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<h1>Source code for searx.engines.google_scholar</h1><div class="highlight"><pre>
<span></span><span class="c1"># SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later</span>
<span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full</span>
<span class="sd">text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats</span>
<span class="sd">and disciplines.</span>
<span class="sd">Compared to other Google services the Scholar engine has a simple GET REST-API</span>
<span class="sd">and there does not exists ``async`` API. Even though the API slightly vintage</span>
<span class="sd">we can make use of the :ref:`google API` to assemble the arguments of the GET</span>
<span class="sd">request.</span>
<span class="sd">Configuration</span>
<span class="sd">=============</span>
<span class="sd">.. code:: yaml</span>
<span class="sd"> - name: google scholar</span>
<span class="sd"> engine: google_scholar</span>
<span class="sd"> shortcut: gos</span>
<span class="sd">Implementations</span>
<span class="sd">===============</span>
<span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">typing</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">t</span>
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">urllib.parse</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">urlencode</span>
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">datetime</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">datetime</span>
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">lxml</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">html</span>
<span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">httpx</span>
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">searx.utils</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">eval_xpath</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">eval_xpath_getindex</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">eval_xpath_list</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">extract_text</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">ElementType</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">searx.exceptions</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SearxEngineCaptchaException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SearxEngineAccessDeniedException</span>
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">searx.engines.google</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">fetch_traits</span> <span class="c1"># pylint: disable=unused-import</span>
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">searx.engines.google</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">get_google_info</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">time_range_dict</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">searx.result_types</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">EngineResults</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TYPE_CHECKING</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">searx.extended_types</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SXNG_Response</span>
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">searx.search.processors</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">OnlineParams</span>
<span class="n">about</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;website&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;https://scholar.google.com&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;wikidata_id&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Q494817&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;official_api_documentation&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;https://developers.google.com/custom-search&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;use_official_api&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;require_api_key&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;results&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;HTML&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1"># engine dependent config</span>
<span class="n">categories</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;science&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;scientific publications&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">paging</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
<span class="n">max_page</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">50</span>
<span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;`Google max 50 pages`_</span>
<span class="sd">.. _Google max 50 pages: https://github.com/searxng/searxng/issues/2982</span>
<span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="n">language_support</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
<span class="n">time_range_support</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
<span class="n">safesearch</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">False</span>
<span class="n">send_accept_language_header</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="request">
<a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../dev/engines/online/google.html#searx.engines.google_scholar.request">[docs]</a>
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">params</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;OnlineParams&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Google-Scholar search request&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="n">google_info</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_google_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">params</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">traits</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># subdomain is: scholar.google.xy</span>
<span class="n">google_info</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;subdomain&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">google_info</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;subdomain&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;www.&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;scholar.&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;q&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="o">**</span><span class="n">google_info</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;params&quot;</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;start&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">params</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;pageno&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;as_sdt&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;2007&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1"># include patents / to disable set &quot;0,5&quot;</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;as_vis&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;0&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1"># include citations / to disable set &quot;1&quot;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">args</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">time_range_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">params</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">params</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;url&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;https://&quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">google_info</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;subdomain&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/scholar?&quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">urlencode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">params</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;cookies&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">google_info</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;cookies&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">params</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;headers&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">google_info</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;headers&quot;</span><span class="p">])</span></div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="response">
<a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../dev/engines/online/google.html#searx.engines.google_scholar.response">[docs]</a>
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">response</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resp</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;SXNG_Response&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">EngineResults</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c1"># pylint: disable=too-many-locals</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Parse response from Google Scholar&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">status_code</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">301</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">302</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">303</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">307</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">308</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Location&quot;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">headers</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/sorry/index?continue&quot;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">headers</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;Location&quot;</span><span class="p">]:</span>
<span class="c1"># Our systems have detected unusual traffic from your computer</span>
<span class="c1"># network. Please try again later.</span>
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">SearxEngineAccessDeniedException</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">message</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;google_scholar: unusual traffic detected&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">httpx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TooManyRedirects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&quot;location </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">headers</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;Location&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;?&#39;</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">res</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">EngineResults</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">dom</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">html</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fromstring</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">detect_google_captcha</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dom</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># parse results</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">eval_xpath_list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dom</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;//div[@data-rp]&quot;</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">extract_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">eval_xpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;.//h3[1]//a&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">title</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1"># this is a [ZITATION] block</span>
<span class="k">continue</span>
