caddytls: Fixes regarding internal-named domains, issuer configs

Should address #7147
2026-05-26 08:42:31 -04:00 · 2025-11-02 22:16:01 -05:00
207 changed files with 2295 additions and 15708 deletions
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 # Security Policy

-The Caddy project would like to make sure that it stays on top of all relevant and practically-exploitable vulnerabilities.
+The Caddy project would like to make sure that it stays on top of all practically-exploitable vulnerabilities.


 ## Supported Versions

-| Version     | Supported |
-| ----------- | ----------|
-| 2.latest    | ✔️        |
-| < 2.latest | :x:       |
+| Version  | Supported |
+| -------- | ----------|
+| 2.latest | ✔️        |
+| 1.x      | :x:       |
+| < 1.x    | :x:       |


 ## Acceptable Scope
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ A security report must demonstrate a security bug in the source code from this r

 Some security problems are the result of interplay between different components of the Web, rather than a vulnerability in the web server itself. Please only report vulnerabilities in the web server itself, as we cannot coerce the rest of the Web to be fixed (for example, we do not consider IP spoofing, BGP hijacks, or missing/misconfigured HTTP headers a vulnerability in the Caddy web server).

-Vulnerabilities caused by misconfigurations are out of scope. Yes, it is entirely possible to craft and use a configuration that is unsafe, just like with every other web server; we recommend against doing that. Similarly, external misconfigurations are out of scope. For example, an open or forwarded port from a public network to a Caddy instance intended to serve only internal clients is not a vulnerability in Caddy.
+Vulnerabilities caused by misconfigurations are out of scope. Yes, it is entirely possible to craft and use a configuration that is unsafe, just like with every other web server; we recommend against doing that.

 We do not accept reports if the steps imply or require a compromised system or third-party software, as we cannot control those. We expect that users secure their own systems and keep all their software patched. For example, if untrusted users are able to upload/write/host arbitrary files in the web root directory, it is NOT a security bug in Caddy if those files get served to clients; however, it _would_ be a valid report if a bug in Caddy's source code unintentionally gave unauthorized users the ability to upload unsafe files or delete files without relying on an unpatched system or piece of software.

@@ -25,10 +26,6 @@ Client-side exploits are out of scope. In other words, it is not a bug in Caddy

 Security bugs in code dependencies (including Go's standard library) are out of scope. Instead, if a dependency has patched a relevant security bug, please feel free to open a public issue or pull request to update that dependency in our code.

-Many reports are not security bugs and can be addressed by updating the documentation.
-
-We accept security reports and patches, but do not assign CVEs, for code that has not been released with a non-prerelease tag.
-

 ## Reporting a Vulnerability

@@ -36,8 +33,6 @@ We get a lot of difficult reports that turn out to be invalid. Clear, obvious re

 First please ensure your report falls within the accepted scope of security bugs (above).

-:warning: **YOU MUST DISCLOSE WHETHER YOU USED LLMs ("AI") IN ANY WAY.** Whether you are using AI for discovery, as part of writing the report or its replies, and/or testing or validating proofs and changes, we require you to mention the extent of it. **FAILURE TO INCLUDE A DISCLOSURE EVEN IF YOU DO NOT USE AI MAY LEAD TO IMMEDIATE DISMISSAL OF YOUR REPORT AND POTENTIAL BLOCKLISTING.** We will not waste our time chatting with bots. But if you're a human, pull up a chair and we'll drink some chocolate milk.
-
 We'll need enough information to verify the bug and make a patch. To speed things up, please include:

 - Most minimal possible config (without redactions!)
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ jobs:
      models: read
      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd
-      - uses: github/ai-moderator@81159c370785e295c97461ade67d7c33576e9319
+      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8
+      - uses: github/ai-moderator@6bcdb2a79c2e564db8d76d7d4439d91a044c4eb6
        with:
          token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
          spam-label: 'spam'
@@ -1,221 +0,0 @@
-name: Release Proposal Approval Tracker
-
-on:
-  pull_request_review:
-    types: [submitted, dismissed]
-  pull_request:
-    types: [labeled, unlabeled, synchronize, closed]
-
-permissions:
-  contents: read
-  pull-requests: write
-  issues: write
-
-jobs:
-  check-approvals:
-    name: Track Maintainer Approvals
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    # Only run on PRs with release-proposal label
-    if: contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'release-proposal') && github.event.pull_request.state == 'open'
-    
-    steps:
-      - name: Check approvals and update PR
-        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
-        env:
-          MAINTAINER_LOGINS: ${{ secrets.MAINTAINER_LOGINS }}
-        with:
-          script: |
-            const pr = context.payload.pull_request;
-            
-            // Extract version from PR title (e.g., "Release Proposal: v1.2.3")
-            const versionMatch = pr.title.match(/Release Proposal:\s*(v[\d.]+(?:-[\w.]+)?)/);
-            const commitMatch = pr.body.match(/\*\*Target Commit:\*\*\s*`([a-f0-9]+)`/);
-            
-            if (!versionMatch || !commitMatch) {
-              console.log('Could not extract version from title or commit from body');
-              return;
-            }
-            
-            const version = versionMatch[1];
-            const targetCommit = commitMatch[1];
-            
-            console.log(`Version: ${version}, Target Commit: ${targetCommit}`);
-            
-            // Get all reviews
-            const reviews = await github.rest.pulls.listReviews({
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              pull_number: pr.number
-            });
-            
-            // Get list of maintainers
-            const maintainerLoginsRaw = process.env.MAINTAINER_LOGINS || '';
-            const maintainerLogins = maintainerLoginsRaw
-              .split(/[,;]/)
-              .map(login => login.trim())
-              .filter(login => login.length > 0);
-            
-            console.log(`Maintainer logins: ${maintainerLogins.join(', ')}`);
-            
-            // Get the latest review from each user
-            const latestReviewsByUser = {};
-            reviews.data.forEach(review => {
-              const username = review.user.login;
-              if (!latestReviewsByUser[username] || new Date(review.submitted_at) > new Date(latestReviewsByUser[username].submitted_at)) {
-                latestReviewsByUser[username] = review;
-              }
-            });
-            
-            // Count approvals from maintainers
-            const maintainerApprovals = Object.entries(latestReviewsByUser)
-              .filter(([username, review]) => 
-                maintainerLogins.includes(username) && 
-                review.state === 'APPROVED'
-              )
-              .map(([username, review]) => username);
-            
-            const approvalCount = maintainerApprovals.length;
-            console.log(`Found ${approvalCount} maintainer approvals from: ${maintainerApprovals.join(', ')}`);
-            
-            // Get current labels
-            const currentLabels = pr.labels.map(label => label.name);
-            const hasApprovedLabel = currentLabels.includes('approved');
-            const hasAwaitingApprovalLabel = currentLabels.includes('awaiting-approval');
-            
-            if (approvalCount >= 2 && !hasApprovedLabel) {
-              console.log('✅ Quorum reached! Updating PR...');
-              
-              // Remove awaiting-approval label if present
-              if (hasAwaitingApprovalLabel) {
-                await github.rest.issues.removeLabel({
-                  owner: context.repo.owner,
-                  repo: context.repo.repo,
-                  issue_number: pr.number,
-                  name: 'awaiting-approval'
-                }).catch(e => console.log('Label not found:', e.message));
-              }
-              
-              // Add approved label
-              await github.rest.issues.addLabels({
-                owner: context.repo.owner,
-                repo: context.repo.repo,
-                issue_number: pr.number,
-                labels: ['approved']
-              });
-              
-              // Add comment with tagging instructions
-              const approversList = maintainerApprovals.map(u => `@${u}`).join(', ');
-              const commentBody = [
-                '## ✅ Approval Quorum Reached',
-                '',
-                `This release proposal has been approved by ${approvalCount} maintainers: ${approversList}`,
-                '',
-                '### Tagging Instructions',
-                '',
-                'A maintainer should now create and push the signed tag:',
-                '',
-                '```bash',
-                `git checkout ${targetCommit}`,
-                `git tag -s ${version} -m "Release ${version}"`,
-                `git push origin ${version}`,
-                `git checkout -`,
-                '```',
-                '',
-                'The release workflow will automatically start when the tag is pushed.'
-              ].join('\n');
-              
-              await github.rest.issues.createComment({
-                owner: context.repo.owner,
-                repo: context.repo.repo,
-                issue_number: pr.number,
-                body: commentBody
-              });
-              
-              console.log('Posted tagging instructions');
-            } else if (approvalCount < 2 && hasApprovedLabel) {
-              console.log('⚠️  Approval count dropped below quorum, removing approved label');
-              
-              // Remove approved label
-              await github.rest.issues.removeLabel({
-                owner: context.repo.owner,
-                repo: context.repo.repo,
-                issue_number: pr.number,
-                name: 'approved'
-              }).catch(e => console.log('Label not found:', e.message));
-              
-              // Add awaiting-approval label
-              if (!hasAwaitingApprovalLabel) {
-                await github.rest.issues.addLabels({
-                  owner: context.repo.owner,
-                  repo: context.repo.repo,
-                  issue_number: pr.number,
-                  labels: ['awaiting-approval']
-                });
-              }
-            } else {
-              console.log(`⏳ Waiting for more approvals (${approvalCount}/2 required)`);
-            }
-
-  handle-pr-closed:
-    name: Handle PR Closed Without Tag
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    if: |
-      contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'release-proposal') &&
-      github.event.action == 'closed' && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'released')
-    
-    steps:
-      - name: Add cancelled label and comment
-        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
-        with:
-          script: |
-            const pr = context.payload.pull_request;
-            
-            // Check if the release-in-progress label is present
-            const hasReleaseInProgress = pr.labels.some(label => label.name === 'release-in-progress');
-            
-            if (hasReleaseInProgress) {
-              // PR was closed while release was in progress - this is unusual
-              await github.rest.issues.createComment({
-                owner: context.repo.owner,
-                repo: context.repo.repo,
-                issue_number: pr.number,
-                body: '⚠️ **Warning:** This PR was closed while a release was in progress. This may indicate an error. Please verify the release status.'
-              });
-            } else {
-              // PR was closed before tag was created - this is normal cancellation
-              const versionMatch = pr.title.match(/Release Proposal:\s*(v[\d.]+(?:-[\w.]+)?)/);
-              const version = versionMatch ? versionMatch[1] : 'unknown';
-              
-              await github.rest.issues.createComment({
-                owner: context.repo.owner,
-                repo: context.repo.repo,
-                issue_number: pr.number,
-                body: `## 🚫 Release Proposal Cancelled\n\nThis release proposal for ${version} was closed without creating the tag.\n\nIf you want to proceed with this release later, you can create a new release proposal.`
-              });
-            }
-            
-            // Add cancelled label
-            await github.rest.issues.addLabels({
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              issue_number: pr.number,
-              labels: ['cancelled']
-            });
-            
-            // Remove other workflow labels if present
-            const labelsToRemove = ['awaiting-approval', 'approved', 'release-in-progress'];
-            for (const label of labelsToRemove) {
-              try {
-                await github.rest.issues.removeLabel({
-                  owner: context.repo.owner,
-                  repo: context.repo.repo,
-                  issue_number: pr.number,
-                  name: label
-                });
-              } catch (e) {
-                console.log(`Label ${label} not found or already removed`);
-              }
-            }
-            
-            console.log('Added cancelled label and cleaned up workflow labels');
-            
@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ jobs:
          - mac
          - windows
        go:
-          - '1.26'
+          - '1.25'

        include:
        # Set the minimum Go patch version for the given Go minor
        # Usable via ${{ matrix.GO_SEMVER }}
-        - go: '1.26'
-          GO_SEMVER: '~1.26.0'
+        - go: '1.25'
+          GO_SEMVER: '~1.25.0'

        # Set some variables per OS, usable via ${{ matrix.VAR }}
        # OS_LABEL: the VM label from GitHub Actions (see https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-github-hosted-runners/about-github-hosted-runners/about-github-hosted-runners#standard-github-hosted-runners-for-public-repositories)
@@ -65,15 +65,15 @@ jobs:
      actions: write # to allow uploading artifacts and cache
    steps:
    - name: Harden the runner (Audit all outbound calls)
-      uses: step-security/harden-runner@a90bcbc6539c36a85cdfeb73f7e2f433735f215b # v2.15.0
+      uses: step-security/harden-runner@f4a75cfd619ee5ce8d5b864b0d183aff3c69b55a # v2.13.1
      with:
        egress-policy: audit

    - name: Checkout code
-      uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0

    - name: Install Go
-      uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+      uses: actions/setup-go@44694675825211faa026b3c33043df3e48a5fa00 # v6.0.0
      with:
        go-version: ${{ matrix.GO_SEMVER }}
        check-latest: true
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ jobs:
        ./caddy stop

    - name: Publish Build Artifact
-      uses: actions/upload-artifact@bbbca2ddaa5d8feaa63e36b76fdaad77386f024f # v7.0.0
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@ea165f8d65b6e75b540449e92b4886f43607fa02 # v4.6.2
      with:
        name: caddy_${{ runner.os }}_go${{ matrix.go }}_${{ steps.vars.outputs.short_sha }}
        path: ${{ matrix.CADDY_BIN_PATH }}
@@ -162,13 +162,13 @@ jobs:
    continue-on-error: true  # August 2020: s390x VM is down due to weather and power issues
    steps:
      - name: Harden the runner (Audit all outbound calls)
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@a90bcbc6539c36a85cdfeb73f7e2f433735f215b # v2.15.0
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@f4a75cfd619ee5ce8d5b864b0d183aff3c69b55a # v2.13.1
        with:
          egress-policy: audit
          allowed-endpoints: ci-s390x.caddyserver.com:22

      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
      - name: Run Tests
        run: |
          set +e
@@ -221,27 +221,27 @@ jobs:
    if: github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == 'caddyserver/caddy' && github.actor != 'dependabot[bot]'
    steps:
      - name: Harden the runner (Audit all outbound calls)
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@a90bcbc6539c36a85cdfeb73f7e2f433735f215b # v2.15.0
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@f4a75cfd619ee5ce8d5b864b0d183aff3c69b55a # v2.13.1
        with:
          egress-policy: audit

      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
      
-      - uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@ec59f474b9834571250b370d4735c50f8e2d1e29 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@e435ccd777264be153ace6237001ef4d979d3a7a # v6.4.0
        with:
          version: latest
          args: check
      - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@44694675825211faa026b3c33043df3e48a5fa00 # v6.0.0
        with:
-          go-version: "~1.26"
+          go-version: "~1.25"
          check-latest: true
      - name: Install xcaddy
        run: |
          go install github.com/caddyserver/xcaddy/cmd/xcaddy@latest
          xcaddy version
-      - uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@ec59f474b9834571250b370d4735c50f8e2d1e29 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@e435ccd777264be153ace6237001ef4d979d3a7a # v6.4.0
        with:
          version: latest
          args: build --single-target --snapshot
@@ -36,13 +36,13 @@ jobs:
          - 'darwin'
          - 'netbsd'
        go:
-          - '1.26'
+          - '1.25'

        include:
        # Set the minimum Go patch version for the given Go minor
        # Usable via ${{ matrix.GO_SEMVER }}
-        - go: '1.26'
-          GO_SEMVER: '~1.26.0'
+        - go: '1.25'
+          GO_SEMVER: '~1.25.0'

    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    permissions:
@@ -51,15 +51,15 @@ jobs:
    continue-on-error: true
    steps:
      - name: Harden the runner (Audit all outbound calls)
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@a90bcbc6539c36a85cdfeb73f7e2f433735f215b # v2.15.0
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@f4a75cfd619ee5ce8d5b864b0d183aff3c69b55a # v2.13.1
        with:
          egress-policy: audit

      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0

      - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@44694675825211faa026b3c33043df3e48a5fa00 # v6.0.0
        with:
          go-version: ${{ matrix.GO_SEMVER }}
          check-latest: true
@@ -45,18 +45,18 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - name: Harden the runner (Audit all outbound calls)
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@a90bcbc6539c36a85cdfeb73f7e2f433735f215b # v2.15.0
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@f4a75cfd619ee5ce8d5b864b0d183aff3c69b55a # v2.13.1
        with:
          egress-policy: audit

-      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@44694675825211faa026b3c33043df3e48a5fa00 # v6.0.0
        with:
-          go-version: '~1.26'
+          go-version: '~1.25'
          check-latest: true

      - name: golangci-lint
-        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@1e7e51e771db61008b38414a730f564565cf7c20 # v9.2.0
+        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@4afd733a84b1f43292c63897423277bb7f4313a9 # v8.0.0
        with:
          version: latest

@@ -73,14 +73,14 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Harden the runner (Audit all outbound calls)
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@a90bcbc6539c36a85cdfeb73f7e2f433735f215b # v2.15.0
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@f4a75cfd619ee5ce8d5b864b0d183aff3c69b55a # v2.13.1
        with:
          egress-policy: audit

      - name: govulncheck
        uses: golang/govulncheck-action@b625fbe08f3bccbe446d94fbf87fcc875a4f50ee # v1.0.4
        with:
-          go-version-input: '~1.26.0'
+          go-version-input: '~1.25.0'
          check-latest: true
  
  dependency-review:
@@ -90,14 +90,14 @@ jobs:
      pull-requests: write
    steps:
      - name: Harden the runner (Audit all outbound calls)
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@a90bcbc6539c36a85cdfeb73f7e2f433735f215b # v2.15.0
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@f4a75cfd619ee5ce8d5b864b0d183aff3c69b55a # v2.13.1
        with:
          egress-policy: audit

      - name: 'Checkout Repository'
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
      - name: 'Dependency Review'
-        uses: actions/dependency-review-action@05fe4576374b728f0c523d6a13d64c25081e0803 # v4.8.3
+        uses: actions/dependency-review-action@56339e523c0409420f6c2c9a2f4292bbb3c07dd3 # v4.8.0
        with:
          comment-summary-in-pr: on-failure
          # https://github.com/actions/dependency-review-action/issues/430#issuecomment-1468975566
@@ -1,249 +0,0 @@
-name: Release Proposal
-
-# This workflow creates a release proposal as a PR that requires approval from maintainers
-# Triggered manually by maintainers when ready to prepare a release
-on:
-  workflow_dispatch:
-    inputs:
-      version:
-        description: 'Version to release (e.g., v2.8.0)'
-        required: true
-        type: string
-      commit_hash:
-        description: 'Commit hash to release from'
-        required: true
-        type: string
-
-permissions:
-  contents: read
-
-jobs:
-  create-proposal:
-    name: Create Release Proposal
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      contents: write
-      pull-requests: write
-      issues: write
-    
-    steps:
-      - name: Harden the runner (Audit all outbound calls)
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@a90bcbc6539c36a85cdfeb73f7e2f433735f215b # v2.15.0
-        with:
-          egress-policy: audit
-      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 0
-
-      - name: Trim and validate inputs
-        id: inputs
-        run: |
-          # Trim whitespace from inputs
-          VERSION=$(echo "${{ inputs.version }}" | xargs)
-          COMMIT_HASH=$(echo "${{ inputs.commit_hash }}" | xargs)
-          
-          echo "version=$VERSION" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          echo "commit_hash=$COMMIT_HASH" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          
-          # Validate version format
-          if [[ ! "$VERSION" =~ ^v[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+(-[a-zA-Z0-9.]+)?$ ]]; then
-            echo "Error: Version must follow semver format (e.g., v2.8.0 or v2.8.0-beta.1)"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-          
-          # Validate commit hash format
-          if [[ ! "$COMMIT_HASH" =~ ^[a-f0-9]{7,40}$ ]]; then
-            echo "Error: Commit hash must be a valid SHA (7-40 characters)"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-          
-          # Check if commit exists
-          if ! git cat-file -e "$COMMIT_HASH"; then
-            echo "Error: Commit $COMMIT_HASH does not exist"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-
-      - name: Check if tag already exists
-        run: |
-          if git rev-parse "${{ steps.inputs.outputs.version }}" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-            echo "Error: Tag ${{ steps.inputs.outputs.version }} already exists"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-
-      - name: Check for existing proposal PR
-        id: check_existing
-        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
-        with:
-          script: |
-            const version = '${{ steps.inputs.outputs.version }}';
-            
-            // Search for existing open PRs with release-proposal label that match this version
-            const openPRs = await github.rest.pulls.list({
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              state: 'open',
-              sort: 'updated',
-              direction: 'desc'
-            });
-            
-            const existingOpenPR = openPRs.data.find(pr => 
-              pr.title.includes(version) && 
-              pr.labels.some(label => label.name === 'release-proposal')
-            );
-            
-            if (existingOpenPR) {
-              const hasReleased = existingOpenPR.labels.some(label => label.name === 'released');
-              const hasReleaseInProgress = existingOpenPR.labels.some(label => label.name === 'release-in-progress');
-              
-              if (hasReleased || hasReleaseInProgress) {
-                core.setFailed(`A release for ${version} is already in progress or completed: ${existingOpenPR.html_url}`);
-              } else {
-                core.setFailed(`An open release proposal already exists for ${version}: ${existingOpenPR.html_url}\n\nPlease use the existing PR or close it first.`);
-              }
-              return;
-            }
-            
-            // Check for closed PRs with this version that were cancelled
-            const closedPRs = await github.rest.pulls.list({
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              state: 'closed',
-              sort: 'updated',
-              direction: 'desc'
-            });
-            
-            const cancelledPR = closedPRs.data.find(pr => 
-              pr.title.includes(version) && 
-              pr.labels.some(label => label.name === 'release-proposal') &&
-              pr.labels.some(label => label.name === 'cancelled')
-            );
-            
-            if (cancelledPR) {
-              console.log(`Found previously cancelled proposal for ${version}: ${cancelledPR.html_url}`);
-              console.log('Creating new proposal to replace cancelled one...');
-            } else {
-              console.log(`No existing proposal found for ${version}, proceeding...`);
-            }
-
-      - name: Generate changelog and create branch
-        id: setup
-        run: |
-          VERSION="${{ steps.inputs.outputs.version }}"
-          COMMIT_HASH="${{ steps.inputs.outputs.commit_hash }}"
-          
-          # Create a new branch for the release proposal
-          BRANCH_NAME="release_proposal-$VERSION"
-          git checkout -b "$BRANCH_NAME"
-          
-          # Calculate how many commits behind HEAD
-          COMMITS_BEHIND=$(git rev-list --count ${COMMIT_HASH}..HEAD)
-          
-          if [ "$COMMITS_BEHIND" -eq 0 ]; then
-            BEHIND_INFO="This is the latest commit (HEAD)"
-          else
-            BEHIND_INFO="This commit is **${COMMITS_BEHIND} commits behind HEAD**"
-          fi
-          
-          echo "commits_behind=$COMMITS_BEHIND" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          echo "behind_info=$BEHIND_INFO" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          
-          # Get the last tag
-          LAST_TAG=$(git describe --tags --abbrev=0 2>/dev/null || echo "")
-          
-          if [ -z "$LAST_TAG" ]; then
-            echo "No previous tag found, generating full changelog"
-            COMMITS=$(git log --pretty=format:"- %s (%h)" --reverse "$COMMIT_HASH")
-          else
-            echo "Generating changelog since $LAST_TAG"
-            COMMITS=$(git log --pretty=format:"- %s (%h)" --reverse "${LAST_TAG}..$COMMIT_HASH")
-          fi
-          
-          # Store changelog for PR body
-          CLEANSED_COMMITS=$(echo "$COMMITS" | sed 's/`/\\`/g')
-          echo "changelog<<EOF" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          echo "$CLEANSED_COMMITS" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          echo "EOF" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          
-          # Create empty commit for the PR
-          git config user.name "github-actions[bot]"
-          git config user.email "github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com"
-          git commit --allow-empty -m "Release proposal for $VERSION"
-          
-          # Push the branch
-          git push origin "$BRANCH_NAME"
-          
-          echo "branch_name=$BRANCH_NAME" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-
-      - name: Create release proposal PR
-        id: create_pr
-        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
-        with:
-          script: |
-            const changelog = `${{ steps.setup.outputs.changelog }}`;
-            
-            const pr = await github.rest.pulls.create({
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              title: `Release Proposal: ${{ steps.inputs.outputs.version }}`,
-              head: '${{ steps.setup.outputs.branch_name }}',
-              base: 'master',
-              body: `## Release Proposal: ${{ steps.inputs.outputs.version }}
-            
-            **Target Commit:** \`${{ steps.inputs.outputs.commit_hash }}\`
-            **Requested by:** @${{ github.actor }}
-            **Commit Status:** ${{ steps.setup.outputs.behind_info }}
-            
-            This PR proposes creating release tag \`${{ steps.inputs.outputs.version }}\` at commit \`${{ steps.inputs.outputs.commit_hash }}\`.
-            
-            ### Approval Process
-            
-            This PR requires **approval from 2+ maintainers** before the tag can be created.
-            
-            ### What happens next?
-            
-            1. Maintainers review this proposal
-            2. When 2+ maintainer approvals are received, an automated workflow will post tagging instructions
-            3. A maintainer manually creates and pushes the signed tag
-            4. The release workflow is triggered automatically by the tag push
-            5. Upon release completion, this PR is closed and the branch is deleted
-            
-            ### Changes Since Last Release
-            
-            ${changelog}
-            
-            ### Release Checklist
-            
-            - [ ] All tests pass
-            - [ ] Security review completed
-            - [ ] Documentation updated
-            - [ ] Breaking changes documented
-            
-            ---
-            
-            **Note:** Tag creation is manual and requires a signed tag from a maintainer.`,
-              draft: true
-            });
-            
-            // Add labels
-            await github.rest.issues.addLabels({
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              issue_number: pr.data.number,
-              labels: ['release-proposal', 'awaiting-approval']
-            });
-            
-            console.log(`Created PR: ${pr.data.html_url}`);
-            
-            return { number: pr.data.number, url: pr.data.html_url };
-          result-encoding: json
-
-      - name: Post summary
-        run: |
-          echo "## Release Proposal PR Created! 🚀" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          echo "" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          echo "Version: **${{ steps.inputs.outputs.version }}**" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          echo "Commit: **${{ steps.inputs.outputs.commit_hash }}**" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          echo "Status: ${{ steps.setup.outputs.behind_info }}" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          echo "" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          echo "PR: ${{ fromJson(steps.create_pr.outputs.result).url }}" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
@@ -13,334 +13,20 @@ permissions:
  contents: read

