'{k}: {v}')
         a('Offset to sections', self.sec_off)
         a('Number of section records', self.num_sections)
         ans.append('**** %d Sections ****'% len(self.sections))

src/calibre/ebooks/oeb/base.py

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import sys
 from collections import defaultdict
 from itertools import count
 from operator import attrgetter
-from typing import Optional
 
 from lxml import etree, html
 
@@ -1027,7 +1026,7 @@ class Manifest:
         # }}}
 
         @property
-        def data_as_bytes_or_none(self) -> Optional[bytes]:
+        def data_as_bytes_or_none(self) -> bytes | None:
             if self._loader is None:
                 return None
             return self._loader(getattr(self, 'html_input_href', self.href))

src/calibre/ebooks/pdf/reflow.py

@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ class Text(Element):
         return self.raw
 
     def dump(self, f):
-        f.write('T top={}, left={}, width={}, height={}: '.format(self.top, self.left, self.width, self.height))
+        f.write(f'T top={self.top}, left={self.left}, width={self.width}, height={self.height}: ')
         f.write(self.to_html().encode('utf-8'))
         f.write('\n')
 
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ class Paragraph(Text):
         return self.raw
 
     def dump(self, f):
-        f.write('P top={}, left={}, width={}, height={}: '.format(self.top, self.left, self.width, self.height))
+        f.write(f'P top={self.top}, left={self.left}, width={self.width}, height={self.height}: ')
         f.write(self.to_html().encode('utf-8'))
         f.write('\n')
 

src/calibre/ebooks/unihandecode/jacodepoints.py

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-
 __license__ = 'GPL 3'
 __copyright__ = '2010 Hiroshi Miura <miurahr@linux.com>'
 __docformat__ = 'restructuredtext en'

src/calibre/ebooks/unihandecode/krcodepoints.py

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-
 __license__ = 'GPL 3'
 __copyright__ = '2010 Hiroshi Miura <miurahr@linux.com>'
 __docformat__ = 'restructuredtext en'

src/calibre/ebooks/unihandecode/unicodepoints.py

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-
 __license__ = 'GPL 3'
 __copyright__ = '2009, John Schember <john@nachtimwald.com>'
 __docformat__ = 'restructuredtext en'

src/calibre/ebooks/unihandecode/vncodepoints.py

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-
 __license__ = 'GPL 3'
 __copyright__ = '2010 Hiroshi Miura <miurahr@linux.com>'
 __docformat__ = 'restructuredtext en'

src/calibre/ebooks/unihandecode/zhcodepoints.py

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-
 __license__ = 'GPL 3'
 __copyright__ = '2010 Hiroshi Miura <miurahr@linux.com>'
 __docformat__ = 'restructuredtext en'

src/calibre/gui2/actions/all_actions.py

@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class AllGUIActions(InterfaceAction):
         for n,v in kbd.keys_map.items():
             act_name = kbd.shortcuts[n]['name'].lower()
             if act_name in lower_names:
-                shortcuts = list((sc.toString() for sc in v))
+                shortcuts = list(sc.toString() for sc in v)
                 shortcut_map[act_name] = f'\t{", ".join(shortcuts)}'
 
         # This function constructs a menu action, dealing with the action being

src/calibre/gui2/dialogs/template_dialog.py

@@ -97,12 +97,12 @@ class DocViewer(Dialog):
 
         b = self.back_button = self.bb.addButton(_('&Back'), QDialogButtonBox.ButtonRole.ActionRole)
         b.clicked.connect(self.back)
-        b.setToolTip((_('Displays the previously viewed function')))
+        b.setToolTip(_('Displays the previously viewed function'))
         b.setEnabled(False)
 
         b = self.bb.addButton(_('Show &all functions'), QDialogButtonBox.ButtonRole.ActionRole)
         b.clicked.connect(self.show_all_functions_button_clicked)
-        b.setToolTip((_('Shows a list of all built-in functions in alphabetic order')))
+        b.setToolTip(_('Shows a list of all built-in functions in alphabetic order'))
 
     def back(self):
         if not self.back_stack:

src/calibre/gui2/extra_files_watcher.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 
 from time import monotonic
-from typing import NamedTuple, Tuple
+from typing import NamedTuple
 
 from qt.core import QObject, QTimer, pyqtSignal
 
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class ExtraFile(NamedTuple):
 
 class ExtraFiles(NamedTuple):
     last_changed_at: float
-    files: Tuple[ExtraFile, ...]
+    files: tuple[ExtraFile, ...]
 