<span class="n">pub_type</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">extract_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">eval_xpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;.//span[@class=&#39;gs_ctg2&#39;]&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">pub_type</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">pub_type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pub_type</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lower</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">url</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">eval_xpath_getindex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;.//h3[1]//a/@href&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">content</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">extract_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">eval_xpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;.//div[@class=&#39;gs_rs&#39;]&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="n">authors</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">journal</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">publisher</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">publishedDate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parse_gs_a</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">extract_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">eval_xpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;.//div[@class=&#39;gs_a&#39;]&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">publisher</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">url</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">publisher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="c1"># cited by</span>
<span class="n">comments</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">extract_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">eval_xpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;.//div[@class=&#39;gs_fl&#39;]/a[starts-with(@href,&#39;/scholar?cites=&#39;)]&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># link to the html or pdf document</span>
<span class="n">html_url</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="n">pdf_url</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="n">doc_url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">eval_xpath_getindex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;.//div[@class=&#39;gs_or_ggsm&#39;]/a/@href&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">default</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">doc_type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">extract_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">eval_xpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;.//span[@class=&#39;gs_ctg2&#39;]&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">doc_type</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">&quot;[PDF]&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">pdf_url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">doc_url</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">html_url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">doc_url</span>
<span class="n">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">types</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Paper</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="nb">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">pub_type</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">authors</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">authors</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">publisher</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">publisher</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">journal</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">journal</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">publishedDate</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">publishedDate</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">content</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">comments</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">comments</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">html_url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">html_url</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">pdf_url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">pdf_url</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># parse suggestion</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">suggestion</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">eval_xpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dom</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;//div[contains(@class, &#39;gs_qsuggest_wrap&#39;)]//li//a&quot;</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">types</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">LegacyResult</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">suggestion</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">extract_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">suggestion</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">correction</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">eval_xpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dom</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;//div[@class=&#39;gs_r gs_pda&#39;]/a&quot;</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">types</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">LegacyResult</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">correction</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">extract_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">correction</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">res</span></div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="time_range_args">
<a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../dev/engines/online/google.html#searx.engines.google_scholar.time_range_args">[docs]</a>
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">time_range_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">params</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;OnlineParams&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">]:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Returns a dictionary with a time range arguments based on</span>
<span class="sd"> ``params[&quot;time_range&quot;]``.</span>
<span class="sd"> Google Scholar supports a detailed search by year. Searching by *last</span>
<span class="sd"> month* or *last week* (as offered by SearXNG) is uncommon for scientific</span>
<span class="sd"> publications and is not supported by Google Scholar.</span>
<span class="sd"> To limit the result list when the users selects a range, all the SearXNG</span>
<span class="sd"> ranges (*day*, *week*, *month*, *year*) are mapped to *year*. If no range</span>
<span class="sd"> is set an empty dictionary of arguments is returned.</span>
<span class="sd"> Example; when user selects a time range and we find ourselves in the year</span>
<span class="sd"> 2025 (current year minus one):</span>
<span class="sd"> .. code:: python</span>
<span class="sd"> { &quot;as_ylo&quot; : 2024 }</span>
<span class="sd"> &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="n">ret_val</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">params</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;time_range&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">time_range_dict</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">ret_val</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;as_ylo&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">now</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">year</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ret_val</span></div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="detect_google_captcha">
<a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../dev/engines/online/google.html#searx.engines.google_scholar.detect_google_captcha">[docs]</a>
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">detect_google_captcha</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dom</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">ElementType</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;In case of CAPTCHA Google Scholar open its own *not a Robot* dialog and is</span>
<span class="sd"> not redirected to ``sorry.google.com``.</span>
<span class="sd"> &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">eval_xpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dom</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;//form[@id=&#39;gs_captcha_f&#39;]&quot;</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">SearxEngineCaptchaException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">message</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;CAPTCHA (gs_captcha_f)&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span></div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="parse_gs_a">
<a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../dev/engines/online/google.html#searx.engines.google_scholar.parse_gs_a">[docs]</a>
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">parse_gs_a</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">datetime</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">]:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Parse the text written in green.</span>
<span class="sd"> Possible formats:</span>
<span class="sd"> * &quot;{authors} - {journal}, {year} - {publisher}&quot;</span>
<span class="sd"> * &quot;{authors} - {year} - {publisher}&quot;</span>
<span class="sd"> * &quot;{authors} - {publisher}&quot;</span>
<span class="sd"> &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[],</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
<span class="n">s_text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot; - &quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">authors</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">s_text</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;, &quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">publisher</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">s_text</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s_text</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">authors</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">publisher</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
<span class="c1"># the format is &quot;{authors} - {journal}, {year} - {publisher}&quot; or &quot;{authors} - {year} - {publisher}&quot;</span>
<span class="c1"># get journal and year</span>
<span class="n">journal_year</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">s_text</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;, &quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># journal is optional and may contains some coma</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">journal_year</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">journal</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;, &quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">journal_year</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">journal</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">&quot;…&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">journal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">journal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="c1"># year</span>
<span class="n">year</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">journal_year</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">publishedDate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strptime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">year</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strip</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s2">&quot;%Y&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">publishedDate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">authors</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">journal</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">publisher</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">publishedDate</span></div>
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