 jobs:
-  verify-tag:
-    name: Verify Tag Signature and Approvals
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      contents: write
-      pull-requests: write
-      issues: write
-    
-    outputs:
-      verification_passed: ${{ steps.verify.outputs.passed }}
-      tag_version: ${{ steps.info.outputs.version }}
-      proposal_issue_number: ${{ steps.find_proposal.outputs.result && fromJson(steps.find_proposal.outputs.result).number || '' }}
-    
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 0
-      # Force fetch upstream tags -- because 65 minutes
-      # tl;dr: actions/checkout@v3 runs this line:
-      #   git -c protocol.version=2 fetch --no-tags --prune --progress --no-recurse-submodules --depth=1 origin +ebc278ec98bb24f2852b61fde2a9bf2e3d83818b:refs/tags/
-      # which makes its own local lightweight tag, losing all the annotations in the process. Our earlier script ran:
-      #   git fetch --prune --unshallow
-      # which doesn't overwrite that tag because that would be destructive.
-      # Credit to @francislavoie for the investigation.
-      # https://github.com/actions/checkout/issues/290#issuecomment-680260080
-      - name: Force fetch upstream tags
-        run: git fetch --tags --force
-
-      - name: Get tag info
-        id: info
-        run: |
-          echo "version=${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          echo "sha=$(git rev-parse HEAD)" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-
-       # https://github.community/t5/GitHub-Actions/How-to-get-just-the-tag-name/m-p/32167/highlight/true#M1027
-      - name: Print Go version and environment
-        id: vars
-        run: |
-          printf "Using go at: $(which go)\n"
-          printf "Go version: $(go version)\n"
-          printf "\n\nGo environment:\n\n"
-          go env
-          printf "\n\nSystem environment:\n\n"
-          env
-          echo "version_tag=${GITHUB_REF/refs\/tags\//}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          echo "short_sha=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD)" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-
-          # Add "pip install" CLI tools to PATH
-          echo ~/.local/bin >> $GITHUB_PATH
-
-          # Parse semver
-          TAG=${GITHUB_REF/refs\/tags\//}
-          SEMVER_RE='[^0-9]*\([0-9]*\)[.]\([0-9]*\)[.]\([0-9]*\)\([0-9A-Za-z\.-]*\)'
-          TAG_MAJOR=`echo ${TAG#v} | sed -e "s#$SEMVER_RE#\1#"`
-          TAG_MINOR=`echo ${TAG#v} | sed -e "s#$SEMVER_RE#\2#"`
-          TAG_PATCH=`echo ${TAG#v} | sed -e "s#$SEMVER_RE#\3#"`
-          TAG_SPECIAL=`echo ${TAG#v} | sed -e "s#$SEMVER_RE#\4#"`
-          echo "tag_major=${TAG_MAJOR}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          echo "tag_minor=${TAG_MINOR}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          echo "tag_patch=${TAG_PATCH}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          echo "tag_special=${TAG_SPECIAL}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-
-      - name: Validate commits and tag signatures
-        id: verify
-        env:
-          signing_keys: ${{ secrets.SIGNING_KEYS }}
-        run: |
-          # Read the string into an array, splitting by IFS
-          IFS=";" read -ra keys_collection <<< "$signing_keys"
-          
-          # ref: https://docs.github.com/en/actions/reference/workflows-and-actions/contexts#example-usage-of-the-runner-context
-          touch "${{ runner.temp }}/allowed_signers"
-
-          # Iterate and print the split elements
-          for item in "${keys_collection[@]}"; do
-          
-            # trim leading whitespaces
-            item="${item##*( )}"
-
-            # trim trailing whitespaces
-            item="${item%%*( )}"
-            
-            IFS=" " read -ra key_components <<< "$item"
-            # git wants it in format: email address, type, public key
-            # ssh has it in format: type, public key, email address
-            echo "${key_components[2]} namespaces=\"git\" ${key_components[0]} ${key_components[1]}" >> "${{ runner.temp }}/allowed_signers"
-          done
-
-          git config set --global gpg.ssh.allowedSignersFile "${{ runner.temp }}/allowed_signers"
-
-          echo "Verifying the tag: ${{ steps.vars.outputs.version_tag }}"
-          
-          # Verify the tag is signed
-          if ! git verify-tag -v "${{ steps.vars.outputs.version_tag }}" 2>&1; then
-            echo "❌ Tag verification failed!"
-            echo "passed=false" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-            git push --delete origin "${{ steps.vars.outputs.version_tag }}"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-          # Run it again to capture the output
-          git verify-tag -v "${{ steps.vars.outputs.version_tag }}" 2>&1 | tee /tmp/verify-output.txt;
-
-          # SSH verification output typically includes the key fingerprint
-          # Use GNU grep with Perl regex for cleaner extraction (Linux environment)
-          KEY_SHA256=$(grep -oP "SHA256:[\"']?\K[A-Za-z0-9+/=]+(?=[\"']?)" /tmp/verify-output.txt | head -1 || echo "")
-          
-          if [ -z "$KEY_SHA256" ]; then
-            # Try alternative pattern with "key" prefix
-            KEY_SHA256=$(grep -oP "key SHA256:[\"']?\K[A-Za-z0-9+/=]+(?=[\"']?)" /tmp/verify-output.txt | head -1 || echo "")
-          fi
-          
-          if [ -z "$KEY_SHA256" ]; then
-            # Fallback: extract any base64-like string (40+ chars)
-            KEY_SHA256=$(grep -oP '[A-Za-z0-9+/]{40,}=?' /tmp/verify-output.txt | head -1 || echo "")
-          fi
-          
-          if [ -z "$KEY_SHA256" ]; then
-            echo "Somehow could not extract SSH key fingerprint from git verify-tag output"
-            echo "Cancelling flow and deleting tag"
-            echo "passed=false" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-            git push --delete origin "${{ steps.vars.outputs.version_tag }}"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-
-          echo "✅ Tag verification succeeded!"
-          echo "passed=true" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          echo "key_id=$KEY_SHA256" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-
-      - name: Find related release proposal
-        id: find_proposal
-        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
-        with:
-          script: |
-            const version = '${{ steps.vars.outputs.version_tag }}';
-            
-            // Search for PRs with release-proposal label that match this version
-            const prs = await github.rest.pulls.list({
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              state: 'open', // Changed to 'all' to find both open and closed PRs
-              sort: 'updated',
-              direction: 'desc'
-            });
-            
-            // Find the most recent PR for this version
-            const proposal = prs.data.find(pr => 
-              pr.title.includes(version) && 
-              pr.labels.some(label => label.name === 'release-proposal')
-            );
-            
-            if (!proposal) {
-              console.log(`⚠️  No release proposal PR found for ${version}`);
-              console.log('This might be a hotfix or emergency release');
-              return { number: null, approved: true, approvals: 0, proposedCommit: null };
-            }
-            
-            console.log(`Found proposal PR #${proposal.number} for version ${version}`);
-            
-            // Extract commit hash from PR body
-            const commitMatch = proposal.body.match(/\*\*Target Commit:\*\*\s*`([a-f0-9]+)`/);
-            const proposedCommit = commitMatch ? commitMatch[1] : null;
-            
-            if (proposedCommit) {
-              console.log(`Proposal was for commit: ${proposedCommit}`);
-            } else {
-              console.log('⚠️  No target commit hash found in PR body');
-            }
-            
-            // Get PR reviews to extract approvers
-            let approvers = 'Validated by automation';
-            let approvalCount = 2; // Minimum required
-            
-            try {
-              const reviews = await github.rest.pulls.listReviews({
-                owner: context.repo.owner,
-                repo: context.repo.repo,
-                pull_number: proposal.number
-              });
-              
-              // Get latest review per user and filter for approvals
-              const latestReviewsByUser = {};
-              reviews.data.forEach(review => {
-                const username = review.user.login;
-                if (!latestReviewsByUser[username] || new Date(review.submitted_at) > new Date(latestReviewsByUser[username].submitted_at)) {
-                  latestReviewsByUser[username] = review;
-                }
-              });
-              
-              const approvalReviews = Object.values(latestReviewsByUser).filter(review => 
-                review.state === 'APPROVED'
-              );
-              
-              if (approvalReviews.length > 0) {
-                approvers = approvalReviews.map(r => '@' + r.user.login).join(', ');
-                approvalCount = approvalReviews.length;
-                console.log(`Found ${approvalCount} approvals from: ${approvers}`);
-              }
-            } catch (error) {
-              console.log(`Could not fetch reviews: ${error.message}`);
-            }
-            
-            return {
-              number: proposal.number,
-              approved: true,
-              approvals: approvalCount,
-              approvers: approvers,
-              proposedCommit: proposedCommit
-            };
-          result-encoding: json
-
-      - name: Verify proposal commit
-        run: |
-          APPROVALS='${{ steps.find_proposal.outputs.result }}'
-          
-          # Parse JSON
-          PROPOSED_COMMIT=$(echo "$APPROVALS" | jq -r '.proposedCommit')
-          CURRENT_COMMIT="${{ steps.info.outputs.sha }}"
-          
-          echo "Proposed commit: $PROPOSED_COMMIT"
-          echo "Current commit: $CURRENT_COMMIT"
-          
-          # Check if commits match (if proposal had a target commit)
-          if [ "$PROPOSED_COMMIT" != "null" ] && [ -n "$PROPOSED_COMMIT" ]; then
-            # Normalize both commits to full SHA for comparison
-            PROPOSED_FULL=$(git rev-parse "$PROPOSED_COMMIT" 2>/dev/null || echo "")
-            CURRENT_FULL=$(git rev-parse "$CURRENT_COMMIT" 2>/dev/null || echo "")
-            
-            if [ -z "$PROPOSED_FULL" ]; then
-              echo "⚠️  Could not resolve proposed commit: $PROPOSED_COMMIT"
-            elif [ "$PROPOSED_FULL" != "$CURRENT_FULL" ]; then
-              echo "❌ Commit mismatch!"
-              echo "The tag points to commit $CURRENT_FULL but the proposal was for $PROPOSED_FULL"
-              echo "This indicates an error in tag creation."
-              # Delete the tag remotely
-              git push --delete origin "${{ steps.vars.outputs.version_tag }}"
-              echo "Tag ${{steps.vars.outputs.version_tag}} has been deleted"
-              exit 1
-            else
-              echo "✅ Commit hash matches proposal"
-            fi
-          else
-            echo "⚠️  No target commit found in proposal (might be legacy release)"
-          fi
-          
-          echo "✅ Tag verification completed"
-
-      - name: Update release proposal PR
-        if: fromJson(steps.find_proposal.outputs.result).number != null
-        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
-        with:
-          script: |
-            const result = ${{ steps.find_proposal.outputs.result }};
-            
-            if (result.number) {
-              // Add in-progress label
-              await github.rest.issues.addLabels({
-                owner: context.repo.owner,
-                repo: context.repo.repo,
-                issue_number: result.number,
-                labels: ['release-in-progress']
-              });
-              
-              // Remove approved label if present
-              try {
-                await github.rest.issues.removeLabel({
-                  owner: context.repo.owner,
-                  repo: context.repo.repo,
-                  issue_number: result.number,
-                  name: 'approved'
-                });
-              } catch (e) {
-                console.log('Approved label not found:', e.message);
-              }
-              
-              const commentBody = [
-                '## 🚀 Release Workflow Started',
-                '',
-                '- **Tag:** ${{ steps.info.outputs.version }}',
-                '- **Signed by key:** ${{ steps.verify.outputs.key_id }}',
-                '- **Commit:** ${{ steps.info.outputs.sha }}',
-                '- **Approved by:** ' + result.approvers,
-                '',
-                'Release workflow is now running. This PR will be updated when the release is published.'
-              ].join('\n');
-              
-              await github.rest.issues.createComment({
-                owner: context.repo.owner,
-                repo: context.repo.repo,
-                issue_number: result.number,
-                body: commentBody
-              });
-            }
-
-      - name: Summary
-        run: |
-          APPROVALS='${{ steps.find_proposal.outputs.result }}'
-          PROPOSED_COMMIT=$(echo "$APPROVALS" | jq -r '.proposedCommit // "N/A"')
-          APPROVERS=$(echo "$APPROVALS" | jq -r '.approvers // "N/A"')
-          
-          echo "## Tag Verification Summary 🔐" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          echo "" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          echo "- **Tag:** ${{ steps.info.outputs.version }}" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          echo "- **Commit:** ${{ steps.info.outputs.sha }}" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          echo "- **Proposed Commit:** $PROPOSED_COMMIT" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          echo "- **Signature:** ✅ Verified" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          echo "- **Signed by:** ${{ steps.verify.outputs.key_id }}" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          echo "- **Approvals:** ✅ Sufficient" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          echo "- **Approved by:** $APPROVERS" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          echo "" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          echo "Proceeding with release build..." >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-      
  release:
    name: Release
-    needs: verify-tag
-    if: ${{ needs.verify-tag.outputs.verification_passed == 'true' }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
        os: 
          - ubuntu-latest
        go: 
-          - '1.26'
+          - '1.25'

        include:
        # Set the minimum Go patch version for the given Go minor
        # Usable via ${{ matrix.GO_SEMVER }}
-        - go: '1.26'
-          GO_SEMVER: '~1.26.0'
+        - go: '1.25'
+          GO_SEMVER: '~1.25.0'

    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    # https://github.com/sigstore/cosign/issues/1258#issuecomment-1002251233
@@ -350,28 +36,26 @@ jobs:
      # https://docs.github.com/en/rest/overview/permissions-required-for-github-apps#permission-on-contents
      # "Releases" is part of `contents`, so it needs the `write`
      contents: write
-      issues: write
-      pull-requests: write

    steps:
    - name: Harden the runner (Audit all outbound calls)
-      uses: step-security/harden-runner@a90bcbc6539c36a85cdfeb73f7e2f433735f215b # v2.15.0
+      uses: step-security/harden-runner@f4a75cfd619ee5ce8d5b864b0d183aff3c69b55a # v2.13.1
      with:
        egress-policy: audit

    - name: Checkout code
-      uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
      with:
        fetch-depth: 0

    - name: Install Go
-      uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+      uses: actions/setup-go@44694675825211faa026b3c33043df3e48a5fa00 # v6.0.0
      with:
        go-version: ${{ matrix.GO_SEMVER }}
        check-latest: true

    # Force fetch upstream tags -- because 65 minutes
-    # tl;dr: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v4.2.2 runs this line:
+    # tl;dr: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v4.2.2 runs this line:
    #   git -c protocol.version=2 fetch --no-tags --prune --progress --no-recurse-submodules --depth=1 origin +ebc278ec98bb24f2852b61fde2a9bf2e3d83818b:refs/tags/
    # which makes its own local lightweight tag, losing all the annotations in the process. Our earlier script ran:
    #   git fetch --prune --unshallow
@@ -414,12 +98,22 @@ jobs:
    - name: Install Cloudsmith CLI
      run: pip install --upgrade cloudsmith-cli

+    - name: Validate commits and tag signatures
+      run: |
+        
+        # Import Matt Holt's key
+        curl 'https://github.com/mholt.gpg' | gpg --import
+
+        echo "Verifying the tag: ${{ steps.vars.outputs.version_tag }}"
+        # tags are only accepted if signed by Matt's key
+        git verify-tag "${{ steps.vars.outputs.version_tag }}" || exit 1
+
    - name: Install Cosign
      uses: sigstore/cosign-installer@d7543c93d881b35a8faa02e8e3605f69b7a1ce62 # main
    - name: Cosign version
      run: cosign version
    - name: Install Syft
-      uses: anchore/sbom-action/download-syft@17ae1740179002c89186b61233e0f892c3118b11 # main
+      uses: anchore/sbom-action/download-syft@f8bdd1d8ac5e901a77a92f111440fdb1b593736b # main
    - name: Syft version
      run: syft version
    - name: Install xcaddy
@@ -428,7 +122,7 @@ jobs:
        xcaddy version
    # GoReleaser will take care of publishing those artifacts into the release
    - name: Run GoReleaser
-      uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@ec59f474b9834571250b370d4735c50f8e2d1e29 # v7.0.0
+      uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@e435ccd777264be153ace6237001ef4d979d3a7a # v6.4.0
      with:
        version: latest
        args: release --clean --timeout 60m
@@ -494,72 +188,3 @@ jobs:
          echo "Pushing $filename to 'testing'"
          cloudsmith push deb caddy/testing/any-distro/any-version $filename
        done
-
-    - name: Update release proposal PR
-      if: needs.verify-tag.outputs.proposal_issue_number != ''
-      uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
-      with:
-        script: |
-          const prNumber = parseInt('${{ needs.verify-tag.outputs.proposal_issue_number }}');
-          
-          if (prNumber) {
-            // Get PR details to find the branch
-            const pr = await github.rest.pulls.get({
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              pull_number: prNumber
-            });
-            
-            const branchName = pr.data.head.ref;
-            
-            // Remove in-progress label
-            try {
-              await github.rest.issues.removeLabel({
-                owner: context.repo.owner,
-                repo: context.repo.repo,
-                issue_number: prNumber,
-                name: 'release-in-progress'
-              });
-            } catch (e) {
-              console.log('Label not found:', e.message);
-            }
-            
-            // Add released label
-            await github.rest.issues.addLabels({
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              issue_number: prNumber,
-              labels: ['released']
-            });
-            
-            // Add final comment
-            await github.rest.issues.createComment({
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              issue_number: prNumber,
-              body: '## ✅ Release Published\n\nThe release has been successfully published and is now available.'
-            });
-            
-            // Close the PR if it's still open
-            if (pr.data.state === 'open') {
-              await github.rest.pulls.update({
-                owner: context.repo.owner,
-                repo: context.repo.repo,
-                pull_number: prNumber,
-                state: 'closed'
-              });
-              console.log(`Closed PR #${prNumber}`);
-            }
-            
-            // Delete the branch
-            try {
-              await github.rest.git.deleteRef({
-                owner: context.repo.owner,
-                repo: context.repo.repo,
-                ref: `heads/${branchName}`
-              });
-              console.log(`Deleted branch: ${branchName}`);
-            } catch (e) {
-              console.log(`Could not delete branch ${branchName}: ${e.message}`);
-            }
-          }
@@ -24,12 +24,12 @@ jobs:

    # See https://github.com/peter-evans/repository-dispatch
    - name: Harden the runner (Audit all outbound calls)
-      uses: step-security/harden-runner@a90bcbc6539c36a85cdfeb73f7e2f433735f215b # v2.15.0
+      uses: step-security/harden-runner@f4a75cfd619ee5ce8d5b864b0d183aff3c69b55a # v2.13.1
      with:
        egress-policy: audit

    - name: Trigger event on caddyserver/dist
-      uses: peter-evans/repository-dispatch@28959ce8df70de7be546dd1250a005dd32156697 # v4.0.1
+      uses: peter-evans/repository-dispatch@5fc4efd1a4797ddb68ffd0714a238564e4cc0e6f # v4.0.0
      with:
        token: ${{ secrets.REPO_DISPATCH_TOKEN }}
        repository: caddyserver/dist
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ jobs:
        client-payload: '{"tag": "${{ github.event.release.tag_name }}"}'

    - name: Trigger event on caddyserver/caddy-docker
-      uses: peter-evans/repository-dispatch@28959ce8df70de7be546dd1250a005dd32156697 # v4.0.1
+      uses: peter-evans/repository-dispatch@5fc4efd1a4797ddb68ffd0714a238564e4cc0e6f # v4.0.0
      with:
        token: ${{ secrets.REPO_DISPATCH_TOKEN }}
        repository: caddyserver/caddy-docker
@@ -37,12 +37,12 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - name: Harden the runner (Audit all outbound calls)
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@a90bcbc6539c36a85cdfeb73f7e2f433735f215b # v2.15.0
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@f4a75cfd619ee5ce8d5b864b0d183aff3c69b55a # v2.13.1
        with:
          egress-policy: audit

      - name: "Checkout code"
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
        with:
          persist-credentials: false

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ jobs:
      # Upload the results as artifacts (optional). Commenting out will disable uploads of run results in SARIF
      # format to the repository Actions tab.
      - name: "Upload artifact"
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@bbbca2ddaa5d8feaa63e36b76fdaad77386f024f # v7.0.0
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@ea165f8d65b6e75b540449e92b4886f43607fa02 # v4.6.2
        with:
          name: SARIF file
          path: results.sarif
@@ -81,6 +81,6 @@ jobs:
      # Upload the results to GitHub's code scanning dashboard (optional).
      # Commenting out will disable upload of results to your repo's Code Scanning dashboard
      - name: "Upload to code-scanning"
-        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@89a39a4e59826350b863aa6b6252a07ad50cf83e # v3.29.5
+        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@3599b3baa15b485a2e49ef411a7a4bb2452e7f93 # v3.29.5
        with:
          sarif_file: results.sarif
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ linters:
    - importas
    - ineffassign
    - misspell
-    - modernize
    - prealloc
    - promlinter
    - sloglint
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ before:
    - cp cmd/caddy/main.go caddy-build/main.go
    - /bin/sh -c 'cd ./caddy-build && go mod init caddy'
    # prepare syso files for windows embedding
-    - /bin/sh -c 'for a in amd64 arm64; do XCADDY_SKIP_BUILD=1 GOOS=windows GOARCH=$a xcaddy build {{.Env.TAG}}; done'
+    - /bin/sh -c 'for a in amd64 arm arm64; do XCADDY_SKIP_BUILD=1 GOOS=windows GOARCH=$a xcaddy build {{.Env.TAG}}; done'
    - /bin/sh -c 'mv /tmp/buildenv_*/*.syso caddy-build'
    # GoReleaser doesn't seem to offer {{.Tag}} at this stage, so we have to embed it into the env
    # so we run: TAG=$(git describe --abbrev=0) goreleaser release --rm-dist --skip-publish --skip-validate
@@ -67,8 +67,6 @@ builds:
      goarch: s390x
    - goos: windows
      goarch: riscv64
-    - goos: windows
-      goarch: arm
    - goos: freebsd
      goarch: ppc64le
    - goos: freebsd
@@ -1,217 +0,0 @@
-# Caddy Project Guidelines
-
-## Mission
-
-**Every site on HTTPS.** Caddy is a security-first, modular, extensible server platform.
-
-## Code Style
-
-### Go Idioms
-
-Follow [Go Code Review Comments](https://go.dev/wiki/CodeReviewComments):
-
- **Error flow**: Early return, indent error handling—not else blocks
-  ```go
-  if err != nil {
-      return err
-  }
-  // normal code
-  ```
- **Naming**: initialisms (`URL`, `HTTP`, `ID`—not `Url`, `Http`, `Id`)
- **Receiver names**: 1–2 letters reflecting type (`c` for `Client`, `h` for `Handler`)
- **Error strings**: Lowercase, no trailing punctuation (`"something failed"` not `"Something failed."`)
- **Doc comments**: Full sentences starting with the name being documented
-  ```go
-  // Handler serves HTTP requests for the file server.
-  type Handler struct { ... }
-  ```
- **Empty slices**: `var t []string` (nil slice), not `t := []string{}` (non-nil zero-length)
- **Don't panic**: Use error returns for normal error handling
-
-### Caddy Patterns
-
-**Module registration**:
-```go
-func init() {
-    caddy.RegisterModule(MyModule{})
-}
-
-func (MyModule) CaddyModule() caddy.ModuleInfo {
-    return caddy.ModuleInfo{
-        ID:  "namespace.category.name",
-        New: func() caddy.Module { return new(MyModule) },
-    }
-}
-```
-
-**Module lifecycle**: `New()` → JSON unmarshal → `Provision()` → `Validate()` → use → `Cleanup()`
-
-**Interface guards** — compile-time verification that modules implement required interfaces:
-```go
-var (
-    _ caddy.Provisioner     = (*MyModule)(nil)
-    _ caddy.Validator       = (*MyModule)(nil)
-    _ caddyfile.Unmarshaler = (*MyModule)(nil)
-)
-```
-
-**Structured logging** — use the module-scoped logger from context:
-```go
-func (m *MyModule) Provision(ctx caddy.Context) error {
-    m.logger = ctx.Logger()
-    m.logger.Debug("provisioning", zap.String("field", m.Field))
-    return nil
-}
-```
-
-**Caddyfile support** — implement `UnmarshalCaddyfile(*caddyfile.Dispenser)` using the `Dispenser` API:
-```go
-// UnmarshalCaddyfile sets up the module from Caddyfile tokens. Syntax:
-//
-//     directive [arg1] [arg2] {
-//         subdir value
-//     }
-func (m *MyModule) UnmarshalCaddyfile(d *caddyfile.Dispenser) error {
-    d.Next() // consume directive name
-    for d.NextArg() {
-        // handle inline arguments
-    }
-    for nesting := d.Nesting(); d.NextBlock(nesting); {
-        switch d.Val() {
-        case "subdir":
-            if !d.NextArg() {
-                return d.ArgErr()
-            }
-            m.Field = d.Val()
-        default:
-            return d.Errf("unrecognized subdirective: %s", d.Val())
-        }
-    }
-    return nil
-}
-```
-
-**Admin API**: Implement `caddy.AdminRouter` for custom endpoints.
-
-**Context**: Use `caddy.Context` for accessing other apps/modules and logging—don't store contexts in structs.
-
-## Architecture
-
-Caddy is built around a **module system** where everything is a module registered via `caddy.RegisterModule()`:
-
- **Apps** (`caddy.App`): Top-level modules like `http`, `tls`, `pki` that Caddy loads and runs
- **Modules** (`caddy.Module`): Extensible components with namespaced IDs (e.g., `http.handlers.file_server`)
- **Configuration**: Native JSON with adapters (Caddyfile → JSON via `caddyconfig/httpcaddyfile`)
-
-| Directory | Purpose |
-|-----------|---------|
-| `modules/` | All standard modules (HTTP, TLS, PKI, etc.) |
-| `modules/standard/imports.go` | Standard module registry |
-| `caddyconfig/httpcaddyfile/` | Caddyfile → JSON adapter for HTTP |
-| `caddytest/` | Test utilities and integration tests |
-| `cmd/caddy/` | CLI entry point with module imports |
-
-### Critical Packages
-
-`caddyhttp` and `caddytls` require **extra scrutiny** in code review—these are security-critical.
-
-## Quality Gates
-
-
-**All required before PR is merge-ready:**
-
-| Gate | Command | Notes |
-|------|---------|-------|
-| Tests pass | `go test -race -short ./...` | Race detection enabled |
-| Lint clean | `golangci-lint run --timeout 10m` | No warnings in changed files |
-| Builds | `go build ./...` | Must compile |
-| Benchmarks | `go test -bench=. -benchmem` | Required for optimizations |
-
-CI runs tests on **Linux, macOS, and Windows**—ensure cross-platform compatibility.
-
-### Build & Test
-
-```bash
-# Build
-cd cmd/caddy && go build
-
-# Tests with race detection (matches CI)
-go test -race -short ./...
-
-# Integration tests
-go test ./caddytest/integration/...
-
-# Lint (matches CI)
-golangci-lint run --timeout 10m
-```
-
-## Testing Conventions
-
-**Table-driven tests** (preferred pattern):
-```go
-func TestFeature(t *testing.T) {
-    for i, tc := range []struct {
-        input    string
-        expected string
-        wantErr  bool
-    }{
-        {input: "valid", expected: "result", wantErr: false},
-        {input: "invalid", expected: "", wantErr: true},
-    } {
-        actual, err := Function(tc.input)
-        if tc.wantErr && err == nil {
-            t.Errorf("Test %d: expected error but got none", i)
-        }
-        if !tc.wantErr && err != nil {
-            t.Errorf("Test %d: unexpected error: %v", i, err)
-        }
-        if actual != tc.expected {
-            t.Errorf("Test %d: expected %q, got %q", i, tc.expected, actual)
-        }
-    }
-}
-```
-
-**Integration tests** use `caddytest.Tester`:
-```go
-func TestHTTPFeature(t *testing.T) {
-    tester := caddytest.NewTester(t)
-    tester.InitServer(`
-    {
-        admin localhost:2999
-        http_port 9080
-    }
-    localhost:9080 {
-        respond "hello"
-    }`, "caddyfile")
-    
-    tester.AssertGetResponse("http://localhost:9080/", 200, "hello")
-}
-```
-
-Use non-standard ports (9080, 9443, 2999) to avoid conflicts with running servers.
-
-## AI Contribution Policy
-
-Per [CONTRIBUTING.md](.github/CONTRIBUTING.md), AI-assisted code **MUST** be:
-
-1. **Disclosed** — Tell reviewers when code was AI-generated or AI-assisted, mentioning which agent/model is used
-2. **Fully comprehended** — You must be able to explain every line
-3. **Tested** — Automated tests when feasible, thorough manual tests otherwise
-4. **Licensed** — Verify AI output doesn't include plagiarized or incompatibly-licensed code
-5. **Contributor License Agreement (CLA)** — The CLA must be signed by the human user
-
-**Do NOT submit code you cannot fully explain.** Contributors are responsible for their submissions.
-
-## Dependencies
-
- **Avoid new dependencies** — Justify any additions; tiny deps can be inlined
- **No exported dependency types** — Caddy must not export types defined by external packages
- Use Go modules; check with `go mod tidy`
-
-## Further Reading
-
- [CONTRIBUTING.md](.github/CONTRIBUTING.md) — Full PR process and expectations
- [Extending Caddy](https://caddyserver.com/docs/extending-caddy) — Module development guide
- [JSON Config](https://caddyserver.com/docs/json/) — Native configuration reference
- [Caddyfile](https://caddyserver.com/docs/caddyfile/concepts) — Caddyfile syntax guide
@@ -12,52 +12,24 @@
 <hr>
 <h3 align="center">Every site on HTTPS</h3>
 <p align="center">Caddy is an extensible server platform that uses TLS by default.</p>
+<p align="center">
+	<a href="https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/actions/workflows/ci.yml"><img src="https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/actions/workflows/ci.yml/badge.svg"></a>
+	<a href="https://www.bestpractices.dev/projects/7141"><img src="https://www.bestpractices.dev/projects/7141/badge"></a>
+	<a href="https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/godoc-reference-%23007d9c.svg"></a>
+	<br>
+	<a href="https://x.com/caddyserver" title="@caddyserver on Twitter"><img src="https://img.shields.io/twitter/follow/caddyserver" alt="@caddyserver on Twitter"></a>
+	<a href="https://caddy.community" title="Caddy Forum"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/community-forum-ff69b4.svg" alt="Caddy Forum"></a>
+	<br>
+	<a href="https://sourcegraph.com/github.com/caddyserver/caddy?badge" title="Caddy on Sourcegraph"><img src="https://sourcegraph.com/github.com/caddyserver/caddy/-/badge.svg" alt="Caddy on Sourcegraph"></a>
+	<a href="https://cloudsmith.io/~caddy/repos/"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/OSS%20hosting%20by-cloudsmith-blue?logo=cloudsmith" alt="Cloudsmith"></a>
+</p>
 <p align="center">
 	<a href="https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/releases">Releases</a> ·
 	<a href="https://caddyserver.com/docs/">Documentation</a> ·
 	<a href="https://caddy.community">Get Help</a>
 </p>
-<p align="center">
-	<a href="https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/actions/workflows/ci.yml"><img src="https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/actions/workflows/ci.yml/badge.svg"></a>
-	&nbsp;
-	<a href="https://www.bestpractices.dev/projects/7141"><img src="https://www.bestpractices.dev/projects/7141/badge"></a>
-	&nbsp;
-	<a href="https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/godoc-reference-%23007d9c.svg"></a>
-	&nbsp;
-	<a href="https://x.com/caddyserver" title="@caddyserver on Twitter"><img src="https://img.shields.io/twitter/follow/caddyserver" alt="@caddyserver on Twitter"></a>
-	&nbsp;
-	<a href="https://caddy.community" title="Caddy Forum"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/community-forum-ff69b4.svg" alt="Caddy Forum"></a>
-	<br>
-	<a href="https://sourcegraph.com/github.com/caddyserver/caddy?badge" title="Caddy on Sourcegraph"><img src="https://sourcegraph.com/github.com/caddyserver/caddy/-/badge.svg" alt="Caddy on Sourcegraph"></a>
-	&nbsp;
-	<a href="https://cloudsmith.io/~caddy/repos/"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/OSS%20hosting%20by-cloudsmith-blue?logo=cloudsmith" alt="Cloudsmith"></a>
-</p>
-<p align="center">
-	<b>Powered by</b>
-	<br>
-	<a href="https://github.com/caddyserver/certmagic">
-		<picture>
-			<source media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" srcset="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/55066419/206946718-740b6371-3df3-4d72-a822-47e4c48af999.png">
-			<source media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" srcset="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1128849/49704830-49d37200-fbd5-11e8-8385-767e0cd033c3.png">
-			<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1128849/49704830-49d37200-fbd5-11e8-8385-767e0cd033c3.png" alt="CertMagic" width="250">
-		</picture>
-	</a>
-</p>

-<!-- Warp sponsorship requests this section -->
-<div align="center" markdown="1">
-	<hr>
-	<sup>Special thanks to:</sup>
-	<br>
-	<a href="https://go.warp.dev/caddy">
-		<img alt="Warp sponsorship" width="400" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/c8efffde-18c7-4af4-83ed-b1aba2dda394">
-	</a>

-### [Warp, built for coding with multiple AI agents](https://go.warp.dev/caddy)
-[Available for MacOS, Linux, & Windows](https://go.warp.dev/caddy)<br>
-</div>
-
-<hr>

 ### Menu

@@ -72,6 +44,18 @@
 - [Getting help](#getting-help)
 - [About](#about)

+<p align="center">
+	<b>Powered by</b>
+	<br>
+	<a href="https://github.com/caddyserver/certmagic">
+		<picture>
+			<source media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" srcset="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/55066419/206946718-740b6371-3df3-4d72-a822-47e4c48af999.png">
+			<source media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" srcset="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1128849/49704830-49d37200-fbd5-11e8-8385-767e0cd033c3.png">
+			<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1128849/49704830-49d37200-fbd5-11e8-8385-767e0cd033c3.png" alt="CertMagic" width="250">
+		</picture>
+	</a>
+</p>
+

 ## [Features](https://caddyserver.com/features)

@@ -133,18 +117,11 @@ username ALL=(ALL:ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/sbin/setcap

 replacing `username` with your actual username. Please be careful and only do this if you know what you are doing! We are only qualified to document how to use Caddy, not Go tooling or your computer, and we are providing these instructions for convenience only; please learn how to use your own computer at your own risk and make any needful adjustments.

-Then you can run the tests in all modules or a specific one:
-
-```bash
-$ go test ./...
-$ go test ./modules/caddyhttp/tracing/
-```
-
 ### With version information and/or plugins

 Using [our builder tool, `xcaddy`](https://github.com/caddyserver/xcaddy)...