 
 class ExtraFilesWatcher(QObject):

src/calibre/gui2/trash.py

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 
 import time
 import traceback
+from collections.abc import Iterator
 from operator import attrgetter
-from typing import Iterator, List
 
 from qt.core import (
     QAbstractItemView,
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class TrashList(QListWidget):
 
     restore_item = pyqtSignal(object, object)
 
-    def __init__(self, entries: List[TrashEntry], parent: 'TrashView', is_books: bool):
+    def __init__(self, entries: list[TrashEntry], parent: 'TrashView', is_books: bool):
         super().__init__(parent)
         self.is_books = is_books
         self.db = parent.db

src/calibre/gui2/tts/piper.py

@@ -8,12 +8,13 @@ import os
 import re
 import sys
 from collections import deque
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator
 from contextlib import suppress
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from functools import lru_cache
 from itertools import count
 from time import monotonic
-from typing import BinaryIO, Iterable, Iterator
+from typing import BinaryIO
 
 from qt.core import (
     QAudio,

src/calibre/gui2/tweak_book/jump_to_class.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # License: GPL v3 Copyright: 2021, Kovid Goyal <kovid at kovidgoyal.net>
 
 from contextlib import suppress
-from typing import List, NamedTuple, Optional, Tuple
+from typing import NamedTuple
 
 from css_parser.css import CSSRule
 from css_selectors import Select, SelectorError
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ class NoMatchingRuleFound(KeyError):
 
 
 class RuleLocation(NamedTuple):
-    rule_address: List[int]
+    rule_address: list[int]
     file_name: str
-    style_tag_address: Optional[Tuple[int, List[int]]] = None
+    style_tag_address: tuple[int, list[int]] | None = None
 
 
 def rule_matches_elem(rule, elem, select, class_name):

src/calibre/srv/loop.py

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import traceback
 from contextlib import suppress
 from functools import lru_cache, partial
 from io import BytesIO
-from typing import Union
 
 from calibre import as_unicode
 from calibre.constants import iswindows
@@ -162,7 +161,7 @@ def is_ip_trusted(remote_addr, trusted_ips):
     return False
 
 
-def is_local_address(addr: Union[ipaddress.IPv4Address, ipaddress.IPv6Address, None]):
+def is_local_address(addr: ipaddress.IPv4Address | ipaddress.IPv6Address | None):
     if addr is None:
         return False
     if addr.is_loopback:

src/calibre/srv/tests/loop.py

@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class LoopTest(BaseTest):
             with self.assertRaises(socket.timeout):
                 res = conn.getresponse()
                 if int(res.status) == int(http_client.REQUEST_TIMEOUT):
-                    raise socket.timeout('Timeout')
+                    raise TimeoutError('Timeout')
                 raise Exception('Got unexpected response: code: {} {} headers: {!r} data: {!r}'.format(
                     res.status, res.reason, res.getheaders(), res.read()))
             self.ae(pool.busy, 1)

src/calibre/utils/copy_files.py

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ import shutil
 import stat
 import time
 from collections import defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from contextlib import suppress
-from typing import Callable, Dict, List, Set, Tuple, Union
 
 from calibre.constants import filesystem_encoding, iswindows
 from calibre.utils.filenames import make_long_path_useable, samefile, windows_hardlink
@@ -16,14 +16,14 @@ if iswindows:
     from calibre_extensions import winutil
 
 WINDOWS_SLEEP_FOR_RETRY_TIME = 2  # seconds
-WindowsFileId = Tuple[int, int, int]
+WindowsFileId = tuple[int, int, int]
 
 class UnixFileCopier:
 
     def __init__(self, delete_all=False, allow_move=False):
         self.delete_all = delete_all
         self.allow_move = allow_move
-        self.copy_map: Dict[str, str] = {}
+        self.copy_map: dict[str, str] = {}
 