-```bash
+```
 $ xcaddy build
 ```

@@ -220,6 +197,6 @@ Matthew Holt began developing Caddy in 2014 while studying computer science at B
 - _Project on X: [@caddyserver](https://x.com/caddyserver)_
 - _Author on X: [@mholt6](https://x.com/mholt6)_

-Caddy is a project of [ZeroSSL](https://zerossl.com), an HID Global company.
+Caddy is a project of [ZeroSSL](https://zerossl.com), a Stack Holdings company.

 Debian package repository hosting is graciously provided by [Cloudsmith](https://cloudsmith.com). Cloudsmith is the only fully hosted, cloud-native, universal package management solution, that enables your organization to create, store and share packages in any format, to any place, with total confidence.
@@ -45,16 +45,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 	"go.uber.org/zap/zapcore"
-
-	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/internal"
 )

-// testCertMagicStorageOverride is a package-level test hook. Tests may set
-// this variable to provide a temporary certmagic.Storage so that cert
-// management in tests does not hit the real default storage on disk.
-// This must NOT be set in production code.
-var testCertMagicStorageOverride certmagic.Storage
-
 func init() {
 	// The hard-coded default `DefaultAdminListen` can be overridden
 	// by setting the `CADDY_ADMIN` environment variable.
@@ -120,6 +112,10 @@ type AdminConfig struct {
 	//
 	// EXPERIMENTAL: This feature is subject to change.
 	Remote *RemoteAdmin `json:"remote,omitempty"`
+
+	// Holds onto the routers so that we can later provision them
+	// if they require provisioning.
+	routers []AdminRouter
 }

 // ConfigSettings configures the management of configuration.
@@ -208,8 +204,8 @@ type AdminAccess struct {
 // AdminPermissions specifies what kinds of requests are allowed
 // to be made to the admin endpoint.
 type AdminPermissions struct {
-	// The API paths allowed. A request path must either equal an
-	// allowed path or be a subpath with a path-segment boundary.
+	// The API paths allowed. Paths are simple prefix matches.
+	// Any subpath of the specified paths will be allowed.
 	Paths []string `json:"paths,omitempty"`

 	// The HTTP methods allowed for the given paths.
@@ -218,7 +214,7 @@ type AdminPermissions struct {

 // newAdminHandler reads admin's config and returns an http.Handler suitable
 // for use in an admin endpoint server, which will be listening on listenAddr.
-func (admin *AdminConfig) newAdminHandler(addr NetworkAddress, remote bool, ctx Context) (adminHandler, error) {
+func (admin *AdminConfig) newAdminHandler(addr NetworkAddress, remote bool, _ Context) adminHandler {
 	muxWrap := adminHandler{mux: http.NewServeMux()}

 	// secure the local or remote endpoint respectively
@@ -275,21 +271,34 @@ func (admin *AdminConfig) newAdminHandler(addr NetworkAddress, remote bool, ctx
 	// register third-party module endpoints
 	for _, m := range GetModules("admin.api") {
 		router := m.New().(AdminRouter)
-
-		// provision the router before registering its routes, so
-		// handlers have access to all provisioned state
-		if provisioner, ok := router.(Provisioner); ok {
-			if err := provisioner.Provision(ctx); err != nil {
-				return adminHandler{}, fmt.Errorf("provisioning admin router module %s: %v", m.ID, err)
-			}
-		}
-
 		for _, route := range router.Routes() {
 			addRoute(route.Pattern, handlerLabel, route.Handler)
 		}
+		admin.routers = append(admin.routers, router)
 	}

-	return muxWrap, nil
+	return muxWrap
+}
+
+// provisionAdminRouters provisions all the router modules
+// in the admin.api namespace that need provisioning.
+func (admin *AdminConfig) provisionAdminRouters(ctx Context) error {
+	for _, router := range admin.routers {
+		provisioner, ok := router.(Provisioner)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		err := provisioner.Provision(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// We no longer need the routers once provisioned, allow for GC
+	admin.routers = nil
+
+	return nil
 }

 // allowedOrigins returns a list of origins that are allowed.
@@ -413,7 +422,11 @@ func replaceLocalAdminServer(cfg *Config, ctx Context) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	handler, err := cfg.Admin.newAdminHandler(addr, false, ctx)
+	handler := cfg.Admin.newAdminHandler(addr, false, ctx)
+
+	// run the provisioners for loaded modules to make sure local
+	// state is properly re-initialized in the new admin server
+	err = cfg.Admin.provisionAdminRouters(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -537,7 +550,11 @@ func replaceRemoteAdminServer(ctx Context, cfg *Config) error {

 	// make the HTTP handler but disable Host/Origin enforcement
 	// because we are using TLS authentication instead
-	handler, err := cfg.Admin.newAdminHandler(addr, true, ctx)
+	handler := cfg.Admin.newAdminHandler(addr, true, ctx)
+
+	// run the provisioners for loaded modules to make sure local
+	// state is properly re-initialized in the new admin server
+	err = cfg.Admin.provisionAdminRouters(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -616,19 +633,8 @@ func (ident *IdentityConfig) certmagicConfig(logger *zap.Logger, makeCache bool)
 		// certmagic config, although it'll be mostly useless for remote management
 		ident = new(IdentityConfig)
 	}
-	// Choose storage: prefer the package-level test override when present,
-	// otherwise use the configured DefaultStorage. Tests may set an override
-	// to divert storage into a temporary location. Otherwise, in production
-	// we use the DefaultStorage since we don't want to act as part of a
-	// cluster; this storage is for the server's local identity only.
-	var storage certmagic.Storage
-	if testCertMagicStorageOverride != nil {
-		storage = testCertMagicStorageOverride
-	} else {
-		storage = DefaultStorage
-	}
 	template := certmagic.Config{
-		Storage: storage,
+		Storage: DefaultStorage, // do not act as part of a cluster (this is for the server's local identity)
 		Logger:  logger,
 		Issuers: ident.issuers,
 	}
@@ -693,7 +699,7 @@ func (remote RemoteAdmin) enforceAccessControls(r *http.Request) error {
 						// verify path
 						pathFound := accessPerm.Paths == nil
 						for _, allowedPath := range accessPerm.Paths {
-							if adminPathAllowed(r.URL.Path, allowedPath) {
+							if strings.HasPrefix(r.URL.Path, allowedPath) {
 								pathFound = true
 								break
 							}
@@ -722,31 +728,14 @@ func (remote RemoteAdmin) enforceAccessControls(r *http.Request) error {
 	}
 }

-func adminPathAllowed(reqPath, allowedPath string) bool {
-	if allowedPath == "" || allowedPath == "/" {
-		return strings.HasPrefix(reqPath, allowedPath)
-	}
-	if reqPath == allowedPath {
-		return true
-	}
-	if strings.HasSuffix(allowedPath, "/") {
-		return strings.HasPrefix(reqPath, allowedPath)
-	}
-	return strings.HasPrefix(reqPath, allowedPath+"/")
-}
-
 func stopAdminServer(srv *http.Server) error {
 	if srv == nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("no admin server")
 	}
-	timeout := 10 * time.Second
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeoutCause(context.Background(), timeout, fmt.Errorf("stopping admin server: %ds timeout", int(timeout.Seconds())))
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
 	err := srv.Shutdown(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
-		if cause := context.Cause(ctx); cause != nil && errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
-			err = cause
-		}
 		return fmt.Errorf("shutting down admin server: %v", err)
 	}
 	Log().Named("admin").Info("stopped previous server", zap.String("address", srv.Addr))
@@ -790,7 +779,7 @@ func (h adminHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		zap.String("uri", r.RequestURI),
 		zap.String("remote_ip", ip),
 		zap.String("remote_port", port),
-		zap.Object("headers", internal.LoggableHTTPHeader{Header: r.Header}),
+		zap.Reflect("headers", r.Header),
 	)
 	if r.TLS != nil {
 		log = log.With(
@@ -818,37 +807,11 @@ func (h adminHandler) serveHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		}
 	}

-	// common mitigations in browser contexts
 	if strings.Contains(r.Header.Get("Upgrade"), "websocket") {
 		// I've never been able demonstrate a vulnerability myself, but apparently
 		// WebSocket connections originating from browsers aren't subject to CORS
 		// restrictions, so we'll just be on the safe side
-		h.handleError(w, r, APIError{
-			HTTPStatus: http.StatusBadRequest,
-			Err:        errors.New("websocket connections aren't allowed"),
-			Message:    "WebSocket connections aren't allowed.",
-		})
-		return
-	}
-	if strings.Contains(r.Header.Get("Sec-Fetch-Mode"), "no-cors") {
-		// turns out web pages can just disable the same-origin policy (!???!?)
-		// but at least browsers let us know that's the case, holy heck
-		h.handleError(w, r, APIError{
-			HTTPStatus: http.StatusBadRequest,
-			Err:        errors.New("client attempted to make request by disabling same-origin policy using no-cors mode"),
-			Message:    "Disabling same-origin restrictions is not allowed.",
-		})
-		return
-	}
-	if r.Header.Get("Origin") == "null" {
-		// bug in Firefox in certain cross-origin situations (yikes?)
-		// (not strictly a security vuln on its own, but it's red flaggy,
-		// since it seems to manifest in cross-origin contexts)
-		h.handleError(w, r, APIError{
-			HTTPStatus: http.StatusBadRequest,
-			Err:        errors.New("invalid origin 'null'"),
-			Message:    "Buggy browser is sending null Origin header.",
-		})
+		h.handleError(w, r, fmt.Errorf("websocket connections aren't allowed"))
 		return
 	}

@@ -861,9 +824,7 @@ func (h adminHandler) serveHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		}
 	}

-	_, hasOriginHeader := r.Header["Origin"]
-	_, hasSecHeader := r.Header["Sec-Fetch-Mode"]
-	if h.enforceOrigin || hasOriginHeader || hasSecHeader {
+	if h.enforceOrigin {
 		// cross-site mitigation
 		origin, err := h.checkOrigin(r)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -1051,9 +1012,6 @@ func handleConfig(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) error {
 			buf.Reset()
 			defer bufPool.Put(buf)

-			const maxConfigSize = 100 * 1024 * 1024 // 100 MB
-			r.Body = http.MaxBytesReader(w, r.Body, maxConfigSize)
-
 			_, err := io.Copy(buf, r.Body)
 			if err != nil {
 				return APIError{
@@ -1136,20 +1094,6 @@ func handleStop(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func parseCanonicalArrayIndex(idx string) (int, error) {
-	if idx == "" {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("empty index")
-	}
-	i, err := strconv.Atoi(idx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-	if strconv.Itoa(i) != idx {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("non-canonical array index")
-	}
-	return i, nil
-}
-
 // unsyncedConfigAccess traverses into the current config and performs
 // the operation at path according to method, using body and out as
 // needed. This is a low-level, unsynchronized function; most callers
@@ -1166,10 +1110,7 @@ func unsyncedConfigAccess(method, path string, body []byte, out io.Writer) error
 	if len(body) > 0 {
 		err = json.Unmarshal(body, &val)
 		if err != nil {
-			if jsonErr, ok := err.(*json.SyntaxError); ok {
-				return fmt.Errorf("decoding request body: %w, at offset %d", jsonErr, jsonErr.Offset)
-			}
-			return fmt.Errorf("decoding request body: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("decoding request body: %v", err)
 		}
 	}

@@ -1211,12 +1152,11 @@ traverseLoop:
 				var idx int
 				if method != http.MethodPost {
 					idxStr := parts[len(parts)-1]
-					idx, err = parseCanonicalArrayIndex(idxStr)
+					idx, err = strconv.Atoi(idxStr)
 					if err != nil {
 						return fmt.Errorf("[%s] invalid array index '%s': %v",
 							path, idxStr, err)
 					}
-
 					if idx < 0 || (method != http.MethodPut && idx >= len(arr)) || idx > len(arr) {
 						return fmt.Errorf("[%s] array index out of bounds: %s", path, idxStr)
 					}
@@ -1316,7 +1256,7 @@ traverseLoop:
 			}

 		case []any:
-			partInt, err := parseCanonicalArrayIndex(part)
+			partInt, err := strconv.Atoi(part)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("[/%s] invalid array index '%s': %v",
 					strings.Join(parts[:i+1], "/"), part, err)
@@ -15,28 +15,20 @@
 package caddy

 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
-	"crypto"
-	"crypto/tls"
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"maps"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
-	"os"
 	"reflect"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
-	"time"

 	"github.com/caddyserver/certmagic"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
 	dto "github.com/prometheus/client_model/go"
-	"go.uber.org/zap"
-	"go.uber.org/zap/zaptest/observer"
 )

 var testCfg = []byte(`{
@@ -57,13 +49,6 @@ var testCfg = []byte(`{
 		}
 		`)

-type testAdminPublicKey string
-
-func (k testAdminPublicKey) Equal(x crypto.PublicKey) bool {
-	other, ok := x.(testAdminPublicKey)
-	return ok && k == other
-}
-
 func TestUnsyncedConfigAccess(t *testing.T) {
 	// each test is performed in sequence, so
 	// each change builds on the previous ones;
@@ -255,51 +240,6 @@ func TestAdminHandlerErrorHandling(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestAdminHandlerServeHTTPRedactsSensitiveHeadersInLogs(t *testing.T) {
-	core, logs := observer.New(zap.InfoLevel)
-
-	defaultLoggerMu.Lock()
-	origLogger := defaultLogger.logger
-	defaultLogger.logger = zap.New(core)
-	defaultLoggerMu.Unlock()
-	t.Cleanup(func() {
-		defaultLoggerMu.Lock()
-		defaultLogger.logger = origLogger
-		defaultLoggerMu.Unlock()
-	})
-
-	handler := adminHandler{
-		mux: http.NewServeMux(),
-	}
-	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
-	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer secret")
-	req.Header.Set("Cookie", "session=secret")
-	req.Header.Set("X-Test", "ok")
-	rr := httptest.NewRecorder()
-
-	handler.ServeHTTP(rr, req)
-
-	if logs.Len() == 0 {
-		t.Fatal("expected request log entry")
-	}
-
-	ctx := logs.All()[0].ContextMap()
-	headers, ok := ctx["headers"].(map[string]any)
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("expected headers field in log context, got %T", ctx["headers"])
-	}
-
-	if got := headers["Authorization"]; !reflect.DeepEqual(got, []any{"REDACTED"}) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected redacted Authorization header, got %#v", got)
-	}
-	if got := headers["Cookie"]; !reflect.DeepEqual(got, []any{"REDACTED"}) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected redacted Cookie header, got %#v", got)
-	}
-	if got := headers["X-Test"]; !reflect.DeepEqual(got, []any{"ok"}) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected X-Test header to remain visible, got %#v", got)
-	}
-}
-
 func initAdminMetrics() {
 	if adminMetrics.requestErrors != nil {
 		prometheus.Unregister(adminMetrics.requestErrors)
@@ -335,15 +275,13 @@ func TestAdminHandlerBuiltinRouteErrors(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}

-	// Build the admin handler directly (no listener active)
-	addr, err := ParseNetworkAddress("localhost:2019")
+	err := replaceLocalAdminServer(cfg, Context{})
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Failed to parse address: %v", err)
-	}
-	handler, err := cfg.Admin.newAdminHandler(addr, false, Context{})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Failed to create admin handler: %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("setting up admin server: %v", err)
 	}
+	defer func() {
+		stopAdminServer(localAdminServer)
+	}()

 	tests := []struct {
 		name           string
@@ -376,7 +314,7 @@ func TestAdminHandlerBuiltinRouteErrors(t *testing.T) {
 			req := httptest.NewRequest(test.method, fmt.Sprintf("http://localhost:2019%s", test.path), nil)
 			rr := httptest.NewRecorder()

-			handler.ServeHTTP(rr, req)
+			localAdminServer.Handler.ServeHTTP(rr, req)

 			if rr.Code != test.expectedStatus {
 				t.Errorf("expected status %d but got %d", test.expectedStatus, rr.Code)
@@ -464,10 +402,7 @@ func TestNewAdminHandlerRouterRegistration(t *testing.T) {
 	admin := &AdminConfig{
 		EnforceOrigin: false,
 	}
-	handler, err := admin.newAdminHandler(addr, false, Context{})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Failed to create admin handler: %v", err)
-	}
+	handler := admin.newAdminHandler(addr, false, Context{})

 	req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/mock", nil)
 	req.Host = "localhost:2019"
@@ -479,6 +414,10 @@ func TestNewAdminHandlerRouterRegistration(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("Expected status code %d but got %d", http.StatusOK, rr.Code)
 		t.Logf("Response body: %s", rr.Body.String())
 	}
+
+	if len(admin.routers) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected 1 router to be stored, got %d", len(admin.routers))
+	}
 }

 type mockProvisionableRouter struct {
@@ -516,16 +455,19 @@ func TestAdminRouterProvisioning(t *testing.T) {
 		name         string
 		provisionErr error
 		wantErr      bool
+		routersAfter int // expected number of routers after provisioning
 	}{
 		{
 			name:         "successful provisioning",
 			provisionErr: nil,
 			wantErr:      false,
+			routersAfter: 0,
 		},
 		{
 			name:         "provisioning error",
 			provisionErr: fmt.Errorf("provision failed"),
 			wantErr:      true,
+			routersAfter: 1,
 		},
 	}

@@ -561,7 +503,8 @@ func TestAdminRouterProvisioning(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Fatalf("Failed to parse address: %v", err)
 			}

-			_, err = admin.newAdminHandler(addr, false, Context{})
+			_ = admin.newAdminHandler(addr, false, Context{})
+			err = admin.provisionAdminRouters(Context{})

 			if test.wantErr {
 				if err == nil {
@@ -572,6 +515,10 @@ func TestAdminRouterProvisioning(t *testing.T) {
 					t.Errorf("Expected no error but got: %v", err)
 				}
 			}
+
+			if len(admin.routers) != test.routersAfter {
+				t.Errorf("Expected %d routers after provisioning, got %d", test.routersAfter, len(admin.routers))
+			}
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -656,99 +603,6 @@ func TestAllowedOriginsUnixSocket(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestRemoteAdminAccessControlPathSegmentMatching(t *testing.T) {
-	const authorizedKey testAdminPublicKey = "authorized"
-	peerCert := &x509.Certificate{PublicKey: authorizedKey}
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		name        string
-		allowedPath string
-		requestPath string
-		wantErr     bool
-	}{
-		{
-			name:        "exact path",
-			allowedPath: "/pki/ca/prod",
-			requestPath: "/pki/ca/prod",
-			wantErr:     false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "subpath",
-			allowedPath: "/pki/ca/prod",
-			requestPath: "/pki/ca/prod/certificates",
-			wantErr:     false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "trailing slash subpath",
-			allowedPath: "/pki/ca/prod/",
-			requestPath: "/pki/ca/prod/certificates",
-			wantErr:     false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "sibling with shared prefix",
-			allowedPath: "/pki/ca/prod",
-			requestPath: "/pki/ca/prod-backup",
-			wantErr:     true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "same segment plus digit",
-			allowedPath: "/pki/ca/prod",
-			requestPath: "/pki/ca/prod1",
-			wantErr:     true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "root path",
-			allowedPath: "/",
-			requestPath: "/pki/ca/prod",
-			wantErr:     false,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for i, test := range tests {
-		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			remote := RemoteAdmin{
-				AccessControl: []*AdminAccess{
-					{
-						Permissions: []AdminPermissions{
-							{
-								Methods: []string{http.MethodGet},
-								Paths:   []string{test.allowedPath},
-							},
-						},
-						publicKeys: []crypto.PublicKey{authorizedKey},
-					},
-				},
-			}
-
-			req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "https://localhost:2021"+test.requestPath, nil)
-			req.TLS = &tls.ConnectionState{
-				VerifiedChains: [][]*x509.Certificate{{peerCert}},
-			}
-
-			err := remote.enforceAccessControls(req)
-			if test.wantErr {
-				if err == nil {
-					t.Errorf("test %d (%s): allowed path %q, request path %q: expected forbidden error, got nil", i, test.name, test.allowedPath, test.requestPath)
-					return
-				}
-				var apiErr APIError
-				if !errors.As(err, &apiErr) {
-					t.Errorf("test %d (%s): allowed path %q, request path %q: expected APIError with HTTP status %d, got %T: %v", i, test.name, test.allowedPath, test.requestPath, http.StatusForbidden, err, err)
-					return
-				}
-				if apiErr.HTTPStatus != http.StatusForbidden {
-					t.Errorf("test %d (%s): allowed path %q, request path %q: expected HTTP status %d, got %d", i, test.name, test.allowedPath, test.requestPath, http.StatusForbidden, apiErr.HTTPStatus)
-				}
-				return
-			}
-
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Errorf("test %d (%s): allowed path %q, request path %q: expected no error, got %v", i, test.name, test.allowedPath, test.requestPath, err)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
 func TestReplaceRemoteAdminServer(t *testing.T) {
 	const testCert = `MIIDCTCCAfGgAwIBAgIUXsqJ1mY8pKlHQtI3HJ23x2eZPqwwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEL
 BQAwFDESMBAGA1UEAwwJbG9jYWxob3N0MB4XDTIzMDEwMTAwMDAwMFoXDTI0MDEw
@@ -945,24 +799,8 @@ MIIEvgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCBKgwggSkAgEAAoIBAQDRS0LmTwUT0iwP
 ...
 -----END PRIVATE KEY-----`)

-	tmpDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "TestManageIdentity-")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	testStorage := certmagic.FileStorage{Path: tmpDir}
-	// Clean up the temp dir after the test finishes. Ensure any background
-	// certificate maintenance is stopped first to avoid RemoveAll races.
-	t.Cleanup(func() {
-		if identityCertCache != nil {
-			identityCertCache.Stop()
-			identityCertCache = nil
-		}
-		// Give goroutines a moment to exit and release file handles.
-		time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
-		_ = os.RemoveAll(tmpDir)
-	})
-
-	err = testStorage.Store(context.Background(), "localhost/localhost.crt", certPEM)
+	testStorage := certmagic.FileStorage{Path: t.TempDir()}
+	err := testStorage.Store(context.Background(), "localhost/localhost.crt", certPEM)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -1024,7 +862,7 @@ MIIEvgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCBKgwggSkAgEAAoIBAQDRS0LmTwUT0iwP
 						},
 					},
 				},
-				storage: &testStorage,
+				storage: &certmagic.FileStorage{Path: "testdata"},
 			},
 			checkState: func(t *testing.T, cfg *Config) {
 				if len(cfg.Admin.Identity.issuers) != 1 {
@@ -1062,13 +900,6 @@ MIIEvgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCBKgwggSkAgEAAoIBAQDRS0LmTwUT0iwP
 				identityCertCache.Stop()
 				identityCertCache = nil
 			}
-			// Ensure any cache started by manageIdentity is stopped at the end
-			defer func() {
-				if identityCertCache != nil {
-					identityCertCache.Stop()
-					identityCertCache = nil
-				}
-			}()

 			ctx := Context{
 				Context:         context.Background(),
@@ -1076,13 +907,6 @@ MIIEvgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCBKgwggSkAgEAAoIBAQDRS0LmTwUT0iwP
 				moduleInstances: make(map[string][]Module),
 			}

-			// If this test provided a FileStorage, set the package-level
-			// testCertMagicStorageOverride so certmagicConfig will use it.
-			if test.cfg != nil && test.cfg.storage != nil {
-				testCertMagicStorageOverride = test.cfg.storage
-				defer func() { testCertMagicStorageOverride = nil }()
-			}
-
 			err := manageIdentity(ctx, test.cfg)

 			if test.wantErr {
@@ -1101,47 +925,3 @@ MIIEvgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCBKgwggSkAgEAAoIBAQDRS0LmTwUT0iwP
 		})
 	}
 }
-
-func TestUnsyncedConfigAccessCanonicalArrayIndices(t *testing.T) {
-	rawCfg = map[string]any{
-		rawConfigKey: map[string]any{
-			"list": []any{"zero", "one", "two", "three", "four", "five", "six", "seven", "eight", "nine", "ten"},
-		},
-	}
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		name       string
-		path       string
-		wantOutput string
-		wantErr    bool
-	}{
-		{name: "allow zero", path: "/" + rawConfigKey + "/list/0", wantOutput: "\"zero\"\n"},
-		{name: "allow one", path: "/" + rawConfigKey + "/list/1", wantOutput: "\"one\"\n"},
-		{name: "allow ten", path: "/" + rawConfigKey + "/list/10", wantOutput: "\"ten\"\n"},
-		{name: "reject leading zero", path: "/" + rawConfigKey + "/list/01", wantErr: true},
-		{name: "reject multiple leading zeros", path: "/" + rawConfigKey + "/list/002", wantErr: true},
-		{name: "reject plus sign", path: "/" + rawConfigKey + "/list/+1", wantErr: true},
-		{name: "reject negative zero", path: "/" + rawConfigKey + "/list/-0", wantErr: true},
-	}
-
-	for i, tc := range tests {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			var gotOutput bytes.Buffer
-			err := unsyncedConfigAccess(http.MethodGet, tc.path, nil, &gotOutput)
-
-			if tc.wantErr {
-				if err == nil {
-					t.Errorf("test %d (%s): input path %q: expected error, got nil with output %q", i, tc.name, tc.path, gotOutput.String())
-				}
-				return
-			}
-
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Errorf("test %d (%s): input path %q: expected no error with output %q, got error %v with output %q", i, tc.name, tc.path, tc.wantOutput, err, gotOutput.String())
-			}
-			if gotOutput.String() != tc.wantOutput {
-				t.Errorf("test %d (%s): input path %q: expected output %q, got %q", i, tc.name, tc.path, tc.wantOutput, gotOutput.String())
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	storage      certmagic.Storage
 	eventEmitter eventEmitter

-	cancelFunc context.CancelCauseFunc
+	cancelFunc context.CancelFunc

 	// fileSystems is a dict of fileSystems that will later be loaded from and added to.
 	fileSystems FileSystems
@@ -127,9 +127,10 @@ func Load(cfgJSON []byte, forceReload bool) error {
 					zap.Error(notifyErr),
 					zap.String("reload_err", err.Error()))
 			}
+			return
 		}
-		if notifyErr := notify.Ready(); notifyErr != nil {
-			Log().Error("unable to notify to service manager of ready state", zap.Error(notifyErr))
+		if err := notify.Ready(); err != nil {
+			Log().Error("unable to notify to service manager of ready state", zap.Error(err))
 		}
 	}()

@@ -146,8 +147,8 @@ func Load(cfgJSON []byte, forceReload bool) error {
 // the new value (if applicable; i.e. "DELETE" doesn't have an input).
 // If the resulting config is the same as the previous, no reload will
 // occur unless forceReload is true. If the config is unchanged and not
-// forcefully reloaded, then errConfigUnchanged is returned. This function
-// is safe for concurrent use.
+// forcefully reloaded, then errConfigUnchanged This function is safe for
+// concurrent use.
 // The ifMatchHeader can optionally be given a string of the format:
 //
 //	"<path> <hash>"
@@ -226,18 +227,8 @@ func changeConfig(method, path string, input []byte, ifMatchHeader string, force
 	idx := make(map[string]string)
 	err = indexConfigObjects(rawCfg[rawConfigKey], "/"+rawConfigKey, idx)
 	if err != nil {
-		if len(rawCfgJSON) > 0 {
-			var oldCfg any
-			err2 := json.Unmarshal(rawCfgJSON, &oldCfg)
-			if err2 != nil {
-				err = fmt.Errorf("%v; additionally, restoring old config: %v", err, err2)
-			}
-			rawCfg[rawConfigKey] = oldCfg
-		} else {
-			rawCfg[rawConfigKey] = nil
-		}
 		return APIError{
-			HTTPStatus: http.StatusBadRequest,
+			HTTPStatus: http.StatusInternalServerError,
 			Err:        fmt.Errorf("indexing config: %v", err),
 		}
 	}
@@ -257,8 +248,6 @@ func changeConfig(method, path string, input []byte, ifMatchHeader string, force
 				err = fmt.Errorf("%v; additionally, restoring old config: %v", err, err2)
 			}
 			rawCfg[rawConfigKey] = oldCfg
-		} else {
-			rawCfg[rawConfigKey] = nil
 		}

 		return fmt.Errorf("loading new config: %v", err)
@@ -292,19 +281,14 @@ func indexConfigObjects(ptr any, configPath string, index map[string]string) err
 	case map[string]any:
 		for k, v := range val {
 			if k == idKey {
-				var idStr string
 				switch idVal := v.(type) {
 				case string:
-					idStr = idVal
+					index[idVal] = configPath
 				case float64: // all JSON numbers decode as float64
-					idStr = fmt.Sprintf("%v", idVal)
+					index[fmt.Sprintf("%v", idVal)] = configPath
 				default:
 					return fmt.Errorf("%s: %s field must be a string or number", configPath, idKey)
 				}
-				if existingPath, ok := index[idStr]; ok {
-					return fmt.Errorf("duplicate ID '%s' found at %s and %s", idStr, existingPath, configPath)
-				}
-				index[idStr] = configPath
 				continue
 			}
 			// traverse this object property recursively
@@ -432,7 +416,7 @@ func run(newCfg *Config, start bool) (Context, error) {
 		// partially copied from provisionContext
 		if err != nil {
 			globalMetrics.configSuccess.Set(0)
-			ctx.cfg.cancelFunc(fmt.Errorf("configuration start error: %w", err))
+			ctx.cfg.cancelFunc()

 			if currentCtx.cfg != nil {
 				certmagic.Default.Storage = currentCtx.cfg.storage
@@ -440,6 +424,13 @@ func run(newCfg *Config, start bool) (Context, error) {
 		}
 	}()

+	// Provision any admin routers which may need to access
+	// some of the other apps at runtime
+	err = ctx.cfg.Admin.provisionAdminRouters(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ctx, err
+	}
+
 	// Start
 	err = func() error {
 		started := make([]string, 0, len(ctx.cfg.apps))
@@ -501,7 +492,7 @@ func provisionContext(newCfg *Config, replaceAdminServer bool) (Context, error)
 	// cleanup occurs when we return if there
 	// was an error; if no error, it will get
 	// cleaned up on next config cycle
-	ctx, cancelCause := NewContextWithCause(Context{Context: context.Background(), cfg: newCfg})
+	ctx, cancel := NewContext(Context{Context: context.Background(), cfg: newCfg})
 	defer func() {
 		if err != nil {
 			globalMetrics.configSuccess.Set(0)
@@ -510,7 +501,7 @@ func provisionContext(newCfg *Config, replaceAdminServer bool) (Context, error)
 			// since the associated config won't be used;
 			// this will cause all modules that were newly
 			// provisioned to clean themselves up
-			cancelCause(fmt.Errorf("configuration error: %w", err))
+			cancel()

 			// also undo any other state changes we made
 			if currentCtx.cfg != nil {
@@ -518,7 +509,7 @@ func provisionContext(newCfg *Config, replaceAdminServer bool) (Context, error)
 			}
 		}
 	}()
-	newCfg.cancelFunc = cancelCause // clean up later
+	newCfg.cancelFunc = cancel // clean up later

 	// set up logging before anything bad happens
 	if newCfg.Logging == nil {
@@ -738,7 +729,7 @@ func unsyncedStop(ctx Context) {
 	}

 	// clean up all modules
-	ctx.cfg.cancelFunc(fmt.Errorf("stopping apps"))
+	ctx.cfg.cancelFunc()
 }

 // Validate loads, provisions, and validates
@@ -746,7 +737,7 @@ func unsyncedStop(ctx Context) {
 func Validate(cfg *Config) error {
 	_, err := run(cfg, false)
 	if err == nil {
-		cfg.cancelFunc(fmt.Errorf("validation complete")) // call Cleanup on all modules
+		cfg.cancelFunc() // call Cleanup on all modules
 	}
 	return err
 }
@@ -759,7 +750,7 @@ func Validate(cfg *Config) error {
 // code is emitted.
 func exitProcess(ctx context.Context, logger *zap.Logger) {
 	// let the rest of the program know we're quitting; only do it once
-	if !exiting.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
+	if !atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(exiting, 0, 1) {
 		return
 	}

@@ -838,11 +829,11 @@ func exitProcess(ctx context.Context, logger *zap.Logger) {
 	}()
 }

-var exiting atomic.Bool
+var exiting = new(int32) // accessed atomically

 // Exiting returns true if the process is exiting.
 // EXPERIMENTAL API: subject to change or removal.
-func Exiting() bool { return exiting.Load() }
+func Exiting() bool { return atomic.LoadInt32(exiting) == 1 }

 // OnExit registers a callback to invoke during process exit.
 // This registration is PROCESS-GLOBAL, meaning that each
@@ -954,34 +945,6 @@ func InstanceID() (uuid.UUID, error) {
 // for example.
 var CustomVersion string

-// CustomBinaryName is an optional string that overrides the root
-// command name from the default of "caddy". This is useful for
-// downstream projects that embed Caddy but use a different binary
-// name. Shell completions and help text will use this name instead
-// of "caddy".
-//
-// Set this variable during `go build` with `-ldflags`:
-//
-//	-ldflags '-X github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2.CustomBinaryName=my_custom_caddy'
-//
-// for example.
-var CustomBinaryName string
-
-// CustomLongDescription is an optional string that overrides the
-// long description of the root Cobra command. This is useful for
-// downstream projects that embed Caddy but want different help
-// output.
-//
-// Set this variable in an init() function of a package that is
-// imported by your main:
-//
-//	func init() {
-//	    caddy.CustomLongDescription = "My custom server based on Caddy..."
-//	}
-//
-// for example.
-var CustomLongDescription string
-
 // Version returns the Caddy version in a simple/short form, and
 // a full version string. The short form will not have spaces and
 // is intended for User-Agent strings and similar, but may be
@@ -1129,7 +1092,7 @@ type Event struct {
 }

 // NewEvent creates a new event, but does not emit the event. To emit an
-// event, call Emit() on the current instance of the caddyevents app instead.
+// event, call Emit() on the current instance of the caddyevents app insteaad.
 //
 // EXPERIMENTAL: Subject to change.
 func NewEvent(ctx Context, name string, data map[string]any) (Event, error) {
@@ -1287,10 +1250,10 @@ func getLastConfig() (file, adapter string, fn reloadFromSourceFunc) {

 // lastConfigMatches returns true if the provided source file and/or adapter
 // matches the recorded last-config. Matching rules (in priority order):
-// 1. If srcAdapter is provided and differs from the recorded adapter, no match.
-// 2. If srcFile exactly equals the recorded file, match.
-// 3. If both sides can be made absolute and equal, match.
-// 4. If basenames are equal, match.
+//  1. If srcAdapter is provided and differs from the recorded adapter, no match.
+//  2. If srcFile exactly equals the recorded file, match.
+//  3. If both sides can be made absolute and equal, match.
+//  4. If basenames are equal, match.
 func lastConfigMatches(srcFile, srcAdapter string) bool {
 	lf, la, _ := getLastConfig()

@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ func (d *Dispenser) File() string {
 // targets are left unchanged. If all the targets are filled,
 // then true is returned.
 func (d *Dispenser) Args(targets ...*string) bool {
-	for i := range targets {
+	for i := 0; i < len(targets); i++ {
 		if !d.NextArg() {
 			return false
 		}
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"io"
 	"slices"
-	"strings"
 	"unicode"
 )

@@ -63,33 +62,8 @@ func Format(input []byte) []byte {
 		heredocClosingMarker []rune

 		nesting int // indentation level
-
-		currentToken                  strings.Builder
-		currentLineFirstToken         string
-		previousLineWasTopLevelImport bool
-		openBraceOwnLine              bool
 	)

-	finishToken := func() {
-		if currentToken.Len() == 0 {
-			return
-		}
-		if currentLineFirstToken == "" {
-			currentLineFirstToken = currentToken.String()
-		}
-		currentToken.Reset()
-	}
-
-	finishLine := func() {
-		finishToken()
-		if currentLineFirstToken != "" {
-			previousLineWasTopLevelImport = nesting == 0 && currentLineFirstToken == "import"
-		} else if !openBrace || !openBraceOwnLine || openBraceWritten {
-			previousLineWasTopLevelImport = false
-		}
-		currentLineFirstToken = ""
-	}
-
 	write := func(ch rune) {
 		out.WriteRune(ch)
 		last = ch
@@ -235,21 +209,10 @@ func Format(input []byte) []byte {
 			}
 		}

-		if strings.Contains(quotes, "`") {
-			if ch == '`' && space && !beginningOfLine {
-				write(' ')
-			}
-			write(ch)
-			space = false
-			continue
-		}
-
 		if unicode.IsSpace(ch) {
-			finishToken()
 			space = true
 			heredocEscaped = false
 			if ch == '\n' {
-				finishLine()
 				newLines++
 			}
 			continue
@@ -276,19 +239,13 @@ func Format(input []byte) []byte {
 			}

 			openBrace = false
-			if openBraceOwnLine && previousLineWasTopLevelImport {
-				if last != '\n' {
-					nextLine()
-				}
-				indent()
-			} else if beginningOfLine {
+			if beginningOfLine {
 				indent()
 			} else if !openBraceSpace || !unicode.IsSpace(last) {
 				write(' ')
 			}
 			write('{')
 			openBraceWritten = true
-			openBraceOwnLine = false
 			nextLine()
 			newLines = 0
 			// prevent infinite nesting from ridiculous inputs (issue #4169)
@@ -299,10 +256,8 @@ func Format(input []byte) []byte {

 		switch {
 		case ch == '{':
-			finishToken()
 			openBrace = true
 			openBraceSpace = spacePrior && !beginningOfLine
-			openBraceOwnLine = newLines > 0
 			if openBraceSpace && newLines == 0 {
 				write(' ')
 			}
@@ -310,13 +265,11 @@ func Format(input []byte) []byte {
 			if quotes == "`" {
 				write('{')
 				openBraceWritten = true
-				openBraceOwnLine = false
 				continue
 			}
 			continue

 		case ch == '}' && (spacePrior || !openBrace):
-			finishToken()
 			if quotes == "`" {
 				write('}')
 				continue
@@ -361,7 +314,6 @@ func Format(input []byte) []byte {
 			space = true
 		}

-		currentToken.WriteRune(ch)
 		write(ch)

 		beginningOfLine = false
@@ -464,32 +464,6 @@ block2 {
 }
 `,
 		},
-		{
-			description: "issue #7425: multiline backticked string indentation",
-			input: `https://localhost:8953 {
-    respond ` + "`" + `Here are some random numbers:
-
-{{randNumeric 16}}
-
-Hope this helps.` + "`" + `
-}`,
-			expect: "https://localhost:8953 {\n\trespond `Here are some random numbers:\n\n{{randNumeric 16}}\n\nHope this helps.`\n}",
-		},
-		{
-			description: "imports before global options block keep standalone brace",
-			input: `import ./conf.d/matcher_my_subnet.caddy
-import ./conf.d/matcher_not_my_subnet.caddy
-{
-	order crowdsec first
-	order appsec after crowdsec
-}`,
-			expect: `import ./conf.d/matcher_my_subnet.caddy
-import ./conf.d/matcher_not_my_subnet.caddy
-{
-	order crowdsec first
-	order appsec after crowdsec
-}`,
-		},
 	} {
 		// the formatter should output a trailing newline,
 		// even if the tests aren't written to expect that
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ func (l *lexer) next() (bool, error) {
 			// want to keep.
 			if ch == '\n' {
 				if len(val) == 2 {
-					return false, fmt.Errorf("missing opening heredoc marker on line #%d; must contain only alphanumeric characters, dashes and underscores; got empty string", l.line)
+					return false, fmt.Errorf("missing opening heredoc marker on line #%d; must contain only alpha-numeric characters, dashes and underscores; got empty string", l.line)
 				}

 				// check if there's too many <
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ func (l *lexer) next() (bool, error) {

 				heredocMarker = string(val[2:])
 				if !heredocMarkerRegexp.Match([]byte(heredocMarker)) {
-					return false, fmt.Errorf("heredoc marker on line #%d must contain only alphanumeric characters, dashes and underscores; got '%s'", l.line, heredocMarker)
+					return false, fmt.Errorf("heredoc marker on line #%d must contain only alpha-numeric characters, dashes and underscores; got '%s'", l.line, heredocMarker)
 				}

 				inHeredoc = true
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ EOF
 		{
 			input:        []byte("not-a-heredoc <<\n"),
 			expectErr:    true,
-			errorMessage: "missing opening heredoc marker on line #1; must contain only alphanumeric characters, dashes and underscores; got empty string",
+			errorMessage: "missing opening heredoc marker on line #1; must contain only alpha-numeric characters, dashes and underscores; got empty string",
 		},
 		{
 			input: []byte(`heredoc <<<EOF
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ func (p *parser) doImport(nesting int) error {
 		// format, won't check for nesting correctness or any other error, that's what parser does.
 		if !maybeSnippet && nesting == 0 {
 			// first of the line
-			if i == 0 || isNextOnNewLine(tokensCopy[len(tokensCopy)-1], token) {
+			if i == 0 || isNextOnNewLine(tokensCopy[i-1], token) {
 				index = 0
 			} else {
 				index++
@@ -550,11 +550,7 @@ func (p *parser) doImport(nesting int) error {
 		}

 		if foundBlockDirective {
-			if maybeSnippet {
-				tokensCopy = append(tokensCopy, token)
-			} else {
-				tokensCopy = append(tokensCopy, tokensToAdd...)
-			}
+			tokensCopy = append(tokensCopy, tokensToAdd...)
 			continue
 		}

@@ -620,7 +616,7 @@ func (p *parser) doSingleImport(importFile string) ([]Token, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, p.Errf("Failed to get absolute path of file: %s: %v", importFile, err)
 	}
-	for i := range importedTokens {
+	for i := 0; i < len(importedTokens); i++ {
 		importedTokens[i].File = filename
 	}

@@ -683,31 +679,14 @@ func (p *parser) directive() error {
 // openCurlyBrace expects the current token to be an
 // opening curly brace. This acts like an assertion
 // because it returns an error if the token is not
-// an opening curly brace. It does NOT advance the token.
+// a opening curly brace. It does NOT advance the token.
 func (p *parser) openCurlyBrace() error {
 	if p.Val() != "{" {
-		if p.valLooksLikeGlobalOptionsAfterImportedSnippets() {
-			return p.Err("global options block must appear before import directives; move the global options block to the top of the Caddyfile")
-		}
 		return p.SyntaxErr("{")
 	}
 	return nil
 }

-func (p *parser) valLooksLikeGlobalOptionsAfterImportedSnippets() bool {
-	if p.Val() != "import" || len(p.block.Keys) == 0 {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	for _, key := range p.block.Keys {
-		if !strings.HasPrefix(key.Text, "(") || !strings.HasSuffix(key.Text, ")") {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-
-	return true
-}
-
 // closeCurlyBrace expects the current token to be
 // a closing curly brace. This acts like an assertion
 // because it returns an error if the token is not
@@ -782,7 +761,7 @@ type ServerBlock struct {
 }

 func (sb ServerBlock) GetKeysText() []string {
-	res := make([]string, 0, len(sb.Keys))
+	res := []string{}
 	for _, k := range sb.Keys {
 		res = append(res, k.Text)
 	}
@@ -930,107 +930,6 @@ func TestAcceptSiteImportWithBraces(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestGlobalOptionsAfterImportedSnippetsGivesHelpfulError(t *testing.T) {
-	tempDir := t.TempDir()
-	importFile1 := filepath.Join(tempDir, "matcher_snippet_1.caddy")
-	importFile2 := filepath.Join(tempDir, "matcher_snippet_2.caddy")
-
-	err := os.WriteFile(importFile1, []byte(`(matcher1)`), 0o644)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("writing first import file: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	err = os.WriteFile(importFile2, []byte(`(matcher2)`), 0o644)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("writing second import file: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	_, err = Parse("Testfile", []byte(`import `+importFile1+`
-import `+importFile2+`
-{
-	debug
-}`))
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("Expected an error, but got nil")
-	}
-
-	expected := "global options block must appear before import directives; move the global options block to the top of the Caddyfile"
-	if !strings.HasPrefix(err.Error(), expected) {
-		t.Errorf("Expected error to start with '%s' but got '%v'", expected, err)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestImportedSnippetDefinitionRetainsBlockPlaceholder(t *testing.T) {
-	tempDir := t.TempDir()
-	importFile := filepath.Join(tempDir, "snippets.caddy")
-
-	err := os.WriteFile(importFile, []byte(`
-		(site) {
-			http://{args[0]} {
-				respond "before"
-				{block}
-				respond "after"
-			}
-		}
-	`), 0o644)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("writing imported snippet file: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	for _, tc := range []struct {
-		name               string
-		input              string
-		expectedDirectives []string
-	}{
-		{
-			name: "with nested block",
-			input: `
-				import ` + importFile + `
-
-				import site example.com {
-					redir https://example.net
-				}
-			`,
-			expectedDirectives: []string{"respond", "redir", "respond"},
-		},
-		{
-			name: "without nested block",
-			input: `
-				import ` + importFile + `
-
-				import site example.com
-			`,
-			expectedDirectives: []string{"respond", "respond"},
-		},
-	} {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			p := testParser(tc.input)
-			blocks, err := p.parseAll()
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("parseAll: %v", err)
-			}
-
-			if len(blocks) != 1 {
-				t.Fatalf("expected exactly one server block, got %d", len(blocks))
-			}
-
-			if actual := blocks[0].GetKeysText(); len(actual) != 1 || actual[0] != "http://example.com" {
-				t.Fatalf("expected server block key http://example.com, got %v", actual)
-			}
-
-			if len(blocks[0].Segments) != len(tc.expectedDirectives) {
-				t.Fatalf("expected %d segments, got %d", len(tc.expectedDirectives), len(blocks[0].Segments))
-			}
-
-			for i, directive := range tc.expectedDirectives {
-				if actual := blocks[0].Segments[i].Directive(); actual != directive {
-					t.Fatalf("segment %d: expected directive %q, got %q", i, directive, actual)
-				}
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
 func testParser(input string) parser {
 	return parser{Dispenser: NewTestDispenser(input)}
 }
@@ -81,11 +81,7 @@ func JSONModuleObject(val any, fieldName, fieldVal string, warnings *[]Warning)
 	err = json.Unmarshal(enc, &tmp)
 	if err != nil {
 		if warnings != nil {
-			message := err.Error()
-			if jsonErr, ok := err.(*json.SyntaxError); ok {
-				message = fmt.Sprintf("%v, at offset %d", jsonErr.Error(), jsonErr.Offset)
-			}
-			*warnings = append(*warnings, Warning{Message: message})
+			*warnings = append(*warnings, Warning{Message: err.Error()})
 		}
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -113,7 +113,6 @@ func parseBind(h Helper) ([]ConfigValue, error) {
 //	    issuer                        <module_name> [...]
 //	    get_certificate               <module_name> [...]
 //	    insecure_secrets_log          <log_file>
-//	    renewal_window_ratio          <ratio>
 //	}
 func parseTLS(h Helper) ([]ConfigValue, error) {
 	h.Next() // consume directive name
@@ -130,7 +129,6 @@ func parseTLS(h Helper) ([]ConfigValue, error) {
 	var onDemand bool
 	var reusePrivateKeys bool
 	var forceAutomate bool
-	var renewalWindowRatio float64

 	// Track which DNS challenge options are set
 	var dnsOptionsSet []string
@@ -475,20 +473,6 @@ func parseTLS(h Helper) ([]ConfigValue, error) {
 			}
 			cp.InsecureSecretsLog = h.Val()

-		case "renewal_window_ratio":
-			arg := h.RemainingArgs()
-			if len(arg) != 1 {
-				return nil, h.ArgErr()
-			}
-			ratio, err := strconv.ParseFloat(arg[0], 64)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, h.Errf("parsing renewal_window_ratio: %v", err)
-			}
-			if ratio <= 0 || ratio >= 1 {
-				return nil, h.Errf("renewal_window_ratio must be between 0 and 1 (exclusive)")
-			}
-			renewalWindowRatio = ratio
-
 		default:
 			return nil, h.Errf("unknown subdirective: %s", h.Val())
 		}
@@ -550,11 +534,26 @@ func parseTLS(h Helper) ([]ConfigValue, error) {
 		}

 	case acmeIssuer != nil:
-		// implicit ACME issuers (from various subdirectives) should inherit from
-		// any globally-configured ACME issuer templates, then apply the local
-		// shortcut settings as overrides.
-		defaultIssuers := implicitACMEIssuers(h, acmeIssuer)
+		// implicit ACME issuers (from various subdirectives) - use defaults; there might be more than one
+		defaultIssuers := caddytls.DefaultIssuers(acmeIssuer.Email)
+
+		// if an ACME CA endpoint was set, the user expects to use that specific one,
+		// not any others that may be defaults, so replace all defaults with that ACME CA
+		if acmeIssuer.CA != "" {
+			defaultIssuers = []certmagic.Issuer{acmeIssuer}
+		}
+
 		for _, issuer := range defaultIssuers {
+			// apply settings from the implicitly-configured ACMEIssuer to any
+			// default ACMEIssuers, but preserve each default issuer's CA endpoint,
+			// because, for example, if you configure the DNS challenge, it should
+			// apply to any of the default ACMEIssuers, but you don't want to trample
+			// out their unique CA endpoints
+			if iss, ok := issuer.(*caddytls.ACMEIssuer); ok && iss != nil {
+				acmeCopy := *acmeIssuer
+				acmeCopy.CA = iss.CA
+				issuer = &acmeCopy
+			}
 			configVals = append(configVals, ConfigValue{
 				Class: "tls.cert_issuer",
 				Value: issuer,
@@ -598,14 +597,6 @@ func parseTLS(h Helper) ([]ConfigValue, error) {
 		})
 	}

-	// renewal window ratio
-	if renewalWindowRatio > 0 {
-		configVals = append(configVals, ConfigValue{
-			Class: "tls.renewal_window_ratio",
-			Value: renewalWindowRatio,
-		})
-	}
-
 	// if enabled, the names in the site addresses will be
 	// added to the automation policies
 	if forceAutomate {
@@ -653,8 +644,6 @@ func parseRoot(h Helper) ([]ConfigValue, error) {
 		if !h.NextArg() {
 			return nil, h.ArgErr()
 		}
-		// store the unmatched root in block state so sibling directives can access it
-		h.BlockState["root"] = h.Val()
 		return h.NewRoute(nil, caddyhttp.VarsMiddleware{"root": h.Val()}), nil
 	}

@@ -669,10 +658,6 @@ func parseRoot(h Helper) ([]ConfigValue, error) {
 	if !h.NextArg() {
 		return nil, h.ArgErr()
 	}
-	// store the unmatched root in state so sibling/child directives can access it
-	if userMatcherSet == nil {
-		h.BlockState["root"] = h.Val()
-	}
 	// make the route with the matcher
 	return h.NewRoute(userMatcherSet, caddyhttp.VarsMiddleware{"root": h.Val()}), nil
 }
@@ -945,7 +930,6 @@ func parseLogHelper(h Helper, globalLogNames map[string]struct{}) ([]ConfigValue
 	// modifications to the parsing behavior.
 	parseAsGlobalOption := globalLogNames != nil

-	// nolint:prealloc
 	var configValues []ConfigValue

 	// Logic below expects that a name is always present when a
@@ -1053,7 +1037,7 @@ func parseLogHelper(h Helper, globalLogNames map[string]struct{}) ([]ConfigValue
 					if !d.NextArg() {
 						return nil, d.ArgErr()
 					}
-					interval, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
+					interval, err := time.ParseDuration(d.Val() + "ns")
 					if err != nil {
 						return nil, d.Errf("failed to parse interval: %v", err)
 					}
@@ -66,14 +66,14 @@ func TestLogDirectiveSyntax(t *testing.T) {
 			input: `:8080 {
 				log {
 					sampling {
-						interval 2s
+						interval 2
 						first 3
 						thereafter 4
 					}
 				}
 			}
 			`,
-			output:      `{"logging":{"logs":{"default":{"exclude":["http.log.access.log0"]},"log0":{"sampling":{"interval":2000000000,"first":3,"thereafter":4},"include":["http.log.access.log0"]}}},"apps":{"http":{"servers":{"srv0":{"listen":[":8080"],"logs":{"default_logger_name":"log0"}}}}}}`,
+			output:      `{"logging":{"logs":{"default":{"exclude":["http.log.access.log0"]},"log0":{"sampling":{"interval":2,"first":3,"thereafter":4},"include":["http.log.access.log0"]}}},"apps":{"http":{"servers":{"srv0":{"listen":[":8080"],"logs":{"default_logger_name":"log0"}}}}}}`,
 			expectError: false,
 		},
 	} {
@@ -202,10 +202,7 @@ func RegisterGlobalOption(opt string, setupFunc UnmarshalGlobalFunc) {
 type Helper struct {
 	*caddyfile.Dispenser
 	// State stores intermediate variables during caddyfile adaptation.
-	State map[string]any
-	// BlockState stores intermediate variables scoped to the current block.
-	// It propagates down, but unlike state not back up from child to parent.
-	BlockState   map[string]any
+	State        map[string]any
 	options      map[string]any
 	warnings     *[]caddyconfig.Warning
 	matcherDefs  map[string]caddy.ModuleMap
@@ -388,11 +385,6 @@ func parseSegmentAsConfig(h Helper) ([]ConfigValue, error) {
 			}
 		}

-		// clone BlockState once for the entire block so sibling directives
-		// can share state, but changes don't leak to the parent scope
-		subBlockState := make(map[string]any, len(h.BlockState))
-		maps.Copy(subBlockState, h.BlockState)
-
 		// with matchers ready to go, evaluate each directive's segment
 		for _, seg := range segments {
 			dir := seg.Directive()
@@ -404,7 +396,6 @@ func parseSegmentAsConfig(h Helper) ([]ConfigValue, error) {
 			subHelper := h
 			subHelper.Dispenser = caddyfile.NewDispenser(seg)
 			subHelper.matcherDefs = matcherDefs
-			subHelper.BlockState = subBlockState

 			results, err := dirFunc(subHelper)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -143,7 +143,6 @@ func (st ServerType) Setup(
 				parentBlock:  sb.block,
 				groupCounter: gc,
 				State:        state,
-				BlockState:   state,
 			}

 			results, err := dirFunc(h)
@@ -505,7 +504,6 @@ func (ServerType) extractNamedRoutes(
 			parentBlock:  sb.block,
 			groupCounter: gc,
 			State:        state,
-			BlockState:   state,
 		}

 		handler, err := ParseSegmentAsSubroute(h)
@@ -824,7 +822,7 @@ func (st *ServerType) serversFromPairings(
 				// https://caddy.community/t/making-sense-of-auto-https-and-why-disabling-it-still-serves-https-instead-of-http/9761
 				createdTLSConnPolicies, ok := sblock.pile["tls.connection_policy"]
 				hasTLSEnabled := (ok && len(createdTLSConnPolicies) > 0) ||
-					(addr.Host != "" && (srv.AutoHTTPS == nil || !slices.Contains(srv.AutoHTTPS.Skip, addr.Host)))
+					(addr.Host != "" && srv.AutoHTTPS != nil && !slices.Contains(srv.AutoHTTPS.Skip, addr.Host))

 				// we'll need to remember if the address qualifies for auto-HTTPS, so we
 				// can add a TLS conn policy if necessary
@@ -853,20 +851,6 @@ func (st *ServerType) serversFromPairings(
 				srv.ListenerWrappersRaw = append(srv.ListenerWrappersRaw, jsonListenerWrapper)
 			}

-			// Look for any config values that provide packet conn wrappers on the server block
-			for _, listenerConfig := range sblock.pile["packet_conn_wrapper"] {
-				packetConnWrapper, ok := listenerConfig.Value.(caddy.PacketConnWrapper)
-				if !ok {
-					return nil, fmt.Errorf("config for a packet conn wrapper did not provide a value that implements caddy.PacketConnWrapper")
-				}
-				jsonPacketConnWrapper := caddyconfig.JSONModuleObject(
-					packetConnWrapper,
-					"wrapper",
-					packetConnWrapper.(caddy.Module).CaddyModule().ID.Name(),
-					warnings)
-				srv.PacketConnWrappersRaw = append(srv.PacketConnWrappersRaw, jsonPacketConnWrapper)
-			}
-
 			// set up each handler directive, making sure to honor directive order
 			dirRoutes := sblock.pile["route"]
 			siteSubroute, err := buildSubroute(dirRoutes, groupCounter, true)
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 package httpcaddyfile

 import (
-	"encoding/json"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/caddyconfig/caddyfile"
-	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/modules/caddyhttp"
 )

 func TestMatcherSyntax(t *testing.T) {
@@ -211,53 +209,3 @@ func TestGlobalOptions(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
-
-func TestDefaultSNIWithoutHTTPS(t *testing.T) {
-	caddyfileStr := `{
-		default_sni my-sni.com
-	}
-	example.com {
-	}`
-
-	adapter := caddyfile.Adapter{
-		ServerType: ServerType{},
-	}
-
-	result, _, err := adapter.Adapt([]byte(caddyfileStr), nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Failed to adapt Caddyfile: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	var config struct {
-		Apps struct {
-			HTTP struct {
-				Servers map[string]*caddyhttp.Server `json:"servers"`
-			} `json:"http"`
-		} `json:"apps"`
-	}
-
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(result, &config); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Failed to unmarshal JSON config: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	server, ok := config.Apps.HTTP.Servers["srv0"]
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("Expected server 'srv0' to be created")
-	}
-
-	if len(server.TLSConnPolicies) == 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("Expected TLS connection policies to be generated, got none")
-	}
-
-	found := false
-	for _, policy := range server.TLSConnPolicies {
-		if policy.DefaultSNI == "my-sni.com" {
-			found = true
-			break
-		}
-	}
-
-	if !found {
-		t.Errorf("Expected default_sni 'my-sni.com' in TLS connection policies, but it was missing. Generated JSON: %s", string(result))
-	}
-}
@@ -64,9 +64,7 @@ func init() {
 	RegisterGlobalOption("preferred_chains", parseOptPreferredChains)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("persist_config", parseOptPersistConfig)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("dns", parseOptDNS)
-	RegisterGlobalOption("tls_resolvers", parseOptTLSResolvers)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("ech", parseOptECH)
-	RegisterGlobalOption("renewal_window_ratio", parseOptRenewalWindowRatio)
 }

 func parseOptTrue(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) { return true, nil }
@@ -307,15 +305,6 @@ func parseOptSingleString(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
 	return val, nil
 }

-func parseOptTLSResolvers(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
-	d.Next() // consume option name
-	resolvers := d.RemainingArgs()
-	if len(resolvers) == 0 {
-		return nil, d.ArgErr()
-	}
-	return resolvers, nil
-}
-
 func parseOptDefaultBind(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
 	d.Next() // consume option name

@@ -468,8 +457,9 @@ func parseOptAutoHTTPS(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
 		case "disable_redirects":
 		case "disable_certs":
 		case "ignore_loaded_certs":
+		case "prefer_wildcard":
 		default:
-			return "", d.Errf("auto_https must be one of 'off', 'disable_redirects', 'disable_certs', or 'ignore_loaded_certs'")
+			return "", d.Errf("auto_https must be one of 'off', 'disable_redirects', 'disable_certs', 'ignore_loaded_certs', or 'prefer_wildcard'")
 		}
 	}
 	return val, nil
@@ -482,10 +472,6 @@ func unmarshalCaddyfileMetricsOptions(d *caddyfile.Dispenser) (any, error) {
 		switch d.Val() {
 		case "per_host":
 			metrics.PerHost = true
-		case "observe_catchall_hosts":
-			metrics.ObserveCatchallHosts = true
-		case "otlp":
-			metrics.OTLP = true
 		default:
 			return nil, d.Errf("unrecognized servers option '%s'", d.Val())
 		}
@@ -637,22 +623,3 @@ func parseOptECH(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {

 	return ech, nil
 }
-
-func parseOptRenewalWindowRatio(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
-	d.Next() // consume option name
-	if !d.Next() {
-		return 0, d.ArgErr()
-	}
-	val := d.Val()
-	ratio, err := strconv.ParseFloat(val, 64)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, d.Errf("parsing renewal_window_ratio: %v", err)
-	}
-	if ratio <= 0 || ratio >= 1 {
-		return 0, d.Errf("renewal_window_ratio must be between 0 and 1 (exclusive)")
-	}
-	if d.Next() {
-		return 0, d.ArgErr()
-	}
-	return ratio, nil
-}
@@ -1,13 +1,9 @@
 package httpcaddyfile

 import (
-	"encoding/json"
 	"testing"
-	"time"

-	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2"
 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/caddyconfig/caddyfile"
-	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/modules/caddytls"
 	_ "github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/modules/logging"
 )

@@ -66,228 +62,3 @@ func TestGlobalLogOptionSyntax(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
-
-func TestGlobalResolversOption(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name            string
-		input           string
-		expectResolvers []string
-		expectError     bool
-	}{
-		{
-			name: "single resolver",
-			input: `{
-				tls_resolvers 1.1.1.1
-			}
-			example.com {
-			}`,
-			expectResolvers: []string{"1.1.1.1"},
-			expectError:     false,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "two resolvers",
-			input: `{
-				tls_resolvers 1.1.1.1 8.8.8.8
-			}
-			example.com {
-			}`,
-			expectResolvers: []string{"1.1.1.1", "8.8.8.8"},
-			expectError:     false,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "multiple resolvers",
-			input: `{
-				tls_resolvers 1.1.1.1 8.8.8.8 9.9.9.9
-			}
-			example.com {
-			}`,
-			expectResolvers: []string{"1.1.1.1", "8.8.8.8", "9.9.9.9"},
-			expectError:     false,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "no resolvers specified",
-			input: `{
-			}
-			example.com {
-			}`,
-			expectResolvers: nil,
-			expectError:     false,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tc := range tests {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			adapter := caddyfile.Adapter{
-				ServerType: ServerType{},
-			}
-
-			out, _, err := adapter.Adapt([]byte(tc.input), nil)
-
-			if (err != nil) != tc.expectError {
-				t.Errorf("error expectation failed. Expected error: %v, got: %v", tc.expectError, err)
-				return
-			}
-
-			if tc.expectError {
-				return
-			}
-
-			// Parse the output JSON to check resolvers
-			var config struct {
-				Apps struct {
-					TLS *caddytls.TLS `json:"tls"`
-				} `json:"apps"`
-			}
-
-			if err := json.Unmarshal(out, &config); err != nil {
-				t.Errorf("failed to unmarshal output: %v", err)
-				return
-			}
-
-			// Check if resolvers match expected
-			if config.Apps.TLS == nil {