     def register(self, path: str, dest: str) -> None:
         self.copy_map[path] = dest
@@ -81,12 +81,12 @@ class WindowsFileCopier:
     def __init__(self, delete_all=False, allow_move=False):
         self.delete_all = delete_all
         self.allow_move = allow_move
-        self.path_to_fileid_map : Dict[str, WindowsFileId] = {}
+        self.path_to_fileid_map : dict[str, WindowsFileId] = {}
-        self.fileid_to_paths_map: Dict[WindowsFileId, Set[str]] = defaultdict(set)
+        self.fileid_to_paths_map: dict[WindowsFileId, set[str]] = defaultdict(set)
-        self.path_to_handle_map: Dict[str, 'winutil.Handle'] = {}
+        self.path_to_handle_map: dict[str, 'winutil.Handle'] = {}
-        self.folder_to_handle_map: Dict[str, 'winutil.Handle'] = {}
+        self.folder_to_handle_map: dict[str, 'winutil.Handle'] = {}
-        self.folders: List[str] = []
+        self.folders: list[str] = []
-        self.copy_map: Dict[str, str] = {}
+        self.copy_map: dict[str, str] = {}
 
     def register(self, path: str, dest: str) -> None:
         with suppress(OSError):
@@ -184,11 +184,11 @@ class WindowsFileCopier:
             winutil.move_file(make_long_path_useable(src_path), make_long_path_useable(dest_path))
 
 
-def get_copier(delete_all=False, allow_move=False) -> Union[UnixFileCopier, WindowsFileCopier]:
+def get_copier(delete_all=False, allow_move=False) -> UnixFileCopier | WindowsFileCopier:
     return (WindowsFileCopier if iswindows else UnixFileCopier)(delete_all, allow_move)
 
 
-def rename_files(src_to_dest_map: Dict[str, str]) -> None:
+def rename_files(src_to_dest_map: dict[str, str]) -> None:
     ' Rename a bunch of files. On Windows all files are locked before renaming so no other process can interfere. '
     copier = get_copier(allow_move=True)
     for s, d in src_to_dest_map.items():
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ def rename_files(src_to_dest_map: Dict[str, str]) -> None:
         copier.rename_all()
 
 
-def copy_files(src_to_dest_map: Dict[str, str], delete_source: bool = False) -> None:
+def copy_files(src_to_dest_map: dict[str, str], delete_source: bool = False) -> None:
     copier = get_copier(delete_source)
     for s, d in src_to_dest_map.items():
         if not samefile(s, d):
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ def identity_transform(src_path: str, dest_path: str) -> str:
 
 
 def register_folder_recursively(
-    src: str, copier: Union[UnixFileCopier, WindowsFileCopier], dest_dir: str,
+    src: str, copier: UnixFileCopier | WindowsFileCopier, dest_dir: str,
     transform_destination_filename: Callable[[str, str], str] = identity_transform,
     read_only: bool = False
 ) -> None:

src/calibre/utils/fonts/sfnt/cff/dict_data.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
-# vim:fileencoding=UTF-8:ts=4:sw=4:sta:et:sts=4:fdm=marker:ai
 
 
 __license__   = 'GPL v3'

src/calibre/utils/shm.py

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import os
 import secrets
 import stat
 import struct
-from typing import Optional, Union
 
 from calibre.constants import ismacos, iswindows
 
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ class SharedMemory:
     '''
     _fd: int = -1
     _name: str = ''
-    _mmap: Optional[mmap.mmap] = None
+    _mmap: mmap.mmap | None = None
     _size: int = 0
     size_fmt = '!I'
     num_bytes_for_size = struct.calcsize(size_fmt)
@@ -158,7 +157,7 @@ class SharedMemory:
     def flush(self) -> None:
         self.mmap.flush()
 
-    def write_data_with_size(self, data: Union[str, bytes]) -> None:
+    def write_data_with_size(self, data: str | bytes) -> None:
         if isinstance(data, str):
             data = data.encode('utf-8')
         sz = struct.pack(self.size_fmt, len(data))

src/calibre/web/feeds/recipes/collection.py

@@ -9,9 +9,10 @@ import calendar
 import json
 import os
 import zipfile
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from datetime import timedelta
 from threading import RLock
-from typing import Dict, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence
+from typing import NamedTuple
 
 from lxml import etree
 from lxml.builder import ElementMaker
@@ -298,7 +299,7 @@ class RecipeCustomization(NamedTuple):
     add_title_tag: bool = False
     custom_tags: Sequence[str] = ()
     keep_issues: int = 0
-    recipe_specific_options: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None
+    recipe_specific_options: dict[str, str] | None = None
 
 
 class SchedulerConfig:

src/calibre/web/site_parsers/natgeo.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 
-from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import json
 from pprint import pprint