-				if tc.expectResolvers != nil {
-					t.Errorf("Expected TLS config with resolvers %v, but TLS config is nil", tc.expectResolvers)
-				}
-				return
-			}
-
-			actualResolvers := config.Apps.TLS.Resolvers
-			if len(tc.expectResolvers) == 0 && len(actualResolvers) == 0 {
-				return // Both empty, ok
-			}
-			if len(actualResolvers) != len(tc.expectResolvers) {
-				t.Errorf("Expected %d resolvers, got %d. Expected: %v, got: %v", len(tc.expectResolvers), len(actualResolvers), tc.expectResolvers, actualResolvers)
-				return
-			}
-			for j, expected := range tc.expectResolvers {
-				if actualResolvers[j] != expected {
-					t.Errorf("Resolver %d mismatch. Expected: %s, got: %s", j, expected, actualResolvers[j])
-				}
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestGlobalCertIssuerAppliesToImplicitACMEIssuer(t *testing.T) {
-	adapter := caddyfile.Adapter{
-		ServerType: ServerType{},
-	}
-
-	input := `{
-		cert_issuer acme {
-			disable_tlsalpn_challenge
-		}
-	}
-	report.company.intern {
-		tls {
-			ca https://deglacme01.company.intern/acme/acme/directory
-			ca_root /etc/certs/company_root2.crt
-		}
-		respond "ok"
-	}`
-
-	out, _, err := adapter.Adapt([]byte(input), nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("adapting caddyfile: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	var config struct {
-		Apps struct {
-			TLS *caddytls.TLS `json:"tls"`
-		} `json:"apps"`
-	}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(out, &config); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unmarshaling adapted config: %v", err)
-	}
-	if config.Apps.TLS == nil || config.Apps.TLS.Automation == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected tls automation config")
-	}
-
-	var subjectPolicy *caddytls.AutomationPolicy
-	for _, ap := range config.Apps.TLS.Automation.Policies {
-		if len(ap.SubjectsRaw) == 1 && ap.SubjectsRaw[0] == "report.company.intern" {
-			subjectPolicy = ap
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	if subjectPolicy == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected subject-specific automation policy")
-	}
-	if len(subjectPolicy.IssuersRaw) != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("expected one issuer for subject-specific policy, got %d", len(subjectPolicy.IssuersRaw))
-	}
-
-	var issuer caddytls.ACMEIssuer
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(subjectPolicy.IssuersRaw[0], &issuer); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unmarshaling issuer: %v", err)
-	}
-	if issuer.CA != "https://deglacme01.company.intern/acme/acme/directory" {
-		t.Fatalf("expected custom ACME CA, got %q", issuer.CA)
-	}
-	if len(issuer.TrustedRootsPEMFiles) != 1 || issuer.TrustedRootsPEMFiles[0] != "/etc/certs/company_root2.crt" {
-		t.Fatalf("expected trusted roots to include site CA root, got %v", issuer.TrustedRootsPEMFiles)
-	}
-	if issuer.Challenges == nil || issuer.Challenges.TLSALPN == nil || !issuer.Challenges.TLSALPN.Disabled {
-		t.Fatalf("expected tls-alpn challenge to be disabled, got %#v", issuer.Challenges)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestMergeACMEIssuers(t *testing.T) {
-	base := &caddytls.ACMEIssuer{
-		Email: "ops@example.com",
-		Challenges: &caddytls.ChallengesConfig{
-			HTTP: &caddytls.HTTPChallengeConfig{
-				AlternatePort: 8080,
-			},
-			TLSALPN: &caddytls.TLSALPNChallengeConfig{
-				Disabled:      true,
-				AlternatePort: 8443,
-			},
-			DNS: &caddytls.DNSChallengeConfig{
-				Resolvers:      []string{"1.1.1.1"},
-				OverrideDomain: "_acme-challenge.example.net",
-			},
-		},
-		TrustedRootsPEMFiles: []string{"global.pem"},
-	}
-	overrides := &caddytls.ACMEIssuer{
-		CA: "https://deglacme01.company.intern/acme/acme/directory",
-		Challenges: &caddytls.ChallengesConfig{
-			HTTP: &caddytls.HTTPChallengeConfig{
-				Disabled: true,
-			},
-			DNS: &caddytls.DNSChallengeConfig{
-				PropagationTimeout: caddy.Duration(time.Minute),
-			},
-		},
-		TrustedRootsPEMFiles: []string{"site.pem"},
-	}
-
-	merged := mergeACMEIssuers(base, overrides)
-	if merged.CA != overrides.CA {
-		t.Fatalf("expected merged CA %q, got %q", overrides.CA, merged.CA)
-	}
-	if merged.Email != base.Email {
-		t.Fatalf("expected merged email %q, got %q", base.Email, merged.Email)
-	}
-	if len(merged.TrustedRootsPEMFiles) != 2 || merged.TrustedRootsPEMFiles[0] != "global.pem" || merged.TrustedRootsPEMFiles[1] != "site.pem" {
-		t.Fatalf("expected merged roots [global.pem site.pem], got %v", merged.TrustedRootsPEMFiles)
-	}
-	if merged.Challenges == nil || merged.Challenges.HTTP == nil || !merged.Challenges.HTTP.Disabled || merged.Challenges.HTTP.AlternatePort != 8080 {
-		t.Fatalf("expected merged HTTP challenge config to preserve alternate port and apply disable flag, got %#v", merged.Challenges)
-	}
-	if merged.Challenges.TLSALPN == nil || !merged.Challenges.TLSALPN.Disabled || merged.Challenges.TLSALPN.AlternatePort != 8443 {
-		t.Fatalf("expected merged TLS-ALPN challenge config to preserve global settings, got %#v", merged.Challenges)
-	}
-	if merged.Challenges.DNS == nil || merged.Challenges.DNS.PropagationTimeout != caddy.Duration(time.Minute) || len(merged.Challenges.DNS.Resolvers) != 1 || merged.Challenges.DNS.Resolvers[0] != "1.1.1.1" || merged.Challenges.DNS.OverrideDomain != "_acme-challenge.example.net" {
-		t.Fatalf("expected merged DNS challenge config to preserve global values and apply overrides, got %#v", merged.Challenges)
-	}
-
-	if base.CA != "" {
-		t.Fatalf("expected base issuer to remain unchanged, got CA %q", base.CA)
-	}
-	if len(base.TrustedRootsPEMFiles) != 1 || base.TrustedRootsPEMFiles[0] != "global.pem" {
-		t.Fatalf("expected base roots to remain unchanged, got %v", base.TrustedRootsPEMFiles)
-	}
-}
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ package httpcaddyfile

 import (
 	"slices"
-	"strconv"

 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2"
 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/caddyconfig"
@@ -28,16 +27,14 @@ func init() {
 	RegisterGlobalOption("pki", parsePKIApp)
 }

-// parsePKIApp parses the global pki option. Syntax:
+// parsePKIApp parses the global log option. Syntax:
 //
 //	pki {
 //	    ca [<id>] {
-//	        name                    <name>
-//	        root_cn                 <name>
-//	        intermediate_cn         <name>
-//	        intermediate_lifetime   <duration>
-//	        maintenance_interval    <duration>
-//	        renewal_window_ratio    <ratio>
+//	        name                  <name>
+//	        root_cn               <name>
+//	        intermediate_cn       <name>
+//	        intermediate_lifetime <duration>
 //	        root {
 //	            cert   <path>
 //	            key    <path>
@@ -102,26 +99,6 @@ func parsePKIApp(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, existingVal any) (any, error) {
 					}
 					pkiCa.IntermediateLifetime = caddy.Duration(dur)

-				case "maintenance_interval":
-					if !d.NextArg() {
-						return nil, d.ArgErr()
-					}
-					dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
-					if err != nil {
-						return nil, err
-					}
-					pkiCa.MaintenanceInterval = caddy.Duration(dur)
-
-				case "renewal_window_ratio":
-					if !d.NextArg() {
-						return nil, d.ArgErr()
-					}
-					ratio, err := strconv.ParseFloat(d.Val(), 64)
-					if err != nil || ratio <= 0 || ratio > 1 {
-						return nil, d.Errf("renewal_window_ratio must be a number in (0, 1], got %s", d.Val())
-					}
-					pkiCa.RenewalWindowRatio = ratio
-
 				case "root":
 					if pkiCa.Root == nil {
 						pkiCa.Root = new(caddypki.KeyPair)
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2015 Matthew Holt and The Caddy Authors
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package httpcaddyfile
-
-import (
-	"encoding/json"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/caddyconfig/caddyfile"
-)
-
-func TestParsePKIApp_maintenanceIntervalAndRenewalWindowRatio(t *testing.T) {
-	input := `{
-		pki {
-			ca local {
-				maintenance_interval 5m
-				renewal_window_ratio 0.15
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	:8080 {
-	}
-	`
-	adapter := caddyfile.Adapter{ServerType: ServerType{}}
-	out, _, err := adapter.Adapt([]byte(input), nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Adapt failed: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	var cfg struct {
-		Apps struct {
-			PKI struct {
-				CertificateAuthorities map[string]struct {
-					MaintenanceInterval int64   `json:"maintenance_interval,omitempty"`
-					RenewalWindowRatio  float64 `json:"renewal_window_ratio,omitempty"`
-				} `json:"certificate_authorities,omitempty"`
-			} `json:"pki,omitempty"`
-		} `json:"apps"`
-	}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(out, &cfg); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unmarshal config: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	ca, ok := cfg.Apps.PKI.CertificateAuthorities["local"]
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatal("expected certificate_authorities.local to exist")
-	}
-	wantInterval := 5 * time.Minute.Nanoseconds()
-	if ca.MaintenanceInterval != wantInterval {
-		t.Errorf("maintenance_interval = %d, want %d (5m)", ca.MaintenanceInterval, wantInterval)
-	}
-	if ca.RenewalWindowRatio != 0.15 {
-		t.Errorf("renewal_window_ratio = %v, want 0.15", ca.RenewalWindowRatio)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestParsePKIApp_renewalWindowRatioInvalid(t *testing.T) {
-	input := `{
-		pki {
-			ca local {
-				renewal_window_ratio 1.5
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	:8080 {
-	}
-	`
-	adapter := caddyfile.Adapter{ServerType: ServerType{}}
-	_, _, err := adapter.Adapt([]byte(input), nil)
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Error("expected error for renewal_window_ratio > 1")
-	}
-}
@@ -36,30 +36,26 @@ type serverOptions struct {
 	ListenerAddress string

 	// These will all map 1:1 to the caddyhttp.Server struct
-	Name                  string
-	ListenerWrappersRaw   []json.RawMessage
-	PacketConnWrappersRaw []json.RawMessage
-	ReadTimeout           caddy.Duration
-	ReadHeaderTimeout     caddy.Duration
-	WriteTimeout          caddy.Duration
-	IdleTimeout           caddy.Duration
-	KeepAliveInterval     caddy.Duration
-	KeepAliveIdle         caddy.Duration
-	KeepAliveCount        int
-	MaxHeaderBytes        int
-	EnableFullDuplex      bool
-	Protocols             []string
-	StrictSNIHost         *bool
-	TrustedProxiesRaw     json.RawMessage
-	TrustedProxiesStrict  int
-	TrustedProxiesUnix    bool
-	ClientIPHeaders       []string
-	ShouldLogCredentials  bool
-	Metrics               *caddyhttp.Metrics
-	Trace                 bool // TODO: EXPERIMENTAL
-	// If set, overrides whether QUIC listeners allow 0-RTT (early data).
-	// If nil, the default behavior is used (currently allowed).
-	Allow0RTT *bool
+	Name                 string
+	ListenerWrappersRaw  []json.RawMessage
+	ReadTimeout          caddy.Duration
+	ReadHeaderTimeout    caddy.Duration
+	WriteTimeout         caddy.Duration
+	IdleTimeout          caddy.Duration
+	KeepAliveInterval    caddy.Duration
+	KeepAliveIdle        caddy.Duration
+	KeepAliveCount       int
+	MaxHeaderBytes       int
+	EnableFullDuplex     bool
+	Protocols            []string
+	StrictSNIHost        *bool
+	TrustedProxiesRaw    json.RawMessage
+	TrustedProxiesStrict int
+	TrustedProxiesUnix   bool
+	ClientIPHeaders      []string
+	ShouldLogCredentials bool
+	Metrics              *caddyhttp.Metrics
+	Trace                bool // TODO: EXPERIMENTAL
 }

 func unmarshalCaddyfileServerOptions(d *caddyfile.Dispenser) (any, error) {
@@ -103,26 +99,6 @@ func unmarshalCaddyfileServerOptions(d *caddyfile.Dispenser) (any, error) {
 				serverOpts.ListenerWrappersRaw = append(serverOpts.ListenerWrappersRaw, jsonListenerWrapper)
 			}

-		case "packet_conn_wrappers":
-			for nesting := d.Nesting(); d.NextBlock(nesting); {
-				modID := "caddy.packetconns." + d.Val()
-				unm, err := caddyfile.UnmarshalModule(d, modID)
-				if err != nil {
-					return nil, err
-				}
-				packetConnWrapper, ok := unm.(caddy.PacketConnWrapper)
-				if !ok {
-					return nil, fmt.Errorf("module %s (%T) is not a packet conn wrapper", modID, unm)
-				}
-				jsonPacketConnWrapper := caddyconfig.JSONModuleObject(
-					packetConnWrapper,
-					"wrapper",
-					packetConnWrapper.(caddy.Module).CaddyModule().ID.Name(),
-					nil,
-				)
-				serverOpts.PacketConnWrappersRaw = append(serverOpts.PacketConnWrappersRaw, jsonPacketConnWrapper)
-			}
-
 		case "timeouts":
 			for nesting := d.Nesting(); d.NextBlock(nesting); {
 				switch d.Val() {
@@ -312,17 +288,6 @@ func unmarshalCaddyfileServerOptions(d *caddyfile.Dispenser) (any, error) {
 			}
 			serverOpts.Trace = true

-		case "0rtt":
-			// only supports "off" for now
-			if !d.NextArg() {
-				return nil, d.ArgErr()
-			}
-			if d.Val() != "off" {
-				return nil, d.Errf("unsupported 0rtt argument '%s' (only 'off' is supported)", d.Val())
-			}
-			boolVal := false
-			serverOpts.Allow0RTT = &boolVal
-
 		default:
 			return nil, d.Errf("unrecognized servers option '%s'", d.Val())
 		}
@@ -370,7 +335,6 @@ func applyServerOptions(

 		// set all the options
 		server.ListenerWrappersRaw = opts.ListenerWrappersRaw
-		server.PacketConnWrappersRaw = opts.PacketConnWrappersRaw
 		server.ReadTimeout = opts.ReadTimeout
 		server.ReadHeaderTimeout = opts.ReadHeaderTimeout
 		server.WriteTimeout = opts.WriteTimeout
@@ -387,7 +351,6 @@ func applyServerOptions(
 		server.TrustedProxiesStrict = opts.TrustedProxiesStrict
 		server.TrustedProxiesUnix = opts.TrustedProxiesUnix
 		server.Metrics = opts.Metrics
-		server.Allow0RTT = opts.Allow0RTT
 		if opts.ShouldLogCredentials {
 			if server.Logs == nil {
 				server.Logs = new(caddyhttp.ServerLogConfig)
@@ -92,8 +92,26 @@ func (st ServerType) buildTLSApp(
 		tlsApp.Automation.Policies = append(tlsApp.Automation.Policies, catchAllAP)
 	}

+	var wildcardHosts []string                        // collect all hosts that have a wildcard in them, and aren't HTTP
 	forcedAutomatedNames := make(map[string]struct{}) // explicitly configured to be automated, even if covered by a wildcard

+	for _, p := range pairings {
+		var addresses []string
+		for _, addressWithProtocols := range p.addressesWithProtocols {
+			addresses = append(addresses, addressWithProtocols.address)
+		}
+		if !listenersUseAnyPortOtherThan(addresses, httpPort) {
+			continue
+		}
+		for _, sblock := range p.serverBlocks {
+			for _, addr := range sblock.parsedKeys {
+				if strings.HasPrefix(addr.Host, "*.") {
+					wildcardHosts = append(wildcardHosts, addr.Host[2:])
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	for _, p := range pairings {
 		// avoid setting up TLS automation policies for a server that is HTTP-only
 		var addresses []string
@@ -117,6 +135,12 @@ func (st ServerType) buildTLSApp(
 				return nil, warnings, err
 			}

+			// make a plain copy so we can compare whether we made any changes
+			apCopy, err := newBaseAutomationPolicy(options, warnings, true)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, warnings, err
+			}
+
 			sblockHosts := sblock.hostsFromKeys(false)
 			if len(sblockHosts) == 0 && catchAllAP != nil {
 				ap = catchAllAP
@@ -143,12 +167,6 @@ func (st ServerType) buildTLSApp(
 				ap.KeyType = keyTypeVals[0].Value.(string)
 			}

-			if renewalWindowRatioVals, ok := sblock.pile["tls.renewal_window_ratio"]; ok {
-				ap.RenewalWindowRatio = renewalWindowRatioVals[0].Value.(float64)
-			} else if globalRenewalWindowRatio, ok := options["renewal_window_ratio"]; ok {
-				ap.RenewalWindowRatio = globalRenewalWindowRatio.(float64)
-			}
-
 			// certificate issuers
 			if issuerVals, ok := sblock.pile["tls.cert_issuer"]; ok {
 				var issuers []certmagic.Issuer
@@ -235,6 +253,16 @@ func (st ServerType) buildTLSApp(
 			hostsNotHTTP := sblock.hostsFromKeysNotHTTP(httpPort)
 			sort.Strings(hostsNotHTTP) // solely for deterministic test results

+			// if the we prefer wildcards and the AP is unchanged,
+			// then we can skip this AP because it should be covered
+			// by an AP with a wildcard
+			if slices.Contains(autoHTTPS, "prefer_wildcard") {
+				if hostsCoveredByWildcard(hostsNotHTTP, wildcardHosts) &&
+					reflect.DeepEqual(ap, apCopy) {
+					continue
+				}
+			}
+
 			// associate our new automation policy with this server block's hosts
 			ap.SubjectsRaw = hostsNotHTTP

@@ -334,11 +362,6 @@ func (st ServerType) buildTLSApp(
 		tlsApp.DNSRaw = caddyconfig.JSONModuleObject(globalDNS, "name", globalDNS.(caddy.Module).CaddyModule().ID.Name(), nil)
 	}

-	// set up "global" (to the TLS app) DNS resolvers config
-	if globalResolvers, ok := options["tls_resolvers"]; ok && globalResolvers != nil {
-		tlsApp.Resolvers = globalResolvers.([]string)
-	}
-
 	// set up ECH from Caddyfile options
 	if ech, ok := options["ech"].(*caddytls.ECH); ok {
 		tlsApp.EncryptedClientHello = ech
@@ -436,7 +459,8 @@ func (st ServerType) buildTLSApp(
 	}

 	// if there are any global options set for issuers (ACME ones in particular), make sure they
-	// take effect in every automation policy that does not have any issuers
+	// take effect in every automation policy that does not have any issuers, by creating one or
+	// more issuers to be iterated in the next step below
 	if tlsApp.Automation != nil {
 		globalEmail := options["email"]
 		globalACMECA := options["acme_ca"]
@@ -444,19 +468,20 @@ func (st ServerType) buildTLSApp(
 		_, globalACMEDNS := options["acme_dns"] // can be set to nil (to use globally-defined "dns" value instead), but it is still set
 		globalACMEEAB := options["acme_eab"]
 		globalPreferredChains := options["preferred_chains"]
-		hasGlobalACMEDefaults := globalEmail != nil || globalACMECA != nil || globalACMECARoot != nil || globalACMEDNS || globalACMEEAB != nil || globalPreferredChains != nil
-		if hasGlobalACMEDefaults {
-			for i := range tlsApp.Automation.Policies {
+		hasGlobalACMEDefaults := globalEmail != nil || globalACMECA != nil || globalACMECARoot != nil ||
+			globalACMEDNS || globalACMEEAB != nil || globalPreferredChains != nil
+		for i := range tlsApp.Automation.Policies {
+			if hasGlobalACMEDefaults {
 				ap := tlsApp.Automation.Policies[i]
-				if len(ap.Issuers) == 0 && automationPolicyHasAllPublicNames(ap) {
-					// for public names, create default issuers which will later be filled in with configured global defaults
-					// (internal names will implicitly use the internal issuer at auto-https time)
-					emailStr, _ := globalEmail.(string)
-					ap.Issuers = caddytls.DefaultIssuers(emailStr)
-
+				if len(ap.Issuers) == 0 {
 					// if a specific endpoint is configured, can't use multiple default issuers
 					if globalACMECA != nil {
 						ap.Issuers = []certmagic.Issuer{new(caddytls.ACMEIssuer)}
+					} else if automationPolicyHasAllPublicNames(ap) {
+						// for public names, create default issuers which will later be filled in with configured global defaults
+						// (internal names will implicitly use the internal issuer at auto-https time)
+						emailStr, _ := globalEmail.(string)
+						ap.Issuers = caddytls.DefaultIssuers(emailStr)
 					}
 				}
 			}
@@ -553,8 +578,9 @@ func fillInGlobalACMEDefaults(issuer certmagic.Issuer, options map[string]any) e
 		if acmeIssuer.Challenges.DNS == nil {
 			acmeIssuer.Challenges.DNS = new(caddytls.DNSChallengeConfig)
 		}
-		if globalACMEDNS != nil && acmeIssuer.Challenges.DNS.ProviderRaw == nil {
-			// Set a global DNS provider if `acme_dns` is set
+		// If global `dns` is set, do NOT set provider in issuer, just set empty dns config
+		if globalDNS == nil && acmeIssuer.Challenges.DNS.ProviderRaw == nil {
+			// Set a global DNS provider if `acme_dns` is set and `dns` is NOT set
 			acmeIssuer.Challenges.DNS.ProviderRaw = caddyconfig.JSONModuleObject(globalACMEDNS, "name", globalACMEDNS.(caddy.Module).CaddyModule().ID.Name(), nil)
 		}
 	}
@@ -600,301 +626,9 @@ func fillInGlobalACMEDefaults(issuer certmagic.Issuer, options map[string]any) e
 	if globalCertLifetime != nil && acmeIssuer.CertificateLifetime == 0 {
 		acmeIssuer.CertificateLifetime = globalCertLifetime.(caddy.Duration)
 	}
-	// apply global resolvers if DNS challenge is configured and resolvers are not already set
-	globalResolvers := options["tls_resolvers"]
-	if globalResolvers != nil && acmeIssuer.Challenges != nil && acmeIssuer.Challenges.DNS != nil {
-		// Check if DNS challenge is actually configured
-		hasDNSChallenge := globalACMEDNSok || acmeIssuer.Challenges.DNS.ProviderRaw != nil
-		if hasDNSChallenge && len(acmeIssuer.Challenges.DNS.Resolvers) == 0 {
-			acmeIssuer.Challenges.DNS.Resolvers = globalResolvers.([]string)
-		}
-	}
 	return nil
 }

-// implicitACMEIssuers returns the issuers to use for ACME-related tls
-// shortcuts such as ca, ca_root, and dns. If any global cert_issuer options
-// configure ACME issuers, those become the templates for the local shortcut
-// configuration; otherwise, default ACME issuers are used.
-func implicitACMEIssuers(h Helper, acmeIssuer *caddytls.ACMEIssuer) []certmagic.Issuer {
-	globalIssuers, _ := h.Option("cert_issuer").([]certmagic.Issuer)
-
-	var implicitIssuers []certmagic.Issuer
-	for _, issuer := range globalIssuers {
-		acmeWrapper, ok := issuer.(acmeCapable)
-		if !ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		baseIssuer := acmeWrapper.GetACMEIssuer()
-		if baseIssuer == nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		implicitIssuers = append(implicitIssuers, mergeACMEIssuers(baseIssuer, acmeIssuer))
-	}
-	if len(implicitIssuers) > 0 {
-		return implicitIssuers
-	}
-
-	// If an ACME CA endpoint was set locally, the user expects to use only that
-	// CA rather than the usual default fallback issuers.
-	defaultIssuers := caddytls.DefaultIssuers(acmeIssuer.Email)
-	if acmeIssuer.CA != "" {
-		defaultIssuers = []certmagic.Issuer{new(caddytls.ACMEIssuer)}
-	}
-
-	implicitIssuers = make([]certmagic.Issuer, 0, len(defaultIssuers))
-	for _, issuer := range defaultIssuers {
-		acmeWrapper, ok := issuer.(acmeCapable)
-		if !ok {
-			implicitIssuers = append(implicitIssuers, issuer)
-			continue
-		}
-		baseIssuer := acmeWrapper.GetACMEIssuer()
-		if baseIssuer == nil {
-			implicitIssuers = append(implicitIssuers, issuer)
-			continue
-		}
-		implicitIssuers = append(implicitIssuers, mergeACMEIssuers(baseIssuer, acmeIssuer))
-	}
-	return implicitIssuers
-}
-
-func mergeACMEIssuers(base, overrides *caddytls.ACMEIssuer) *caddytls.ACMEIssuer {
-	if base == nil {
-		return cloneACMEIssuer(overrides)
-	}
-
-	merged := cloneACMEIssuer(base)
-	if overrides == nil {
-		return merged
-	}
-
-	if overrides.CA != "" {
-		merged.CA = overrides.CA
-	}
-	if overrides.TestCA != "" {
-		merged.TestCA = overrides.TestCA
-	}
-	if overrides.Email != "" {
-		merged.Email = overrides.Email
-	}
-	if overrides.Profile != "" {
-		merged.Profile = overrides.Profile
-	}
-	if overrides.AccountKey != "" {
-		merged.AccountKey = overrides.AccountKey
-	}
-	if overrides.ExternalAccount != nil {
-		merged.ExternalAccount = cloneACMEEAB(overrides.ExternalAccount)
-	}
-	if overrides.ACMETimeout != 0 {
-		merged.ACMETimeout = overrides.ACMETimeout
-	}
-	if len(overrides.TrustedRootsPEMFiles) > 0 {
-		merged.TrustedRootsPEMFiles = appendUniqueStrings(merged.TrustedRootsPEMFiles, overrides.TrustedRootsPEMFiles...)
-	}
-	if overrides.PreferredChains != nil {
-		merged.PreferredChains = cloneChainPreference(overrides.PreferredChains)
-	}
-	if overrides.CertificateLifetime != 0 {
-		merged.CertificateLifetime = overrides.CertificateLifetime
-	}
-	if len(overrides.NetworkProxyRaw) > 0 {
-		merged.NetworkProxyRaw = slices.Clone(overrides.NetworkProxyRaw)
-	}
-	merged.Challenges = mergeChallengesConfig(merged.Challenges, overrides.Challenges)
-
-	return merged
-}
-
-func mergeChallengesConfig(base, overrides *caddytls.ChallengesConfig) *caddytls.ChallengesConfig {
-	if base == nil {
-		return cloneChallengesConfig(overrides)
-	}
-	merged := cloneChallengesConfig(base)
-	if overrides == nil {
-		return merged
-	}
-
-	merged.HTTP = mergeHTTPChallengeConfig(merged.HTTP, overrides.HTTP)
-	merged.TLSALPN = mergeTLSALPNChallengeConfig(merged.TLSALPN, overrides.TLSALPN)
-	merged.DNS = mergeDNSChallengeConfig(merged.DNS, overrides.DNS)
-	if overrides.BindHost != "" {
-		merged.BindHost = overrides.BindHost
-	}
-	if overrides.Distributed != nil {
-		value := *overrides.Distributed
-		merged.Distributed = &value
-	}
-
-	return merged
-}
-
-func mergeHTTPChallengeConfig(base, overrides *caddytls.HTTPChallengeConfig) *caddytls.HTTPChallengeConfig {
-	if base == nil {
-		return cloneHTTPChallengeConfig(overrides)
-	}
-	merged := cloneHTTPChallengeConfig(base)
-	if overrides == nil {
-		return merged
-	}
-
-	if overrides.Disabled {
-		merged.Disabled = true
-	}
-	if overrides.AlternatePort != 0 {
-		merged.AlternatePort = overrides.AlternatePort
-	}
-
-	return merged
-}
-
-func mergeTLSALPNChallengeConfig(base, overrides *caddytls.TLSALPNChallengeConfig) *caddytls.TLSALPNChallengeConfig {
-	if base == nil {
-		return cloneTLSALPNChallengeConfig(overrides)
-	}
-	merged := cloneTLSALPNChallengeConfig(base)
-	if overrides == nil {
-		return merged
-	}
-
-	if overrides.Disabled {
-		merged.Disabled = true
-	}
-	if overrides.AlternatePort != 0 {
-		merged.AlternatePort = overrides.AlternatePort
-	}
-
-	return merged
-}
-
-func mergeDNSChallengeConfig(base, overrides *caddytls.DNSChallengeConfig) *caddytls.DNSChallengeConfig {
-	if base == nil {
-		return cloneDNSChallengeConfig(overrides)
-	}
-	merged := cloneDNSChallengeConfig(base)
-	if overrides == nil {
-		return merged
-	}
-
-	if len(overrides.ProviderRaw) > 0 {
-		merged.ProviderRaw = slices.Clone(overrides.ProviderRaw)
-	}
-	if overrides.PropagationDelay != 0 {
-		merged.PropagationDelay = overrides.PropagationDelay
-	}
-	if overrides.PropagationTimeout != 0 {
-		merged.PropagationTimeout = overrides.PropagationTimeout
-	}
-	if overrides.Resolvers != nil {
-		merged.Resolvers = slices.Clone(overrides.Resolvers)
-	}
-	if overrides.OverrideDomain != "" {
-		merged.OverrideDomain = overrides.OverrideDomain
-	}
-	if overrides.TTL != 0 {
-		merged.TTL = overrides.TTL
-	}
-
-	return merged
-}
-
-func cloneACMEIssuer(iss *caddytls.ACMEIssuer) *caddytls.ACMEIssuer {
-	if iss == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	cloned := *iss
-	cloned.Challenges = cloneChallengesConfig(iss.Challenges)
-	cloned.ExternalAccount = cloneACMEEAB(iss.ExternalAccount)
-	cloned.TrustedRootsPEMFiles = slices.Clone(iss.TrustedRootsPEMFiles)
-	cloned.PreferredChains = cloneChainPreference(iss.PreferredChains)
-	cloned.NetworkProxyRaw = slices.Clone(iss.NetworkProxyRaw)
-
-	return &cloned
-}
-
-func cloneChallengesConfig(cfg *caddytls.ChallengesConfig) *caddytls.ChallengesConfig {
-	if cfg == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	cloned := *cfg
-	cloned.HTTP = cloneHTTPChallengeConfig(cfg.HTTP)
-	cloned.TLSALPN = cloneTLSALPNChallengeConfig(cfg.TLSALPN)
-	cloned.DNS = cloneDNSChallengeConfig(cfg.DNS)
-	if cfg.Distributed != nil {
-		value := *cfg.Distributed
-		cloned.Distributed = &value
-	}
-
-	return &cloned
-}
-
-func cloneHTTPChallengeConfig(cfg *caddytls.HTTPChallengeConfig) *caddytls.HTTPChallengeConfig {
-	if cfg == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	cloned := *cfg
-	return &cloned
-}
-
-func cloneTLSALPNChallengeConfig(cfg *caddytls.TLSALPNChallengeConfig) *caddytls.TLSALPNChallengeConfig {
-	if cfg == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	cloned := *cfg
-	return &cloned
-}
-
-func cloneDNSChallengeConfig(cfg *caddytls.DNSChallengeConfig) *caddytls.DNSChallengeConfig {
-	if cfg == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	cloned := *cfg
-	cloned.ProviderRaw = slices.Clone(cfg.ProviderRaw)
-	cloned.Resolvers = slices.Clone(cfg.Resolvers)
-
-	return &cloned
-}
-
-func cloneACMEEAB(eab *acme.EAB) *acme.EAB {
-	if eab == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	cloned := *eab
-	return &cloned
-}
-
-func cloneChainPreference(pref *caddytls.ChainPreference) *caddytls.ChainPreference {
-	if pref == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	cloned := *pref
-	cloned.RootCommonName = slices.Clone(pref.RootCommonName)
-	cloned.AnyCommonName = slices.Clone(pref.AnyCommonName)
-	if pref.Smallest != nil {
-		value := *pref.Smallest
-		cloned.Smallest = &value
-	}
-
-	return &cloned
-}
-
-func appendUniqueStrings(existing []string, additions ...string) []string {
-	for _, value := range additions {
-		if !slices.Contains(existing, value) {
-			existing = append(existing, value)
-		}
-	}
-	return existing
-}
-
 // newBaseAutomationPolicy returns a new TLS automation policy that gets
 // its values from the global options map. It should be used as the base
 // for any other automation policies. A nil policy (and no error) will be
@@ -909,8 +643,7 @@ func newBaseAutomationPolicy(
 	_, hasLocalCerts := options["local_certs"]
 	keyType, hasKeyType := options["key_type"]
 	ocspStapling, hasOCSPStapling := options["ocsp_stapling"]
-	renewalWindowRatio, hasRenewalWindowRatio := options["renewal_window_ratio"]
-	hasGlobalAutomationOpts := hasIssuers || hasLocalCerts || hasKeyType || hasOCSPStapling || hasRenewalWindowRatio
+	hasGlobalAutomationOpts := hasIssuers || hasLocalCerts || hasKeyType || hasOCSPStapling

 	globalACMECA := options["acme_ca"]
 	globalACMECARoot := options["acme_ca_root"]
@@ -957,10 +690,6 @@ func newBaseAutomationPolicy(
 		ap.OCSPOverrides = ocspConfig.ResponderOverrides
 	}

-	if hasRenewalWindowRatio {
-		ap.RenewalWindowRatio = renewalWindowRatio.(float64)
-	}
-
 	return ap, nil
 }

@@ -981,31 +710,14 @@ func consolidateAutomationPolicies(aps []*caddytls.AutomationPolicy) []*caddytls
 	emptyAPCount := 0
 	origLenAPs := len(aps)
 	// compute the number of empty policies (disregarding subjects) - see #4128
-	// while we're at it,
 	emptyAP := new(caddytls.AutomationPolicy)
 	for i := 0; i < len(aps); i++ {
 		emptyAP.SubjectsRaw = aps[i].SubjectsRaw
-		emptyAP.ManagersRaw = nil
 		if reflect.DeepEqual(aps[i], emptyAP) {
-			// AP is empty
 			emptyAPCount++
-
-			// see if this AP shadows something later
-			shadowIdx := automationPolicyShadows(i, aps)
-			emptyAP.SubjectsRaw = nil
-			if shadowIdx >= 0 {
-				emptyAP.SubjectsRaw = aps[shadowIdx].SubjectsRaw
-				// allow the later policy, which is likely for a wildcard, to have cert
-				// managers ("get_certificate"), since wildcards now cover specific
-				// subdomains by default, when configured (see discussion in #7559)
-				emptyAP.ManagersRaw = aps[shadowIdx].ManagersRaw
-			}
-
-			// if this is the last AP, we can delete it, since auto-https should
-			// pick it up; if it shadows something later that is also empty, we
-			// can similarly delete this; but if it shadows something that is NOT
-			// empty, we must not delete it since the shadowing has a purpose
-			if i == len(aps)-1 || (shadowIdx >= 0 && reflect.DeepEqual(aps[shadowIdx], emptyAP)) {
+			if !automationPolicyHasAllPublicNames(aps[i]) {
+				// if this automation policy has internal names, we might as well remove it
+				// so auto-https can implicitly use the internal issuer
 				aps = slices.Delete(aps, i, i+1)
 				i--
 			}
@@ -1036,7 +748,7 @@ outer:
 			// otherwise the one without any subjects (a catch-all) would be
 			// eaten up by the one with subjects; and if both have subjects, we
 			// need to combine their lists
-			if automationPoliciesHaveSameIssuers(aps[i], aps[j]) &&
+			if reflect.DeepEqual(aps[i].IssuersRaw, aps[j].IssuersRaw) &&
 				reflect.DeepEqual(aps[i].ManagersRaw, aps[j].ManagersRaw) &&
 				bytes.Equal(aps[i].StorageRaw, aps[j].StorageRaw) &&
 				aps[i].MustStaple == aps[j].MustStaple &&
@@ -1128,58 +840,6 @@ func subjectQualifiesForPublicCert(ap *caddytls.AutomationPolicy, subj string) b
 		(strings.Count(subj, "*.") < 2 || ap.OnDemand)
 }

-func automationPoliciesHaveSameIssuers(a, b *caddytls.AutomationPolicy) bool {
-	if reflect.DeepEqual(a.IssuersRaw, b.IssuersRaw) {
-		return automationPoliciesHaveCompatibleImplicitIssuers(a, b)
-	}
-	return automationPolicyUsesDefaultInternalIssuer(a) && automationPolicyUsesDefaultInternalIssuer(b)
-}
-
-func automationPolicyUsesDefaultInternalIssuer(ap *caddytls.AutomationPolicy) bool {
-	if len(ap.IssuersRaw) == 0 && len(ap.Issuers) == 0 {
-		return automationPolicyImplicitIssuerClass(ap) == "internal"
-	}
-	return len(ap.IssuersRaw) == 1 &&
-		len(ap.Issuers) == 0 &&
-		string(bytes.TrimSpace(ap.IssuersRaw[0])) == `{"module":"internal"}`
-}
-
-// automationPoliciesHaveCompatibleImplicitIssuers returns whether two policies
-// without explicit issuers can be consolidated without changing default issuer
-// selection for their subjects.
-func automationPoliciesHaveCompatibleImplicitIssuers(a, b *caddytls.AutomationPolicy) bool {
-	if len(a.IssuersRaw) > 0 || len(a.Issuers) > 0 ||
-		len(b.IssuersRaw) > 0 || len(b.Issuers) > 0 {
-		return true
-	}
-
-	aClass := automationPolicyImplicitIssuerClass(a)
-	bClass := automationPolicyImplicitIssuerClass(b)
-	return aClass == "catch-all" || bClass == "catch-all" || aClass == bClass
-}
-
-func automationPolicyImplicitIssuerClass(ap *caddytls.AutomationPolicy) string {
-	if len(ap.SubjectsRaw) == 0 {
-		return "catch-all"
-	}
-
-	hasPublic := slices.ContainsFunc(ap.SubjectsRaw, func(subj string) bool {
-		return subjectQualifiesForPublicCert(ap, subj)
-	})
-	hasInternal := slices.ContainsFunc(ap.SubjectsRaw, func(subj string) bool {
-		return !subjectQualifiesForPublicCert(ap, subj)
-	})
-
-	switch {
-	case hasPublic && hasInternal:
-		return "mixed"
-	case hasPublic:
-		return "public"
-	default:
-		return "internal"
-	}
-}
-
 // automationPolicyHasAllPublicNames returns true if all the names on the policy
 // do NOT qualify for public certs OR are tailscale domains.
 func automationPolicyHasAllPublicNames(ap *caddytls.AutomationPolicy) bool {
@@ -1191,3 +851,20 @@ func automationPolicyHasAllPublicNames(ap *caddytls.AutomationPolicy) bool {
 func isTailscaleDomain(name string) bool {
 	return strings.HasSuffix(strings.ToLower(name), ".ts.net")
 }
+
+func hostsCoveredByWildcard(hosts []string, wildcards []string) bool {
+	if len(hosts) == 0 || len(wildcards) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, host := range hosts {
+		for _, wildcard := range wildcards {
+			if strings.HasPrefix(host, "*.") {
+				continue
+			}
+			if certmagic.MatchWildcard(host, "*."+wildcard) {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package httpcaddyfile
 import (
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/caddyconfig/caddyfile"
 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/modules/caddytls"
 )

@@ -55,20 +54,3 @@ func TestAutomationPolicyIsSubset(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
-
-func TestAutomationPoliciesAllowSameHostOnDifferentPorts(t *testing.T) {
-	input := `https://example.com:5000 localhost:5000 {
-	respond "one"
-}
-
-https://example.net localhost:8080 {
-	respond "two"
-}
-`
-
-	adapter := caddyfile.Adapter{ServerType: ServerType{}}
-	_, _, err := adapter.Adapt([]byte(input), nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("adapting Caddyfile: %v", err)
-	}
-}
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ func (hl HTTPLoader) LoadConfig(ctx caddy.Context) ([]byte, error) {
 }

 func attemptHttpCall(client *http.Client, request *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
-	resp, err := client.Do(request) //nolint:gosec // no SSRF; comes from trusted config
+	resp, err := client.Do(request)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("problem calling http loader url: %v", err)
 	} else if resp.StatusCode < 200 || resp.StatusCode > 499 {
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ func doHttpCallWithRetries(ctx caddy.Context, client *http.Client, request *http
 	var err error
 	const maxAttempts = 10

-	for i := range maxAttempts {
+	for i := 0; i < maxAttempts; i++ {
 		resp, err = attemptHttpCall(client, request)
 		if err != nil && i < maxAttempts-1 {
 			select {
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ func (adminLoad) handleLoad(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) error {
 			if err != nil {
 				caddy.Log().Named("admin.api.load").Error(err.Error())
 			}
-			_, _ = w.Write(respBody) //nolint:gosec // false positive: no XSS here
+			_, _ = w.Write(respBody)
 		}
 		body = result
 	}
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ func (tc *Tester) initServer(rawConfig string, configType string) error {
 		req.Header.Add("Content-Type", "text/"+configType)
 	}

-	res, err := client.Do(req) //nolint:gosec // no SSRF because URL is hard-coded to localhost, and port comes from config
+	res, err := client.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
 		tc.t.Errorf("unable to contact caddy server. %s", err)
 		return err
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ func validateTestPrerequisites(tc *Tester) error {
 			return err
 		}
 		tc.t.Cleanup(func() {
-			os.Remove(f.Name()) //nolint:gosec // false positive, filename comes from std lib, no path traversal
+			os.Remove(f.Name())
 		})
 		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(f, initConfig, tc.config.AdminPort); err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -362,8 +362,6 @@ func CreateTestingTransport() *http.Transport {

 // AssertLoadError will load a config and expect an error
 func AssertLoadError(t *testing.T, rawConfig string, configType string, expectedError string) {
-	t.Helper()
-
 	tc := NewTester(t)

 	err := tc.initServer(rawConfig, configType)
@@ -374,8 +372,6 @@ func AssertLoadError(t *testing.T, rawConfig string, configType string, expected

 // AssertRedirect makes a request and asserts the redirection happens
 func (tc *Tester) AssertRedirect(requestURI string, expectedToLocation string, expectedStatusCode int) *http.Response {
-	tc.t.Helper()
-
 	redirectPolicyFunc := func(req *http.Request, via []*http.Request) error {
 		return http.ErrUseLastResponse
 	}
@@ -413,8 +409,6 @@ func (tc *Tester) AssertRedirect(requestURI string, expectedToLocation string, e

 // CompareAdapt adapts a config and then compares it against an expected result
 func CompareAdapt(t testing.TB, filename, rawConfig string, adapterName string, expectedResponse string) bool {
-	t.Helper()
-
 	cfgAdapter := caddyconfig.GetAdapter(adapterName)
 	if cfgAdapter == nil {
 		t.Logf("unrecognized config adapter '%s'", adapterName)
@@ -474,8 +468,6 @@ func CompareAdapt(t testing.TB, filename, rawConfig string, adapterName string,

 // AssertAdapt adapts a config and then tests it against an expected result
 func AssertAdapt(t testing.TB, rawConfig string, adapterName string, expectedResponse string) {
-	t.Helper()
-
 	ok := CompareAdapt(t, "Caddyfile", rawConfig, adapterName, expectedResponse)
 	if !ok {
 		t.Fail()
@@ -504,9 +496,7 @@ func applyHeaders(t testing.TB, req *http.Request, requestHeaders []string) {

 // AssertResponseCode will execute the request and verify the status code, returns a response for additional assertions
 func (tc *Tester) AssertResponseCode(req *http.Request, expectedStatusCode int) *http.Response {
-	tc.t.Helper()
-
-	resp, err := tc.Client.Do(req) //nolint:gosec // no SSRFs demonstrated
+	resp, err := tc.Client.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
 		tc.t.Fatalf("failed to call server %s", err)
 	}
@@ -518,10 +508,8 @@ func (tc *Tester) AssertResponseCode(req *http.Request, expectedStatusCode int)
 	return resp
 }

-// AssertResponse requests a URI and asserts the status code and body.
+// AssertResponse request a URI and assert the status code and the body contains a string
 func (tc *Tester) AssertResponse(req *http.Request, expectedStatusCode int, expectedBody string) (*http.Response, string) {
-	tc.t.Helper()
-
 	resp := tc.AssertResponseCode(req, expectedStatusCode)

 	defer resp.Body.Close()
@@ -541,10 +529,8 @@ func (tc *Tester) AssertResponse(req *http.Request, expectedStatusCode int, expe

 // Verb specific test functions

-// AssertGetResponse requests a URI with GET and expects a status code and body text.
+// AssertGetResponse GET a URI and expect a statusCode and body text
 func (tc *Tester) AssertGetResponse(requestURI string, expectedStatusCode int, expectedBody string) (*http.Response, string) {
-	tc.t.Helper()
-
 	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", requestURI, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		tc.t.Fatalf("unable to create request %s", err)
@@ -553,10 +539,8 @@ func (tc *Tester) AssertGetResponse(requestURI string, expectedStatusCode int, e
 	return tc.AssertResponse(req, expectedStatusCode, expectedBody)
 }

-// AssertDeleteResponse requests a URI with DELETE and expects a status code and body text.
+// AssertDeleteResponse request a URI and expect a statusCode and body text
 func (tc *Tester) AssertDeleteResponse(requestURI string, expectedStatusCode int, expectedBody string) (*http.Response, string) {
-	tc.t.Helper()
-
 	req, err := http.NewRequest("DELETE", requestURI, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		tc.t.Fatalf("unable to create request %s", err)
@@ -565,10 +549,8 @@ func (tc *Tester) AssertDeleteResponse(requestURI string, expectedStatusCode int
 	return tc.AssertResponse(req, expectedStatusCode, expectedBody)
 }

-// AssertPostResponseBody requests a URI with POST and asserts the response code and body.
+// AssertPostResponseBody POST to a URI and assert the response code and body
 func (tc *Tester) AssertPostResponseBody(requestURI string, requestHeaders []string, requestBody *bytes.Buffer, expectedStatusCode int, expectedBody string) (*http.Response, string) {
-	tc.t.Helper()
-
 	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", requestURI, requestBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		tc.t.Errorf("failed to create request %s", err)
@@ -580,10 +562,8 @@ func (tc *Tester) AssertPostResponseBody(requestURI string, requestHeaders []str
 	return tc.AssertResponse(req, expectedStatusCode, expectedBody)
 }

-// AssertPutResponseBody requests a URI with PUT and asserts the response code and body.
+// AssertPutResponseBody PUT to a URI and assert the response code and body
 func (tc *Tester) AssertPutResponseBody(requestURI string, requestHeaders []string, requestBody *bytes.Buffer, expectedStatusCode int, expectedBody string) (*http.Response, string) {
-	tc.t.Helper()
-
 	req, err := http.NewRequest("PUT", requestURI, requestBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		tc.t.Errorf("failed to create request %s", err)
@@ -595,10 +575,8 @@ func (tc *Tester) AssertPutResponseBody(requestURI string, requestHeaders []stri
 	return tc.AssertResponse(req, expectedStatusCode, expectedBody)
 }

-// AssertPatchResponseBody requests a URI with PATCH and asserts the response code and body.
+// AssertPatchResponseBody PATCH to a URI and assert the response code and body
 func (tc *Tester) AssertPatchResponseBody(requestURI string, requestHeaders []string, requestBody *bytes.Buffer, expectedStatusCode int, expectedBody string) (*http.Response, string) {
-	tc.t.Helper()
-
 	req, err := http.NewRequest("PATCH", requestURI, requestBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		tc.t.Errorf("failed to create request %s", err)
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package caddytest

 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
@@ -127,118 +126,3 @@ func TestLoadUnorderedJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	tester.AssertResponseCode(req, 200)
 }
-
-func TestCheckID(t *testing.T) {
-	tester := NewTester(t)
-	tester.InitServer(`{
-		"admin": {
-			"listen": "localhost:2999"
-		},
-		"apps": {
-			"http": {
-				"http_port": 9080,
-				"servers": {
-					"s_server": {
-						"@id": "s_server",
-						"listen": [
-							":9080"
-						],
-						"routes": [
-							{
-								"handle": [
-									{
-										"handler": "static_response",
-										"body": "Hello"
-									}
-								]
-							}
-						]
-					}
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	`, "json")
-	headers := []string{"Content-Type:application/json"}
-	sServer1 := []byte(`{"@id":"s_server","listen":[":9080"],"routes":[{"@id":"route1","handle":[{"handler":"static_response","body":"Hello 2"}]}]}`)
-
-	// PUT to an existing ID should fail with a 409 conflict
-	tester.AssertPutResponseBody(
-		"http://localhost:2999/id/s_server",
-		headers,
-		bytes.NewBuffer(sServer1),
-		409,
-		`{"error":"[/config/apps/http/servers/s_server] key already exists: s_server"}`+"\n")
-
-	// POST replaces the object fully
-	tester.AssertPostResponseBody(
-		"http://localhost:2999/id/s_server",
-		headers,
-		bytes.NewBuffer(sServer1),
-		200,
-		"")
-
-	// Verify the server is running the new route
-	tester.AssertGetResponse(
-		"http://localhost:9080/",
-		200,
-		"Hello 2")
-
-	// Update the existing route to ensure IDs are handled correctly when replaced
-	tester.AssertPostResponseBody(
-		"http://localhost:2999/id/s_server",
-		headers,
-		bytes.NewBuffer([]byte(`{"@id":"s_server","listen":[":9080"],"routes":[{"@id":"route1","handle":[{"handler":"static_response","body":"Hello2"}],"match":[{"path":["/route_1/*"]}]}]}`)),
-		200,
-		"")
-
-	sServer2 := []byte(`{"@id":"s_server","listen":[":9080"],"routes":[{"@id":"route1","handle":[{"handler":"static_response","body":"Hello2"}],"match":[{"path":["/route_1/*"]}]}]}`)
-
-	// Identical patch should succeed and return 200 (config is unchanged branch)
-	tester.AssertPatchResponseBody(
-		"http://localhost:2999/id/s_server",
-		headers,
-		bytes.NewBuffer(sServer2),
-		200,
-		"")
-
-	route2 := []byte(`{"@id":"route2","handle": [{"handler": "static_response","body": "route2"}],"match":[{"path":["/route_2/*"]}]}`)
-
-	// Put a new route2 object before the route1 object due to the path of /id/route1
-	// Being translated to: /config/apps/http/servers/s_server/routes/0
-	tester.AssertPutResponseBody(
-		"http://localhost:2999/id/route1",
-		headers,
-		bytes.NewBuffer(route2),
-		200,
-		"")
-
-	// Verify that the whole config looks correct, now containing both route1 and route2
-	tester.AssertGetResponse(
-		"http://localhost:2999/config/",
-		200,
-		`{"admin":{"listen":"localhost:2999"},"apps":{"http":{"http_port":9080,"servers":{"s_server":{"@id":"s_server","listen":[":9080"],"routes":[{"@id":"route2","handle":[{"body":"route2","handler":"static_response"}],"match":[{"path":["/route_2/*"]}]},{"@id":"route1","handle":[{"body":"Hello2","handler":"static_response"}],"match":[{"path":["/route_1/*"]}]}]}}}}}`+"\n")
-
-	// Try to add another copy of route2 using POST to test duplicate ID handling
-	// Since the first route2 ended up at array index 0, and we are appending to the array, the index for the new element would be 2
-	tester.AssertPostResponseBody(
-		"http://localhost:2999/id/route2",
-		headers,
-		bytes.NewBuffer(route2),
-		400,
-		`{"error":"indexing config: duplicate ID 'route2' found at /config/apps/http/servers/s_server/routes/0 and /config/apps/http/servers/s_server/routes/2"}`+"\n")
-
-	// Use PATCH to modify an existing object successfully
-	tester.AssertPatchResponseBody(
-		"http://localhost:2999/id/route1",
-		headers,
-		bytes.NewBuffer([]byte(`{"@id":"route1","handle":[{"handler":"static_response","body":"route1"}],"match":[{"path":["/route_1/*"]}]}`)),
-		200,
-		"")
-
-	// Verify the PATCH updated the server state
-	tester.AssertGetResponse(
-		"http://localhost:9080/route_1/",
-		200,
-		"route1")
-}
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ func TestACMEServerWithDefaults(t *testing.T) {
 		Client: &acme.Client{
 			Directory:  "https://acme.localhost:9443/acme/local/directory",
 			HTTPClient: tester.Client,
-			Logger:     slog.New(zapslog.NewHandler(logger.Core(), zapslog.WithName("acmez"))),
+			Logger:     slog.New(zapslog.NewHandler(logger.Core())),
 		},
 		ChallengeSolvers: map[string]acmez.Solver{
 			acme.ChallengeTypeHTTP01: &naiveHTTPSolver{logger: logger},
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ func TestACMEServerWithMismatchedChallenges(t *testing.T) {
 		Client: &acme.Client{
 			Directory:  "https://acme.localhost:9443/acme/local/directory",
 			HTTPClient: tester.Client,
-			Logger:     slog.New(zapslog.NewHandler(logger.Core(), zapslog.WithName("acmez"))),
+			Logger:     slog.New(zapslog.NewHandler(logger.Core())),
 		},
 		ChallengeSolvers: map[string]acmez.Solver{
 			acme.ChallengeTypeHTTP01: &naiveHTTPSolver{logger: logger},
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ func TestACMEServerAllowPolicy(t *testing.T) {
 		_, err := client.ObtainCertificateForSANs(ctx, account, certPrivateKey, []string{"not-matching.localhost"})
 		if err == nil {
 			t.Errorf("obtaining certificate for 'not-matching.localhost' domain")
-		} else if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:rejectedIdentifier") {
+		} else if err != nil && !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:rejectedIdentifier") {
 			t.Logf("unexpected error: %v", err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ func TestACMEServerDenyPolicy(t *testing.T) {
 		_, err := client.ObtainCertificateForSANs(ctx, account, certPrivateKey, []string{"deny.localhost"})
 		if err == nil {
 			t.Errorf("obtaining certificate for 'deny.localhost' domain")
-		} else if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:rejectedIdentifier") {
+		} else if err != nil && !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:rejectedIdentifier") {
 			t.Logf("unexpected error: %v", err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -55,28 +55,6 @@ func TestAutoHTTPtoHTTPSRedirectsExplicitPortDifferentFromHTTPSPort(t *testing.T
 	tester.AssertRedirect("http://localhost:9080/", "https://localhost:1234/", http.StatusPermanentRedirect)
 }

-func TestAutoHTTPtoHTTPSRedirectsPreferHTTPSPortOverAlternatePort(t *testing.T) {
-	tester := caddytest.NewTester(t)
-	tester.InitServer(`
-	{
-		skip_install_trust
-		admin localhost:2999
-		http_port     9080
-		https_port    9443
-		local_certs
-	}
-	localhost {
-		respond "Canonical"
-	}
-
-	localhost:10443 {
-		respond "Alternate"
-	}
-  `, "caddyfile")
-
-	tester.AssertRedirect("http://localhost:9080/", "https://localhost/", http.StatusPermanentRedirect)
-}
-
 func TestAutoHTTPRedirectsWithHTTPListenerFirstInAddresses(t *testing.T) {
 	tester := caddytest.NewTester(t)
 	tester.InitServer(`
@@ -165,26 +143,3 @@ func TestAutoHTTPRedirectsInsertedBeforeUserDefinedCatchAllWithNoExplicitHTTPSit
 	tester.AssertGetResponse("http://foo.localhost:9080/", 200, "Foo")
 	tester.AssertGetResponse("http://baz.localhost:9080/", 200, "Foo")
 }
-
-func TestAutoHTTPSRedirectSortingExactMatchOverWildcard(t *testing.T) {
-	tester := caddytest.NewTester(t)
-	tester.InitServer(`
-    {
-        skip_install_trust
-        admin localhost:2999
-        http_port     9080
-        https_port    9443
-        local_certs
-    }
-    *.localhost:10443 {
-        respond "Wildcard"
-    }
-    dev.localhost {
-        respond "Exact"
-    }
-  `, "caddyfile")
-
-	tester.AssertRedirect("http://dev.localhost:9080/", "https://dev.localhost/", http.StatusPermanentRedirect)
-
-	tester.AssertRedirect("http://foo.localhost:9080/", "https://foo.localhost:10443/", http.StatusPermanentRedirect)
-}
@@ -18,9 +18,7 @@ encode gzip zstd {

 # Long way with a block for each encoding
 encode {
-	zstd {
-		disable_checksum
-	}
+	zstd
 	gzip 5
 }

@@ -73,9 +71,7 @@ encode
 										"gzip": {
 											"level": 5
 										},
-										"zstd": {
-											"checksum": false
-										}
+										"zstd": {}
 									},
 									"handler": "encode",
 									"prefer": [
@@ -46,18 +46,6 @@ app.example.com {
 																		}
 																	]
 																},
-																{
-																	"handle": [
-																		{
-																			"handler": "headers",
-																			"request": {
-																				"delete": [
-																					"Remote-Email"
-																				]
-																			}
-																		}
-																	]
-																},
 																{
 																	"handle": [
 																		{
@@ -85,18 +73,6 @@ app.example.com {
 																		}
 																	]
 																},
-																{
-																	"handle": [
-																		{
-																			"handler": "headers",
-																			"request": {
-																				"delete": [
-																					"Remote-Groups"
-																				]
-																			}
-																		}
-																	]
-																},
 																{
 																	"handle": [
 																		{
@@ -124,18 +100,6 @@ app.example.com {
 																		}
 																	]
 																},
-																{
-																	"handle": [
-																		{
-																			"handler": "headers",
-																			"request": {
-																				"delete": [
-																					"Remote-Name"
-																				]
-																			}
-																		}
-																	]
-																},
 																{
 																	"handle": [
 																		{
@@ -163,18 +127,6 @@ app.example.com {
 																		}
 																	]
 																},
-																{
-																	"handle": [
-																		{
-																			"handler": "headers",
-																			"request": {
-																				"delete": [
-																					"Remote-User"
-																				]
-																			}
-																		}
-																	]
-																},
 																{
 																	"handle": [
 																		{
@@ -248,4 +200,4 @@ app.example.com {
 			}
 		}
 	}
-}
+}
@@ -1,146 +0,0 @@
-:8080
-
-forward_auth 127.0.0.1:9091 {
-	uri /
-	copy_headers X-User-Id X-User-Role
-}
----------
-{
-	"apps": {
-		"http": {
-			"servers": {
-				"srv0": {
-					"listen": [
-						":8080"
-					],
-					"routes": [
-						{
-							"handle": [
-								{
-									"handle_response": [
-										{
-											"match": {
-												"status_code": [
-													2
-												]
-											},
-											"routes": [
-												{
-													"handle": [
-														{
-															"handler": "vars"
-														}
-													]
-												},
-												{
-													"handle": [
-														{
-															"handler": "headers",
-															"request": {
-																"delete": [
-																	"X-User-Id"
-																]
-															}
-														}
-													]
-												},
-												{
-													"handle": [
-														{
-															"handler": "headers",
-															"request": {
-																"set": {
-																	"X-User-Id": [
-																		"{http.reverse_proxy.header.X-User-Id}"
-																	]
-																}
-															}
-														}
-													],
-													"match": [
-														{
-															"not": [
-																{
-																	"vars": {
-																		"{http.reverse_proxy.header.X-User-Id}": [
-																			""
-																		]
-																	}
-																}
-															]
-														}
-													]
-												},
-												{
-													"handle": [
-														{
-															"handler": "headers",
-															"request": {
-																"delete": [
-																	"X-User-Role"
-																]
-															}
-														}
-													]
-												},
-												{
-													"handle": [
-														{
-															"handler": "headers",
-															"request": {
-																"set": {
-																	"X-User-Role": [
-																		"{http.reverse_proxy.header.X-User-Role}"
-																	]
-																}
-															}
-														}
-													],
-													"match": [
-														{
-															"not": [
-																{
-																	"vars": {
-																		"{http.reverse_proxy.header.X-User-Role}": [
-																			""
-																		]
-																	}
-																}
-															]
-														}
-													]
-												}
-											]
-										}
-									],
-									"handler": "reverse_proxy",
-									"headers": {
-										"request": {
-											"set": {
-												"X-Forwarded-Method": [
-													"{http.request.method}"
-												],
-												"X-Forwarded-Uri": [
-													"{http.request.uri}"
-												]
-											}
-										}
-									},
-									"rewrite": {
-										"method": "GET",
-										"uri": "/"
-									},
-									"upstreams": [
-										{
-											"dial": "127.0.0.1:9091"
-										}
-									]
-								}
-							]
-						}
-					]
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
@@ -35,18 +35,6 @@ forward_auth localhost:9000 {
 														}
 													]
 												},
-												{
-													"handle": [
-														{
-															"handler": "headers",
-															"request": {
-																"delete": [
-																	"1"
-																]
-															}
-														}
-													]
-												},
 												{
 													"handle": [
 														{
@@ -74,18 +62,6 @@ forward_auth localhost:9000 {
 														}
 													]
 												},
-												{
-													"handle": [
-														{
-															"handler": "headers",
-															"request": {
-																"delete": [
-																	"B"
-																]
-															}
-														}
-													]
-												},
 												{
 													"handle": [
 														{
@@ -113,18 +89,6 @@ forward_auth localhost:9000 {
 														}
 													]
 												},
-												{
-													"handle": [
-														{
-															"handler": "headers",
-															"request": {
-																"delete": [
-																	"3"
-																]
-															}
-														}
-													]
-												},
 												{
 													"handle": [
 														{
@@ -152,18 +116,6 @@ forward_auth localhost:9000 {
 														}
 													]
 												},
-												{
-													"handle": [
-														{
-															"handler": "headers",
-															"request": {
-																"delete": [
-																	"D"
-																]
-															}
-														}
-													]
-												},
 												{
 													"handle": [
 														{
@@ -191,18 +143,6 @@ forward_auth localhost:9000 {
 														}
 													]
 												},
-												{
-													"handle": [
-														{
-															"handler": "headers",
-															"request": {
-																"delete": [
-																	"5"
-																]
-															}
-														}
-													]
-												},
 												{
 													"handle": [
 														{
@@ -263,4 +203,4 @@ forward_auth localhost:9000 {
 			}
 		}
 	}
-}
+}
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
 	log {
 		sampling {
-			interval 5m
+			interval 300
 			first 50
 			thereafter 40
 		}
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 		"logs": {
 			"default": {
 				"sampling": {
-					"interval": 300000000000,
+					"interval": 300,
 					"first": 50,
 					"thereafter": 40
 				}
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-{
-	email test@example.com
-	dns mock
-	tls_resolvers 1.1.1.1 8.8.8.8
-	acme_dns
-}
-
-example.com {
-}
----------
-{
-	"apps": {
-		"http": {
-			"servers": {
-				"srv0": {
-					"listen": [
-						":443"
-					],
-					"routes": [
-						{
-							"match": [
-								{
-									"host": [
-										"example.com"
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"terminal": true
-						}
-					]
-				}
-			}
-		},
-		"tls": {
-			"automation": {
-				"policies": [
-					{
-						"issuers": [
-							{
-								"challenges": {
-									"dns": {
-										"resolvers": [
-											"1.1.1.1",
-											"8.8.8.8"
-										]
-									}
-								},
-								"email": "test@example.com",
-								"module": "acme"
-							},
-							{
-								"ca": "https://acme.zerossl.com/v2/DV90",
-								"challenges": {
-									"dns": {
-										"resolvers": [
-											"1.1.1.1",
-											"8.8.8.8"
-										]
-									}
-								},
-								"email": "test@example.com",
-								"module": "acme"
-							}
-						]
-					}
-				]
-			},
-			"dns": {
-				"name": "mock"
-			},
-			"resolvers": [
-				"1.1.1.1",
-				"8.8.8.8"
-			]
-		}
-	}
-}
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-{
-	tls_resolvers 1.1.1.1 8.8.8.8
-}
-
-example.com {
-}
----------
-{
-	"apps": {
-		"http": {
-			"servers": {
-				"srv0": {
-					"listen": [
-						":443"
-					],
-					"routes": [
-						{
-							"match": [
-								{
-									"host": [
-										"example.com"
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"terminal": true
-						}
-					]
-				}
-			}
-		},
-		"tls": {
-			"resolvers": [
-				"1.1.1.1",
-				"8.8.8.8"
-			]
-		}
-	}
-}
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-{
-	email test@example.com
-	dns mock
-	tls_resolvers 1.1.1.1 8.8.8.8
-}
-
-example.com {
-	tls {
-		dns mock
-	}
-}
----------
-{
-	"apps": {
-		"http": {
-			"servers": {
-				"srv0": {
-					"listen": [
-						":443"
-					],
-					"routes": [
-						{
-							"match": [
-								{
-									"host": [
-										"example.com"
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"terminal": true
-						}
-					]
-				}
-			}
-		},
-		"tls": {
-			"automation": {
-				"policies": [
-					{
-						"subjects": [
-							"example.com"
-						],
-						"issuers": [
-							{
-								"challenges": {
-									"dns": {
-										"provider": {
-											"name": "mock"
-										},
-										"resolvers": [
-											"1.1.1.1",
-											"8.8.8.8"
-										]
-									}
-								},
-								"email": "test@example.com",
-								"module": "acme"
-							}
-						]
-					}
-				]
-			},
-			"dns": {
-				"name": "mock"
-			},
-			"resolvers": [
-				"1.1.1.1",
-				"8.8.8.8"
-			]
-		}
-	}
-}
@@ -1,98 +0,0 @@
-{
-	email test@example.com
-	dns mock
-	tls_resolvers 1.1.1.1 8.8.8.8
-	acme_dns
-}
-
-example.com {
-	tls {
-		resolvers 9.9.9.9
-	}
-}
----------
-{
-	"apps": {
-		"http": {
-			"servers": {
-				"srv0": {
-					"listen": [
-						":443"
-					],
-					"routes": [
-						{
-							"match": [
-								{
-									"host": [
-										"example.com"
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"terminal": true
-						}
-					]
-				}
-			}
-		},
-		"tls": {
-			"automation": {
-				"policies": [
-					{
-						"subjects": [
-							"example.com"
-						],
-						"issuers": [
-							{
-								"challenges": {
-									"dns": {
-										"resolvers": [
-											"9.9.9.9"
-										]
-									}
-								},
-								"email": "test@example.com",
-								"module": "acme"
-							}
-						]
-					},
-					{
-						"issuers": [
-							{
-								"challenges": {
-									"dns": {
-										"resolvers": [
-											"1.1.1.1",
-											"8.8.8.8"
-										]
-									}
-								},
-								"email": "test@example.com",
-								"module": "acme"
-							},
-							{
-								"ca": "https://acme.zerossl.com/v2/DV90",
-								"challenges": {
-									"dns": {
-										"resolvers": [
-											"1.1.1.1",
-											"8.8.8.8"
-										]
-									}
-								},
-								"email": "test@example.com",
-								"module": "acme"
-							}
-						]
-					}
-				]
-			},
-			"dns": {
-				"name": "mock"
-			},
-			"resolvers": [
-				"1.1.1.1",
-				"8.8.8.8"
-			]
-		}
-	}
-}
@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-{
-	email test@example.com
-	dns mock
-	tls_resolvers 1.1.1.1 8.8.8.8
-	acme_dns
-}
-
-site1.example.com {
-}
-
-site2.example.com {
-	tls {
-		resolvers 9.9.9.9 8.8.4.4
-	}
-}
----------
-{
-	"apps": {
-		"http": {
-			"servers": {
-				"srv0": {
-					"listen": [
-						":443"
-					],
-					"routes": [
-						{
-							"match": [
-								{
-									"host": [
-										"site1.example.com"
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"terminal": true
-						},
-						{
-							"match": [
-								{
-									"host": [
-										"site2.example.com"
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"terminal": true
-						}
-					]
-				}
-			}
-		},
-		"tls": {
-			"automation": {
-				"policies": [
-					{
-						"subjects": [
-							"site2.example.com"
-						],
-						"issuers": [
-							{
-								"challenges": {
-									"dns": {
-										"resolvers": [
-											"9.9.9.9",
-											"8.8.4.4"
-										]
-									}
-								},
-								"email": "test@example.com",
-								"module": "acme"
-							}
-						]
-					},
-					{
-						"issuers": [
-							{
-								"challenges": {
-									"dns": {
-										"resolvers": [
-											"1.1.1.1",
-											"8.8.8.8"
-										]
-									}
-								},
-								"email": "test@example.com",
-								"module": "acme"
-							},
-							{
-								"ca": "https://acme.zerossl.com/v2/DV90",
-								"challenges": {
-									"dns": {
-										"resolvers": [
-											"1.1.1.1",
-											"8.8.8.8"
-										]
-									}
-								},
-								"email": "test@example.com",
-								"module": "acme"
-							}
-						]
-					}
-				]
-			},
-			"dns": {
-				"name": "mock"
-			},
-			"resolvers": [
-				"1.1.1.1",
-				"8.8.8.8"
-			]
-		}
-	}
-}
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 		keepalive_interval 20s
 		keepalive_idle 20s
 		keepalive_count 10
-		0rtt off
 	}
 }

@@ -91,8 +90,7 @@ foo.com {
 						"h2",
 						"h2c",
 						"h3"
-					],
-					"allow_0rtt": false
+					]
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ handle {
    END!
 }
 ----------
-heredoc marker on line #4 must contain only alphanumeric characters, dashes and underscores; got 'END!'
+heredoc marker on line #4 must contain only alpha-numeric characters, dashes and underscores; got 'END!'
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-{
-  admin off
-  auto_https off
-}
-
-import testdata/issue_7557_invalid_subdirective_snippet.conf
-
-:8080 {
-  import test {
-  	this_is_nonsense
-  }
-}
-
----------
-parsing caddyfile tokens for 'reverse_proxy': unrecognized subdirective this_is_nonsense
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-import testdata/issue_7518_unused_block_panic_snippets.conf
-
-example.com {
-	import snippet
-}
----------
-{
-	"apps": {
-		"http": {
-			"servers": {
-				"srv0": {
-					"listen": [
-						":443"
-					],
-					"routes": [
-						{
-							"match": [
-								{
-									"host": [
-										"example.com"
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"handle": [
-								{
-									"handler": "subroute",
-									"routes": [
-										{
-											"handle": [
-												{
-													"handler": "headers",
-													"response": {
-														"set": {
-															"Reverse_proxy": [
-																"localhost:3000"
-															]
-														}
-													}
-												}
-											]
-										}
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"terminal": true
-						}
-					]
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-{
-	log {
-		format journald {
-			wrap console
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-:80 {
-	respond "Hello, World!"
-}
----------
-{
-	"logging": {
-		"logs": {
-			"default": {
-				"encoder": {
-					"format": "journald",
-					"wrap": {
-						"format": "console"
-					}
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	},
-	"apps": {
-		"http": {
-			"servers": {
-				"srv0": {
-					"listen": [
-						":80"
-					],
-					"routes": [
-						{
-							"handle": [
-								{
-									"body": "Hello, World!",
-									"handler": "static_response"
-								}
-							]
-						}
-					]
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
@@ -1,47 +1,27 @@
 :80

-log one {
+log {
 	output file /var/log/access.log {
-		mode 0644
-		dir_mode 0755
 		roll_size 1gb
 		roll_uncompressed
-		roll_compression none
 		roll_local_time
 		roll_keep 5
 		roll_keep_for 90d
 	}
 }
-log two {
-	output file /var/log/access-2.log {
-		mode 0777
-		dir_mode from_file
-		roll_size 1gib
-		roll_compression zstd
-		roll_interval 12h
-		roll_at 00:00 06:00 12:00,18:00
-		roll_minutes 10 40 45,46
-		roll_keep 10
-		roll_keep_for 90d
-	}
-}
 ----------
 {
 	"logging": {
 		"logs": {
 			"default": {
 				"exclude": [
-					"http.log.access.one",
-					"http.log.access.two"
+					"http.log.access.log0"
 				]
 			},
-			"one": {
+			"log0": {
 				"writer": {
-					"dir_mode": "0755",
 					"filename": "/var/log/access.log",
-					"mode": "0644",
 					"output": "file",
-					"roll_compression": "none",
 					"roll_gzip": false,
 					"roll_keep": 5,
 					"roll_keep_days": 90,
@@ -49,35 +29,7 @@ log two {
 					"roll_size_mb": 954
 				},
 				"include": [
-					"http.log.access.one"
-				]
-			},
-			"two": {
-				"writer": {
-					"dir_mode": "from_file",
-					"filename": "/var/log/access-2.log",
-					"mode": "0777",
-					"output": "file",
-					"roll_at": [
-						"00:00",
-						"06:00",
-						"12:00",
-						"18:00"
-					],
-					"roll_compression": "zstd",
-					"roll_interval": 43200000000000,
-					"roll_keep": 10,
-					"roll_keep_days": 90,
-					"roll_minutes": [
-						10,
-						40,
-						45,
-						46
-					],
-					"roll_size_mb": 1024
-				},
-				"include": [
-					"http.log.access.two"
+					"http.log.access.log0"
 				]
 			}
 		}
@@ -90,7 +42,7 @@ log two {
 						":80"
 					],
 					"logs": {
-						"default_logger_name": "two"
+						"default_logger_name": "log0"
 					}
 				}
 			}
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 :80 {
 	log {
 		sampling {
-			interval 5m
+			interval 300
 			first 50
 			thereafter 40
 		}
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 			},
 			"log0": {
 				"sampling": {
-					"interval": 300000000000,
+					"interval": 300,
 					"first": 50,
 					"thereafter": 40
 				},
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-{
-	metrics {
-		otlp
-	}
-}
-:80 {
-	respond "Hello"
-}
----------
-{
-	"apps": {
-		"http": {
-			"servers": {
-				"srv0": {
-					"listen": [
-						":80"
-					],
-					"routes": [
-						{
-							"handle": [
-								{
-									"body": "Hello",
-									"handler": "static_response"
-								}
-							]
-						}
-					]
-				}
-			},
-			"metrics": {
-				"otlp": true
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-{
-	renewal_window_ratio 0.1666
-}
-
-example.com {
-}
----------
-{
-	"apps": {
-		"http": {
-			"servers": {
-				"srv0": {
-					"listen": [
-						":443"
-					],
-					"routes": [
-						{
-							"match": [
-								{
-									"host": [
-										"example.com"
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"terminal": true
-						}
-					]
-				}
-			}
-		},
-		"tls": {
-			"automation": {
-				"policies": [
-					{
-						"renewal_window_ratio": 0.1666
-					}
-				]
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-{
-	renewal_window_ratio 0.1666
-}
-
-a.example.com {
-	tls {
-		renewal_window_ratio 0.25
-	}
-}
-
-b.example.com {
-}
----------
-{
-	"apps": {
-		"http": {
-			"servers": {
-				"srv0": {
-					"listen": [
-						":443"
-					],
-					"routes": [
-						{
-							"match": [
-								{
-									"host": [
-										"a.example.com"
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"terminal": true
-						},
-						{
-							"match": [
-								{
-									"host": [
-										"b.example.com"
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"terminal": true
-						}
-					]
-				}
-			}
-		},
-		"tls": {
-			"automation": {
-				"policies": [
-					{
-						"subjects": [
-							"a.example.com"
-						],
-						"renewal_window_ratio": 0.25
-					},
-					{
-						"renewal_window_ratio": 0.1666
-					}
-				]
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-:8884
-
-reverse_proxy 127.0.0.1:65535 {
-	lb_retries 3
-	lb_retry_match expression `{rp.status_code} in [502, 503]`
-	lb_retry_match expression `{rp.is_transport_error} || {rp.status_code} == 502`
-	lb_retry_match expression `method('POST') && {rp.status_code} == 503`
-	lb_retry_match `{rp.status_code} == 504`
-	lb_retry_match `{rp.is_transport_error} && method('PUT')`
-}
----------
-{
-	"apps": {
-		"http": {
-			"servers": {
-				"srv0": {
-					"listen": [
-						":8884"
-					],
-					"routes": [
-						{
-							"handle": [
-								{
-									"handler": "reverse_proxy",
-									"load_balancing": {
-										"retries": 3,
-										"retry_match": [
-											{
-												"expression": "{http.reverse_proxy.status_code} in [502, 503]"
-											},
-											{
-												"expression": "{http.reverse_proxy.is_transport_error} || {http.reverse_proxy.status_code} == 502"
-											},
-											{
-												"expression": "method('POST') \u0026\u0026 {http.reverse_proxy.status_code} == 503"
-											},
-											{
-												"expression": "{http.reverse_proxy.status_code} == 504"
-											},
-											{
-												"expression": "{http.reverse_proxy.is_transport_error} \u0026\u0026 method('PUT')"
-											}
-										]
-									},
-									"upstreams": [
-										{
-											"dial": "127.0.0.1:65535"
-										}
-									]
-								}
-							]
-						}
-					]
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
@@ -1,147 +0,0 @@
-:8884
-
-reverse_proxy 127.0.0.1:65535 {
-	lb_retries 5
-
-	# request matchers (backward-compatible, non-expression)
-	lb_retry_match {
-		method POST PUT
-	}
-	lb_retry_match {
-		path /foo*
-	}
-	lb_retry_match {
-		header X-Idempotency-Key *
-	}
-
-	# response status code via expression
-	lb_retry_match {
-		expression `{rp.status_code} in [502, 503, 504]`
-	}
-
-	# response header via expression
-	lb_retry_match {
-		expression `{rp.header.X-Retry} == "true"`
-	}
-
-	# CEL request functions combined with response placeholders
-	lb_retry_match {
-		expression `method('POST') && {rp.status_code} >= 500`
-	}
-	lb_retry_match {
-		expression `path('/api*') && {rp.status_code} in [502, 503]`
-	}
-	lb_retry_match {
-		expression `host('example.com') && {rp.status_code} == 503`
-	}
-	lb_retry_match {
-		expression `query({'retry': 'true'}) && {rp.status_code} >= 500`
-	}
-	lb_retry_match {
-		expression `header({'X-Idempotency-Key': '*'}) && {rp.status_code} in [502, 503]`
-	}
-	lb_retry_match {
-		expression `protocol('https') && {rp.status_code} == 502`
-	}
-	lb_retry_match {
-		expression `path_regexp('^/api/v[0-9]+/') && {rp.status_code} >= 500`
-	}
-	lb_retry_match {
-		expression `header_regexp('Content-Type', '^application/json') && {rp.status_code} == 502`
-	}
-
-	# transport error handling via placeholder
-	lb_retry_match {
-		expression `{rp.is_transport_error} || {rp.status_code} in [502, 503]`
-	}
-	lb_retry_match {
-		expression `{rp.is_transport_error} && method('POST')`
-	}
-}
----------
-{
-	"apps": {
-		"http": {
-			"servers": {
-				"srv0": {
-					"listen": [
-						":8884"
-					],
-					"routes": [
-						{
-							"handle": [
-								{
-									"handler": "reverse_proxy",
-									"load_balancing": {
-										"retries": 5,
-										"retry_match": [
-											{
-												"method": [
-													"POST",
-													"PUT"
-												]
-											},
-											{
-												"path": [
-													"/foo*"
-												]
-											},
-											{
-												"header": {
-													"X-Idempotency-Key": [
-														"*"
-													]
-												}
-											},
-											{
-												"expression": "{http.reverse_proxy.status_code} in [502, 503, 504]"
-											},
-											{
-												"expression": "{http.reverse_proxy.header.X-Retry} == \"true\""
-											},
-											{
-												"expression": "method('POST') \u0026\u0026 {http.reverse_proxy.status_code} \u003e= 500"
-											},
-											{
-												"expression": "path('/api*') \u0026\u0026 {http.reverse_proxy.status_code} in [502, 503]"
-											},
-											{
-												"expression": "host('example.com') \u0026\u0026 {http.reverse_proxy.status_code} == 503"
-											},
-											{
-												"expression": "query({'retry': 'true'}) \u0026\u0026 {http.reverse_proxy.status_code} \u003e= 500"
-											},
-											{
-												"expression": "header({'X-Idempotency-Key': '*'}) \u0026\u0026 {http.reverse_proxy.status_code} in [502, 503]"
-											},
-											{
-												"expression": "protocol('https') \u0026\u0026 {http.reverse_proxy.status_code} == 502"
-											},
-											{
-												"expression": "path_regexp('^/api/v[0-9]+/') \u0026\u0026 {http.reverse_proxy.status_code} \u003e= 500"
-											},
-											{
-												"expression": "header_regexp('Content-Type', '^application/json') \u0026\u0026 {http.reverse_proxy.status_code} == 502"
-											},
-											{
-												"expression": "{http.reverse_proxy.is_transport_error} || {http.reverse_proxy.status_code} in [502, 503]"
-											},
-											{
-												"expression": "{http.reverse_proxy.is_transport_error} \u0026\u0026 method('POST')"
-											}
-										]
-									},
-									"upstreams": [
-										{
-											"dial": "127.0.0.1:65535"
-										}
-									]
-								}
-							]
-						}
-					]
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-https://example.com {
-	reverse_proxy https://localhost:54321 {
-		stream_buffer_size 8KB
-	}
-}
-
----------
-{
-	"apps": {
-		"http": {
-			"servers": {
-				"srv0": {
-					"listen": [
-						":443"
-					],
-					"routes": [
-						{
-							"match": [
-								{
-									"host": [
-										"example.com"
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"handle": [
-								{
-									"handler": "subroute",
-									"routes": [
-										{
-											"handle": [
-												{
-													"handler": "reverse_proxy",
-													"stream_buffer_size": 8000,
-													"transport": {
-														"protocol": "http",
-														"tls": {}
-													},
-													"upstreams": [
-														{
-															"dial": "localhost:54321"
-														}
-													]
-												}
-											]
-										}
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"terminal": true
-						}
-					]
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-{
-	dns mock foo
-	acme_dns mock bar
-}
-
-localhost {
-	tls {
-		resolvers 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4
-	}
-}
----------
-{
-	"apps": {
-		"http": {
-			"servers": {
-				"srv0": {
-					"listen": [
-						":443"
-					],
-					"routes": [
-						{
-							"match": [
-								{
-									"host": [
-										"localhost"
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"terminal": true
-						}
-					]
-				}
-			}
-		},
-		"tls": {
-			"automation": {
-				"policies": [
-					{
-						"subjects": [
-							"localhost"
-						],
-						"issuers": [
-							{
-								"challenges": {
-									"dns": {
-										"provider": {
-											"argument": "bar",
-											"name": "mock"
-										},
-										"resolvers": [
-											"8.8.8.8",
-											"8.8.4.4"
-										]
-									}
-								},
-								"module": "acme"
-							}
-						]
-					},
-					{
-						"issuers": [
-							{
-								"challenges": {
-									"dns": {
-										"provider": {
-											"argument": "bar",
-											"name": "mock"
-										}
-									}
-								},
-								"module": "acme"
-							}
-						]
-					}
-				]
-			},
-			"dns": {
-				"argument": "foo",
-				"name": "mock"
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
@@ -54,6 +54,11 @@ b.com {
 								"via": "http"
 							}
 						]
+					},
+					{
+						"subjects": [
+							"b.com"
+						]
 					}
 				]
 			}
@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-# example from https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/issues/7559
-*.test.local {
-	tls {
-		get_certificate http http://cert-server:9000/certs
-	}
-	respond "wildcard"
-}
-
-# certificate for this subdomain is covered by wildcard above
-subdomain.test.local {
-	respond "subdomain"
-}
-
----------
-{
-	"apps": {
-		"http": {
-			"servers": {
-				"srv0": {
-					"listen": [
-						":443"
-					],
-					"routes": [
-						{
-							"match": [
-								{
-									"host": [
-										"subdomain.test.local"
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"handle": [
-								{
-									"handler": "subroute",
-									"routes": [
-										{
-											"handle": [
-												{
-													"body": "subdomain",
-													"handler": "static_response"
-												}
-											]
-										}
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"terminal": true
-						},
-						{
-							"match": [
-								{
-									"host": [
-										"*.test.local"
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"handle": [
-								{
-									"handler": "subroute",
-									"routes": [
-										{
-											"handle": [
-												{
-													"body": "wildcard",
-													"handler": "static_response"
-												}
-											]
-										}
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"terminal": true
-						}
-					]
-				}
-			}
-		},
-		"tls": {
-			"automation": {
-				"policies": [
-					{
-						"subjects": [
-							"*.test.local"
-						],
-						"get_certificate": [
-							{
-								"url": "http://cert-server:9000/certs",
-								"via": "http"
-							}
-						]
-					}
-				]
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-localhost
-
-respond "hello from localhost"
-tls {
-	client_auth {
-		mode request
-		trust_pool combined {
-			source inline {
-				trust_der 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
-			}
-			source file {
-				pem_file ../caddy.ca.cer
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
----------
-{
-	"apps": {
-		"http": {
-			"servers": {
-				"srv0": {
-					"listen": [
-						":443"
-					],
-					"routes": [
-						{
-							"match": [
-								{
-									"host": [
-										"localhost"
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"handle": [
-								{
-									"handler": "subroute",
-									"routes": [
-										{
-											"handle": [
-												{
-													"body": "hello from localhost",
-													"handler": "static_response"
-												}
-											]
-										}
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"terminal": true
-						}
-					],
-					"tls_connection_policies": [
-						{
-							"match": {
-								"sni": [
-									"localhost"
-								]
-							},
-							"client_authentication": {
-								"ca": {
-									"provider": "combined",
-									"sources": [
-										{
-											"provider": "inline",
-											"trusted_ca_certs": [
-												"MIIDSzCCAjOgAwIBAgIUfIRObjWNUA4jxQ/0x8BOCvE2Vw4wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQAwFjEUMBIGA1UEAwwLRWFzeS1SU0EgQ0EwHhcNMTkwODI4MTYyNTU5WhcNMjkwODI1MTYyNTU5WjAWMRQwEgYDVQQDDAtFYXN5LVJTQSBDQTCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBAK5m5elxhQfMp/3aVJ4JnpN9PUSz6LlP6LePAPFU7gqohVVFVtDkChJAG3FNkNQNlieVTja/bgH9IcC6oKbROwdY1h0MvNV8AHHigvl03WuJD8g2ReVFXXwsnrPmKXCFzQyMI6TYk3m2gYrXsZOU1GLnfMRC3KAMRgE2F45twOs9hqG169YJ6mM2eQjzjCHWI6S2/iUYvYxRkCOlYUbLsMD/AhgAf1plzg6LPqNxtdlwxZnA0ytgkmhK67HtzJu0+ovUCsMv0RwcMhsEo9T8nyFAGt9XLZ63X5WpBCTUApaAUhnG0XnerjmUWb6eUWw4zev54sEfY5F3x002iQaW6cECAwEAAaOBkDCBjTAdBgNVHQ4EFgQU4CBUbZsS2GaNIkGRz/cBsD5ivjswUQYDVR0jBEowSIAU4CBUbZsS2GaNIkGRz/cBsD5ivjuhGqQYMBYxFDASBgNVBAMMC0Vhc3ktUlNBIENBghR8hE5uNY1QDiPFD/THwE4K8TZXDjAMBgNVHRMEBTADAQH/MAsGA1UdDwQEAwIBBjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFAAOCAQEAKB3V4HIzoiO/Ch6WMj9bLJ2FGbpkMrcb/Eq01hT5zcfKD66lVS1MlK+cRL446Z2b2KDP1oFyVs+qmrmtdwrWgD+nfe2sBmmIHo9m9KygMkEOfG3MghGTEcS+0cTKEcoHYWYyOqQh6jnedXY8Cdm4GM1hAc9MiL3/sqV8YCVSLNnkoNysmr06/rZ0MCUZPGUtRmfd0heWhrfzAKw2HLgX+RAmpOE2MZqWcjvqKGyaRiaZks4nJkP6521aC2Lgp0HhCz1j8/uQ5ldoDszCnu/iro0NAsNtudTMD+YoLQxLqdleIh6CW+illc2VdXwj7mn6J04yns9jfE2jRjW/yTLFuQ=="
-											]
-										},
-										{
-											"pem_files": [
-												"../caddy.ca.cer"
-											],
-											"provider": "file"
-										}
-									]
-								},
-								"mode": "request"
-							}
-						},
-						{}
-					]
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-localhost
-
-respond "hello from localhost"
-tls {
-	client_auth {
-		mode require_and_verify
-		trust_pool combined {
-			source inline {
-				trust_der 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
-			}
-			source pki_root {
-				authority local
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
----------
-{
-	"apps": {
-		"http": {
-			"servers": {
-				"srv0": {
-					"listen": [
-						":443"
-					],
-					"routes": [
-						{
-							"match": [
-								{
-									"host": [
-										"localhost"
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"handle": [
-								{
-									"handler": "subroute",
-									"routes": [
-										{
-											"handle": [
-												{
-													"body": "hello from localhost",
-													"handler": "static_response"
-												}
-											]
-										}
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"terminal": true
-						}
-					],
-					"tls_connection_policies": [
-						{
-							"match": {
-								"sni": [
-									"localhost"
-								]
-							},
-							"client_authentication": {
-								"ca": {
-									"provider": "combined",
-									"sources": [
-										{
-											"provider": "inline",
-											"trusted_ca_certs": [
-												"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"
-											]
-										},
-										{
-											"authority": [
-												"local"
-											],
-											"provider": "pki_root"
-										}
-									]
-								},
-								"mode": "require_and_verify"
-							}
-						},
-						{}
-					]
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-localhost
-
-respond "hello from localhost"
-tls {
-	client_auth {
-		mode request
-		trust_pool system
-	}
-}
----------
-{
-	"apps": {
-		"http": {
-			"servers": {
-				"srv0": {
-					"listen": [
-						":443"
-					],
-					"routes": [
-						{
-							"match": [
-								{
-									"host": [
-										"localhost"
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"handle": [
-								{
-									"handler": "subroute",
-									"routes": [
-										{
-											"handle": [
-												{
-													"body": "hello from localhost",
-													"handler": "static_response"
-												}
-											]
-										}
-									]
-								}
-							],
-							"terminal": true
-						}
-					],
-					"tls_connection_policies": [
-						{
-							"match": {
-								"sni": [
-									"localhost"
-								]
-							},
-							"client_authentication": {
-								"ca": {
-									"provider": "system"
-								},
-								"mode": "request"
-							}
-						},
-						{}
-					]
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
@@ -1,206 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2015 Matthew Holt and The Caddy Authors
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package integration
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"net/http"
-	"net/http/httptest"
-	"strings"
-	"sync"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/caddytest"
-)
-
-// TestForwardAuthCopyHeadersStripsClientHeaders is a regression test for the
-// header injection vulnerability in forward_auth copy_headers.
-//
-// When the auth service returns 200 OK without one of the copy_headers headers,
-// the MatchNot guard skips the Set operation. Before this fix, the original
-// client-supplied header survived unchanged into the backend request, allowing
-// privilege escalation with only a valid (non-privileged) bearer token. After
-// the fix, an unconditional delete route runs first, so the backend always
-// sees an absent header rather than the attacker-supplied value.
-func TestForwardAuthCopyHeadersStripsClientHeaders(t *testing.T) {
-	// Mock auth service: accepts any Bearer token, returns 200 OK with NO
-	// identity headers. This is the stateless JWT validator pattern that
-	// triggers the vulnerability.
-	authSrv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		if strings.HasPrefix(r.Header.Get("Authorization"), "Bearer ") {
-			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
-			return
-		}
-		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
-	}))
-	defer authSrv.Close()
-
-	// Mock backend: records the identity headers it receives. A real application
-	// would use X-User-Id / X-User-Role to make authorization decisions.
-	type received struct{ userID, userRole string }
-	var (
-		mu   sync.Mutex
-		last received
-	)
-	backendSrv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		mu.Lock()
-		last = received{
-			userID:   r.Header.Get("X-User-Id"),
-			userRole: r.Header.Get("X-User-Role"),
-		}
-		mu.Unlock()
-		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
-		fmt.Fprint(w, "ok")
-	}))
-	defer backendSrv.Close()
-
-	authAddr := strings.TrimPrefix(authSrv.URL, "http://")
-	backendAddr := strings.TrimPrefix(backendSrv.URL, "http://")
-
-	tester := caddytest.NewTester(t)
-	tester.InitServer(fmt.Sprintf(`
-	{
-		skip_install_trust
-		admin localhost:2999
-		http_port 9080
-		https_port 9443
-		grace_period 1ns
-	}
-	http://localhost:9080 {
-		forward_auth %s {
-			uri /
-			copy_headers X-User-Id X-User-Role
-		}
-		reverse_proxy %s
-	}
-	`, authAddr, backendAddr), "caddyfile")
-
-	// Case 1: no token. Auth must still reject the request even when the client
-	// includes identity headers. This confirms the auth check is not bypassed.
-	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "http://localhost:9080/", nil)
-	req.Header.Set("X-User-Id", "injected")
-	req.Header.Set("X-User-Role", "injected")
-	resp := tester.AssertResponseCode(req, http.StatusUnauthorized)
-	resp.Body.Close()
-
-	// Case 2: valid token, no injected headers. The backend should see absent
-	// identity headers (the auth service never returns them).
-	req, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "http://localhost:9080/", nil)
-	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer token123")
-	tester.AssertResponse(req, http.StatusOK, "ok")
-	mu.Lock()
-	gotID, gotRole := last.userID, last.userRole
-	mu.Unlock()
-	if gotID != "" {
-		t.Errorf("baseline: X-User-Id should be absent, got %q", gotID)
-	}
-	if gotRole != "" {
-		t.Errorf("baseline: X-User-Role should be absent, got %q", gotRole)
-	}
-
-	// Case 3 (the security regression): valid token plus forged identity headers.
-	// The fix must strip those values so the backend never sees them.
-	req, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "http://localhost:9080/", nil)
-	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer token123")
-	req.Header.Set("X-User-Id", "admin")        // forged
-	req.Header.Set("X-User-Role", "superadmin") // forged
-	tester.AssertResponse(req, http.StatusOK, "ok")
-	mu.Lock()
-	gotID, gotRole = last.userID, last.userRole
-	mu.Unlock()
-	if gotID != "" {
-		t.Errorf("injection: X-User-Id must be stripped, got %q", gotID)
-	}
-	if gotRole != "" {
-		t.Errorf("injection: X-User-Role must be stripped, got %q", gotRole)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestForwardAuthCopyHeadersAuthResponseWins verifies that when the auth
-// service does include a copy_headers header in its response, that value
-// is forwarded to the backend and takes precedence over any client-supplied
-// value for the same header.
-func TestForwardAuthCopyHeadersAuthResponseWins(t *testing.T) {
-	const wantUserID = "service-user-42"
-	const wantUserRole = "editor"
-
-	// Auth service: accepts bearer token and sets identity headers.
-	authSrv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		if strings.HasPrefix(r.Header.Get("Authorization"), "Bearer ") {
-			w.Header().Set("X-User-Id", wantUserID)
-			w.Header().Set("X-User-Role", wantUserRole)
-			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
-			return
-		}
-		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
-	}))
-	defer authSrv.Close()
-
-	type received struct{ userID, userRole string }
-	var (
-		mu   sync.Mutex
-		last received
-	)
-	backendSrv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		mu.Lock()
-		last = received{
-			userID:   r.Header.Get("X-User-Id"),
-			userRole: r.Header.Get("X-User-Role"),
-		}
-		mu.Unlock()
-		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
-		fmt.Fprint(w, "ok")
-	}))
-	defer backendSrv.Close()
-
-	authAddr := strings.TrimPrefix(authSrv.URL, "http://")
-	backendAddr := strings.TrimPrefix(backendSrv.URL, "http://")
-
-	tester := caddytest.NewTester(t)
-	tester.InitServer(fmt.Sprintf(`
-	{
-		skip_install_trust
-		admin localhost:2999
-		http_port 9080
-		https_port 9443
-		grace_period 1ns
-	}
-	http://localhost:9080 {
-		forward_auth %s {
-			uri /
-			copy_headers X-User-Id X-User-Role
-		}
-		reverse_proxy %s
-	}
-	`, authAddr, backendAddr), "caddyfile")
-
-	// The client sends forged headers; the auth service overrides them with
-	// its own values. The backend must receive the auth service values.
-	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "http://localhost:9080/", nil)
-	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer token123")
-	req.Header.Set("X-User-Id", "forged-id")     // must be overwritten
-	req.Header.Set("X-User-Role", "forged-role") // must be overwritten
-	tester.AssertResponse(req, http.StatusOK, "ok")
-
-	mu.Lock()
-	gotID, gotRole := last.userID, last.userRole
-	mu.Unlock()
-	if gotID != wantUserID {
-		t.Errorf("X-User-Id: want %q, got %q", wantUserID, gotID)
-	}
-	if gotRole != wantUserRole {
-		t.Errorf("X-User-Role: want %q, got %q", wantUserRole, gotRole)
-	}
-}
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package integration
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"fmt"
-	"math/rand/v2"
+	"math/rand"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ func TestHTTPRedirectWrapperWithLargeUpload(t *testing.T) {
 	const uploadSize = (1024 * 1024) + 1 // 1 MB + 1 byte
 	// 1 more than an MB
 	body := make([]byte, uploadSize)
-	rand.NewChaCha8([32]byte{}).Read(body)
+	rand.New(rand.NewSource(0)).Read(body)

 	tester := setupListenerWrapperTest(t, func(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
 		buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func TestLeafCertLifetimeLessThanIntermediate(t *testing.T) {
        }
      }
    }
-  `, "json", "should be less than intermediate certificate lifetime")
+	`, "json", "certificate lifetime (168h0m0s) should be less than intermediate certificate lifetime (168h0m0s)")
 }

 func TestIntermediateLifetimeLessThanRoot(t *testing.T) {
@@ -103,5 +103,5 @@ func TestIntermediateLifetimeLessThanRoot(t *testing.T) {
        }
      }
    }
-  `, "json", "intermediate certificate lifetime must be less than actual root certificate lifetime")
+	`, "json", "intermediate certificate lifetime must be less than actual root certificate lifetime (86400h0m0s)")
 }
@@ -1,595 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2015 Matthew Holt and The Caddy Authors
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-// Integration tests for Caddy's PROXY protocol support, covering two distinct
-// roles that Caddy can play:
-//
-//  1. As a PROXY protocol *sender* (reverse proxy outbound transport):
-//     Caddy receives an inbound request from a test client and the
-//     reverse_proxy handler forwards it to an upstream with a PROXY protocol
-//     header (v1 or v2) prepended to the connection.  A lightweight backend
-//     built with go-proxyproto validates that the header was received and
-//     carries the correct client address.
-//
-//     Transport versions tested:
-//   - "1.1"  -> plain HTTP/1.1 to the upstream
-//   - "h2c"  -> HTTP/2 cleartext (h2c) to the upstream (regression for #7529)
-//   - "2"    -> HTTP/2 over TLS (h2) to the upstream
-//
-//     For each transport version both PROXY protocol v1 and v2 are exercised.
-//
-//     HTTP/3 (h3) is not included because it uses QUIC/UDP and therefore
-//     bypasses the TCP-level dialContext that injects PROXY protocol headers;
-//     there is no meaningful h3 + proxy protocol sender combination to test.
-//
-//  2. As a PROXY protocol *receiver* (server-side listener wrapper):
-//     A raw TCP client dials Caddy directly, injects a PROXY v2 header
-//     spoofing a source address, and sends a normal HTTP/1.1 request.  The
-//     Caddy server is configured with the proxy_protocol listener wrapper and
-//     is expected to surface the spoofed address via the
-//     {http.request.remote.host} placeholder.
-
-package integration
-
-import (
-	"crypto/tls"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
-	"net"
-	"net/http"
-	"net/http/httptest"
-	"slices"
-	"strings"
-	"sync"
-	"testing"
-
-	goproxy "github.com/pires/go-proxyproto"
-	"golang.org/x/net/http2"
-	"golang.org/x/net/http2/h2c"
-
-	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/caddytest"
-)
-
-// proxyProtoBackend is a minimal HTTP server that sits behind a
-// go-proxyproto listener and records the source address that was
-// delivered in the PROXY header for each request.
-type proxyProtoBackend struct {
-	mu          sync.Mutex
-	headerAddrs []string // host:port strings extracted from each PROXY header
-
-	ln  net.Listener
-	srv *http.Server
-}
-
-// newProxyProtoBackend starts a TCP listener wrapped with go-proxyproto on a
-// random local port and serves requests with a simple "OK" body.  The PROXY
-// header source addresses are accumulated in headerAddrs so tests can
-// inspect them.
-func newProxyProtoBackend(t *testing.T) *proxyProtoBackend {
-	t.Helper()
-
-	b := &proxyProtoBackend{}
-
-	rawLn, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("backend: listen: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// Wrap with go-proxyproto so the PROXY header is stripped and parsed
-	// before the HTTP server sees the connection.  We use REQUIRE so that a
-	// missing header returns an error instead of silently passing through.
-	pLn := &goproxy.Listener{
-		Listener: rawLn,
-		Policy: func(_ net.Addr) (goproxy.Policy, error) {
-			return goproxy.REQUIRE, nil
-		},
-	}
-	b.ln = pLn
-
-	// Wrap the handler with h2c support so the backend can speak HTTP/2
-	// cleartext (h2c) as well as plain HTTP/1.1.  Without this, Caddy's
-	// reverse proxy would receive a 'frame too large' error when the
-	// upstream transport is configured to use h2c.
-	h2Server := &http2.Server{}
-	handlerFn := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		// go-proxyproto has already updated the net.Conn's remote
-		// address to the value from the PROXY header; the HTTP server
-		// surfaces it in r.RemoteAddr.
-		b.mu.Lock()
-		b.headerAddrs = append(b.headerAddrs, r.RemoteAddr)
-		b.mu.Unlock()
-		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
-		_, _ = fmt.Fprint(w, "OK")
-	})
-
-	b.srv = &http.Server{
-		Handler: h2c.NewHandler(handlerFn, h2Server),
-	}
-
-	go b.srv.Serve(pLn) //nolint:errcheck
-	t.Cleanup(func() {
-		_ = b.srv.Close()
-		_ = rawLn.Close()
-	})
-
-	return b
-}
-
-// addr returns the listening address (host:port) of the backend.
-func (b *proxyProtoBackend) addr() string {
-	return b.ln.Addr().String()
-}
-
-// recordedAddrs returns a snapshot of all PROXY-header source addresses seen
-// so far.
-func (b *proxyProtoBackend) recordedAddrs() []string {
-	b.mu.Lock()
-	defer b.mu.Unlock()
-	cp := make([]string, len(b.headerAddrs))
-	copy(cp, b.headerAddrs)
-	return cp
-}
-
-// tlsProxyProtoBackend is a TLS-enabled backend that sits behind a
-// go-proxyproto listener.  The PROXY header is stripped before the TLS
-// handshake so the layer order on a connection is:
-//
-//	raw TCP → go-proxyproto (strips PROXY header) → TLS handshake → HTTP/2
-type tlsProxyProtoBackend struct {
-	mu          sync.Mutex
-	headerAddrs []string
-
-	srv *httptest.Server
-}
-
-// newTLSProxyProtoBackend starts a TLS listener that first reads and strips
-// PROXY protocol headers (go-proxyproto, REQUIRE policy) and then performs a
-// TLS handshake.  The backend speaks HTTP/2 over TLS (h2).
-//
-// The certificate is the standard self-signed certificate generated by
-// httptest.Server; the Caddy transport must be configured with
-// insecure_skip_verify: true to trust it.
-func newTLSProxyProtoBackend(t *testing.T) *tlsProxyProtoBackend {
-	t.Helper()
-
-	b := &tlsProxyProtoBackend{}
-
-	handlerFn := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		b.mu.Lock()
-		b.headerAddrs = append(b.headerAddrs, r.RemoteAddr)
-		b.mu.Unlock()
-		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
-		_, _ = fmt.Fprint(w, "OK")
-	})
-
-	rawLn, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("tlsBackend: listen: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// Wrap with go-proxyproto so the PROXY header is consumed before TLS.
-	pLn := &goproxy.Listener{
-		Listener: rawLn,
-		Policy: func(_ net.Addr) (goproxy.Policy, error) {
-			return goproxy.REQUIRE, nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	// httptest.NewUnstartedServer lets us replace the listener before
-	// calling StartTLS(), which wraps our proxyproto listener with
-	// tls.NewListener.  This gives us the right layer order.
-	b.srv = httptest.NewUnstartedServer(handlerFn)
-	b.srv.Listener = pLn
-
-	// StartTLS enables HTTP/2 on the server automatically.
-	b.srv.StartTLS()
-
-	t.Cleanup(func() {
-		b.srv.Close()
-	})
-
-	return b
-}
-
-// addr returns the listening address (host:port) of the TLS backend.
-func (b *tlsProxyProtoBackend) addr() string {
-	return b.srv.Listener.Addr().String()
-}
-
-// tlsConfig returns the *tls.Config used by the backend server.
-// Tests can use it to verify cert details if needed.
-func (b *tlsProxyProtoBackend) tlsConfig() *tls.Config {
-	return b.srv.TLS
-}
-
-// recordedAddrs returns a snapshot of all PROXY-header source addresses.
-func (b *tlsProxyProtoBackend) recordedAddrs() []string {
-	b.mu.Lock()
-	defer b.mu.Unlock()
-	cp := make([]string, len(b.headerAddrs))
-	copy(cp, b.headerAddrs)
-	return cp
-}
-
-// proxyProtoTLSConfig builds a Caddy JSON configuration that proxies to a TLS
-// upstream with PROXY protocol.  The transport uses insecure_skip_verify so
-// the self-signed certificate generated by httptest.Server is accepted.
-func proxyProtoTLSConfig(listenPort int, backendAddr, ppVersion string, transportVersions []string) string {
-	versionsJSON, _ := json.Marshal(transportVersions)
-	return fmt.Sprintf(`{
-		"admin": {
-			"listen": "localhost:2999"
-		},
-		"apps": {
-			"pki": {
-				"certificate_authorities": {
-					"local": {
-						"install_trust": false
-					}
-				}
-			},
-			"http": {
-				"grace_period": 1,
-				"servers": {
-					"proxy": {
-						"listen": [":%d"],
-						"automatic_https": {
-							"disable": true
-						},
-						"routes": [
-							{
-								"handle": [
-									{
-										"handler": "reverse_proxy",
-										"upstreams": [{"dial": "%s"}],
-										"transport": {
-											"protocol": "http",
-											"proxy_protocol": "%s",
-											"versions": %s,
-											"tls": {
-												"insecure_skip_verify": true
-											}
-										}
-									}
-								]
-							}
-						]
-					}
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}`, listenPort, backendAddr, ppVersion, string(versionsJSON))
-}
-
-// testTLSProxyProtocolMatrix is the shared implementation for TLS-based proxy
-// protocol tests.  It mirrors testProxyProtocolMatrix but uses a TLS backend.
-func testTLSProxyProtocolMatrix(t *testing.T, ppVersion string, transportVersions []string, numRequests int) {
-	t.Helper()
-
-	backend := newTLSProxyProtoBackend(t)
-	listenPort := freePort(t)
-
-	tester := caddytest.NewTester(t)
-	tester.WithDefaultOverrides(caddytest.Config{
-		AdminPort: 2999,
-	})
-	cfg := proxyProtoTLSConfig(listenPort, backend.addr(), ppVersion, transportVersions)
-	tester.InitServer(cfg, "json")
-
-	proxyURL := fmt.Sprintf("http://127.0.0.1:%d/", listenPort)
-
-	for i := 0; i < numRequests; i++ {
-		resp, err := tester.Client.Get(proxyURL)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("request %d/%d: GET %s: %v", i+1, numRequests, proxyURL, err)
-		}
-		resp.Body.Close()
-		if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
-			t.Errorf("request %d/%d: expected status 200, got %d", i+1, numRequests, resp.StatusCode)
-		}
-	}
-
-	addrs := backend.recordedAddrs()
-	if len(addrs) == 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("backend recorded no PROXY protocol addresses (expected at least 1)")
-	}
-
-	for i, addr := range addrs {
-		host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(addr)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Errorf("addr[%d] %q: SplitHostPort: %v", i, addr, err)
-			continue
-		}
-		if host != "127.0.0.1" {
-			t.Errorf("addr[%d]: expected source 127.0.0.1, got %q", i, host)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// proxyProtoConfig builds a Caddy JSON configuration that:
-//   - listens on listenPort for inbound HTTP requests
-//   - proxies them to backendAddr with PROXY protocol ppVersion ("v1"/"v2")
-//   - uses the given transport versions (e.g. ["1.1"] or ["h2c"])
-func proxyProtoConfig(listenPort int, backendAddr, ppVersion string, transportVersions []string) string {
-	versionsJSON, _ := json.Marshal(transportVersions)
-	return fmt.Sprintf(`{
-		"admin": {
-			"listen": "localhost:2999"
-		},
-		"apps": {
-			"pki": {
-				"certificate_authorities": {
-					"local": {
-						"install_trust": false
-					}
-				}
-			},
-			"http": {
-				"grace_period": 1,
-				"servers": {
-					"proxy": {
-						"listen": [":%d"],
-						"automatic_https": {
-							"disable": true
-						},
-						"routes": [
-							{
-								"handle": [
-									{
-										"handler": "reverse_proxy",
-										"upstreams": [{"dial": "%s"}],
-										"transport": {
-											"protocol": "http",
-											"proxy_protocol": "%s",
-											"versions": %s
-										}
-									}
-								]
-							}
-						]
-					}
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}`, listenPort, backendAddr, ppVersion, string(versionsJSON))
-}
-
-// freePort returns a free local TCP port by binding briefly and releasing it.
-func freePort(t *testing.T) int {
-	t.Helper()
-	ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("freePort: %v", err)
-	}
-	port := ln.Addr().(*net.TCPAddr).Port
-	_ = ln.Close()
-	return port
-}
-
-// TestProxyProtocolV1WithH1 verifies that PROXY protocol v1 headers are sent
-// correctly when the transport uses HTTP/1.1 to the upstream.
-func TestProxyProtocolV1WithH1(t *testing.T) {
-	testProxyProtocolMatrix(t, "v1", []string{"1.1"}, 1)
-}
-
-// TestProxyProtocolV2WithH1 verifies that PROXY protocol v2 headers are sent
-// correctly when the transport uses HTTP/1.1 to the upstream.
-func TestProxyProtocolV2WithH1(t *testing.T) {
-	testProxyProtocolMatrix(t, "v2", []string{"1.1"}, 1)
-}
-
-// TestProxyProtocolV1WithH2C verifies that PROXY protocol v1 headers are sent
-// correctly when the transport uses h2c (HTTP/2 cleartext) to the upstream.
-func TestProxyProtocolV1WithH2C(t *testing.T) {
-	testProxyProtocolMatrix(t, "v1", []string{"h2c"}, 1)
-}
-
-// TestProxyProtocolV2WithH2C verifies that PROXY protocol v2 headers are sent
-// correctly when the transport uses h2c (HTTP/2 cleartext) to the upstream.
-// This is the primary regression test for github.com/caddyserver/caddy/issues/7529:
-// before the fix, the h2 transport opened a new TCP connection per request
-// (because req.URL.Host was mangled differently for each request due to the
-// varying client port), which caused file-descriptor exhaustion under load.
-func TestProxyProtocolV2WithH2C(t *testing.T) {
-	testProxyProtocolMatrix(t, "v2", []string{"h2c"}, 1)
-}
-
-// TestProxyProtocolV2WithH2CMultipleRequests sends several sequential requests
-// through the h2c + PROXY-protocol path and confirms that:
-//  1. Every request receives a 200 response (no connection exhaustion).
-//  2. The backend received at least one PROXY header (connection was reused).
-//
-// This is the core regression guard for issue #7529: without the fix, a new
-// TCP connection was opened per request, quickly exhausting file descriptors.
-func TestProxyProtocolV2WithH2CMultipleRequests(t *testing.T) {
-	testProxyProtocolMatrix(t, "v2", []string{"h2c"}, 5)
-}
-
-// TestProxyProtocolV1WithH2 verifies that PROXY protocol v1 headers are sent
-// correctly when the transport uses HTTP/2 over TLS (h2) to the upstream.
-func TestProxyProtocolV1WithH2(t *testing.T) {
-	testTLSProxyProtocolMatrix(t, "v1", []string{"2"}, 1)
-}
-
-// TestProxyProtocolV2WithH2 verifies that PROXY protocol v2 headers are sent
-// correctly when the transport uses HTTP/2 over TLS (h2) to the upstream.
-func TestProxyProtocolV2WithH2(t *testing.T) {
-	testTLSProxyProtocolMatrix(t, "v2", []string{"2"}, 1)
-}
-
-// TestProxyProtocolServerAndProxy is an end-to-end matrix test that exercises
-// all combinations of PROXY protocol version x transport version.
-func TestProxyProtocolServerAndProxy(t *testing.T) {
-	plainTests := []struct {
-		name              string
-		ppVersion         string
-		transportVersions []string
-		numRequests       int
-	}{
-		{"h1-v1", "v1", []string{"1.1"}, 3},
-		{"h1-v2", "v2", []string{"1.1"}, 3},
-		{"h2c-v1", "v1", []string{"h2c"}, 3},
-		{"h2c-v2", "v2", []string{"h2c"}, 3},
-	}
-	for _, tc := range plainTests {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			testProxyProtocolMatrix(t, tc.ppVersion, tc.transportVersions, tc.numRequests)
-		})
-	}
-
-	tlsTests := []struct {
-		name              string
-		ppVersion         string
-		transportVersions []string
-		numRequests       int
-	}{
-		{"h2-v1", "v1", []string{"2"}, 3},
-		{"h2-v2", "v2", []string{"2"}, 3},
-	}
-	for _, tc := range tlsTests {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			testTLSProxyProtocolMatrix(t, tc.ppVersion, tc.transportVersions, tc.numRequests)
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-// testProxyProtocolMatrix is the shared implementation for the proxy protocol
-// tests.  It:
-//  1. Starts a go-proxyproto-wrapped backend.
-//  2. Configures Caddy as a reverse proxy with the given PROXY protocol
-//     version and transport versions.
-//  3. Sends numRequests GET requests through Caddy and asserts 200 OK each time.
-//  4. Asserts the backend recorded at least one PROXY header whose source host
-//     is 127.0.0.1 (the loopback address used by the test client).
-func testProxyProtocolMatrix(t *testing.T, ppVersion string, transportVersions []string, numRequests int) {
-	t.Helper()
-
-	backend := newProxyProtoBackend(t)
-	listenPort := freePort(t)
-
-	tester := caddytest.NewTester(t)
-	tester.WithDefaultOverrides(caddytest.Config{
-		AdminPort: 2999,
-	})
-	cfg := proxyProtoConfig(listenPort, backend.addr(), ppVersion, transportVersions)
-	tester.InitServer(cfg, "json")
-
-	// If the test is h2c-only (no "1.1" in versions), reconfigure the test
-	// client transport to use unencrypted HTTP/2 so we actually exercise the
-	// h2c code path through Caddy.
-	if slices.Contains(transportVersions, "h2c") && !slices.Contains(transportVersions, "1.1") {
-		tr, ok := tester.Client.Transport.(*http.Transport)
-		if ok {
-			tr.Protocols = new(http.Protocols)
-			tr.Protocols.SetHTTP1(false)
-			tr.Protocols.SetUnencryptedHTTP2(true)
-		}
-	}
-
-	proxyURL := fmt.Sprintf("http://127.0.0.1:%d/", listenPort)
-
-	for i := 0; i < numRequests; i++ {
-		resp, err := tester.Client.Get(proxyURL)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("request %d/%d: GET %s: %v", i+1, numRequests, proxyURL, err)
-		}
-		resp.Body.Close()
-		if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
-			t.Errorf("request %d/%d: expected status 200, got %d", i+1, numRequests, resp.StatusCode)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// The backend must have seen at least one PROXY header.  For h1, there is
-	// one per request; for h2c, requests share the same connection so only one
-	// header is written at connection establishment.
-	addrs := backend.recordedAddrs()
-	if len(addrs) == 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("backend recorded no PROXY protocol addresses (expected at least 1)")
-	}
-
-	// Every PROXY-decoded source address must be the loopback address since
-	// the test client always connects from 127.0.0.1.
-	for i, addr := range addrs {
-		host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(addr)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Errorf("addr[%d] %q: SplitHostPort: %v", i, addr, err)
-			continue
-		}
-		if host != "127.0.0.1" {
-			t.Errorf("addr[%d]: expected source 127.0.0.1, got %q", i, host)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// TestProxyProtocolListenerWrapper verifies that Caddy's
-// caddy.listeners.proxy_protocol listener wrapper can successfully parse
-// incoming PROXY protocol headers.
-//
-// The test dials Caddy's listening port directly, injects a raw PROXY v2
-// header spoofing source address 10.0.0.1:1234, then sends a normal
-// HTTP/1.1 GET request.  The Caddy server is configured to echo back the
-// remote address ({http.request.remote.host}).  The test asserts that the
-// echoed address is the spoofed 10.0.0.1.
-func TestProxyProtocolListenerWrapper(t *testing.T) {
-	tester := caddytest.NewTester(t)
-	tester.InitServer(`{
-		skip_install_trust
-		admin localhost:2999
-		http_port 9080
-		https_port 9443
-		grace_period 1ns
-		servers :9080 {
-			listener_wrappers {
-				proxy_protocol {
-					timeout 5s
-					allow 127.0.0.0/8
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	http://localhost:9080 {
-		respond "{http.request.remote.host}"
-	}`, "caddyfile")
-
-	// Dial the Caddy listener directly and inject a PROXY v2 header that
-	// claims the connection originates from 10.0.0.1:1234.
-	conn, err := net.Dial("tcp", "127.0.0.1:9080")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("dial: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer conn.Close()
-
-	spoofedSrc := &net.TCPAddr{IP: net.ParseIP("10.0.0.1"), Port: 1234}
-	spoofedDst := &net.TCPAddr{IP: net.ParseIP("127.0.0.1"), Port: 9080}
-	hdr := goproxy.HeaderProxyFromAddrs(2, spoofedSrc, spoofedDst)
-	if _, err := hdr.WriteTo(conn); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("write proxy header: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// Write a minimal HTTP/1.1 GET request.
-	_, err = fmt.Fprintf(conn,
-		"GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: localhost\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("write HTTP request: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// Read the raw response and look for the spoofed address in the body.
-	buf := make([]byte, 4096)
-	n, _ := conn.Read(buf)
-	raw := string(buf[:n])
-
-	if !strings.Contains(raw, "10.0.0.1") {
-		t.Errorf("expected spoofed address 10.0.0.1 in response body; full response:\n%s", raw)
-	}
-}
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"runtime"
 	"strings"
-	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
+	"time"

 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/caddytest"
 )
@@ -327,41 +327,6 @@ func TestReverseProxyWithPlaceholderTCPDialAddress(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestReverseProxyHealthCheck(t *testing.T) {
-	// Start lightweight backend servers so they're ready before Caddy's
-	// active health checker runs; this avoids a startup race where the
-	// health checker probes backends that haven't yet begun accepting
-	// connections and marks them unhealthy.
-	//
-	// This mirrors how health checks are typically used in practice (to a separate
-	// backend service) and avoids probing the same Caddy instance while it's still
-	// provisioning and not ready to accept connections.
-
-	// backend server that responds to proxied requests
-	helloSrv := &http.Server{
-		Handler: http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
-			_, _ = w.Write([]byte("Hello, World!"))
-		}),
-	}
-	ln0, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:2020")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to listen on 127.0.0.1:2020: %v", err)
-	}
-	go helloSrv.Serve(ln0)
-	t.Cleanup(func() { helloSrv.Close(); ln0.Close() })
-
-	// backend server that serves health checks
-	healthSrv := &http.Server{
-		Handler: http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
-			_, _ = w.Write([]byte("ok"))
-		}),
-	}
-	ln1, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:2021")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to listen on 127.0.0.1:2021: %v", err)
-	}
-	go healthSrv.Serve(ln1)
-	t.Cleanup(func() { healthSrv.Close(); ln1.Close() })
-
 	tester := caddytest.NewTester(t)
 	tester.InitServer(`
 	{
@@ -371,6 +336,12 @@ func TestReverseProxyHealthCheck(t *testing.T) {
 		https_port    9443
 		grace_period 1ns
 	}
+	http://localhost:2020 {
+		respond "Hello, World!"
+	}
+	http://localhost:2021 {
+		respond "ok"
+	}
 	http://localhost:9080 {
 		reverse_proxy {
 			to localhost:2020
@@ -384,68 +355,8 @@ func TestReverseProxyHealthCheck(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 	`, "caddyfile")
-	tester.AssertGetResponse("http://localhost:9080/", 200, "Hello, World!")
-}

-// TestReverseProxyHealthCheckPortUsed verifies that health_port is actually
-// used for active health checks and not the upstream's main port. This is a
-// regression test for https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/issues/7524.
-func TestReverseProxyHealthCheckPortUsed(t *testing.T) {
-	// upstream server: serves proxied requests normally, but returns 503 for
-	// /health so that if health checks mistakenly hit this port the upstream
-	// gets marked unhealthy and the proxy returns 503.
-	upstreamSrv := &http.Server{
-		Handler: http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
-			if req.URL.Path == "/health" {
-				w.WriteHeader(http.StatusServiceUnavailable)
-				return
-			}
-			_, _ = w.Write([]byte("Hello, World!"))
-		}),
-	}
-	ln0, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:2022")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to listen on 127.0.0.1:2022: %v", err)
-	}
-	go upstreamSrv.Serve(ln0)
-	t.Cleanup(func() { upstreamSrv.Close(); ln0.Close() })
-
-	// separate health check server on the configured health_port: returns 200
-	// so the upstream is marked healthy only if health checks go to this port.
-	healthSrv := &http.Server{
-		Handler: http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
-			_, _ = w.Write([]byte("ok"))
-		}),
-	}
-	ln1, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:2023")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to listen on 127.0.0.1:2023: %v", err)
-	}
-	go healthSrv.Serve(ln1)
-	t.Cleanup(func() { healthSrv.Close(); ln1.Close() })
-
-	tester := caddytest.NewTester(t)
-	tester.InitServer(`
-	{
-		skip_install_trust
-		admin localhost:2999
-		http_port     9080
-		https_port    9443
-		grace_period 1ns
-	}
-	http://localhost:9080 {
-		reverse_proxy {
-			to localhost:2022
-
-			health_uri /health
-			health_port 2023
-			health_interval 10ms
-			health_timeout 100ms
-			health_passes 1
-			health_fails 1
-		}
-	}
-	`, "caddyfile")
+	time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond) // TODO: for some reason this test seems particularly flaky, getting 503 when it should be 200, unless we wait
 	tester.AssertGetResponse("http://localhost:9080/", 200, "Hello, World!")
 }

@@ -563,233 +474,3 @@ func TestReverseProxyHealthCheckUnixSocketWithoutPort(t *testing.T) {

 	tester.AssertGetResponse("http://localhost:9080/", 200, "Hello, World!")
 }
-
-// TestReverseProxyRetryMatchStatusCode verifies that lb_retry_match with a
-// CEL expression matching on {rp.status_code} causes the request to be
-// retried on the next upstream when the first upstream returns a matching
-// status code
-func TestReverseProxyRetryMatchStatusCode(t *testing.T) {
-	// Bad upstream: returns 502
-	badSrv := &http.Server{
-		Handler: http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadGateway)
-		}),
-	}
-	badLn, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to listen: %v", err)
-	}
-	go badSrv.Serve(badLn)
-	t.Cleanup(func() { badSrv.Close(); badLn.Close() })
-
-	// Good upstream: returns 200
-	goodSrv := &http.Server{
-		Handler: http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-			w.Write([]byte("ok"))
-		}),
-	}
-	goodLn, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to listen: %v", err)
-	}
-	go goodSrv.Serve(goodLn)
-	t.Cleanup(func() { goodSrv.Close(); goodLn.Close() })
-
-	tester := caddytest.NewTester(t)
-	tester.InitServer(fmt.Sprintf(`
-	{
-		skip_install_trust
-		admin localhost:2999
-		http_port 9080
-		https_port 9443
-		grace_period 1ns
-	}
-	http://localhost:9080 {
-		reverse_proxy %s %s {
-			lb_policy round_robin
-			lb_retries 1
-			lb_retry_match {
-				expression `+"`{rp.status_code} in [502, 503]`"+`
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	`, goodLn.Addr().String(), badLn.Addr().String()), "caddyfile")
-
-	tester.AssertGetResponse("http://localhost:9080/", 200, "ok")
-}
-
-// TestReverseProxyRetryMatchHeader verifies that lb_retry_match with a CEL
-// expression matching on {rp.header.*} causes the request to be retried when
-// the upstream sets a matching response header
-func TestReverseProxyRetryMatchHeader(t *testing.T) {
-	var badHits atomic.Int32
-
-	// Bad upstream: returns 200 but signals retry via header
-	badSrv := &http.Server{
-		Handler: http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-			badHits.Add(1)
-			w.Header().Set("X-Upstream-Retry", "true")
-			w.Write([]byte("bad"))
-		}),
-	}
-	badLn, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to listen: %v", err)
-	}
-	go badSrv.Serve(badLn)
-	t.Cleanup(func() { badSrv.Close(); badLn.Close() })
-
-	// Good upstream: returns 200 without retry header
-	goodSrv := &http.Server{
-		Handler: http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-			w.Write([]byte("good"))
-		}),
-	}
-	goodLn, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to listen: %v", err)
-	}
-	go goodSrv.Serve(goodLn)
-	t.Cleanup(func() { goodSrv.Close(); goodLn.Close() })
-
-	tester := caddytest.NewTester(t)
-	tester.InitServer(fmt.Sprintf(`
-	{
-		skip_install_trust
-		admin localhost:2999
-		http_port 9080
-		https_port 9443
-		grace_period 1ns
-	}
-	http://localhost:9080 {
-		reverse_proxy %s %s {
-			lb_policy round_robin
-			lb_retries 1
-			lb_retry_match {
-				expression `+"`{rp.header.X-Upstream-Retry} == \"true\"`"+`
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	`, goodLn.Addr().String(), badLn.Addr().String()), "caddyfile")
-
-	tester.AssertGetResponse("http://localhost:9080/", 200, "good")
-
-	if badHits.Load() != 1 {
-		t.Errorf("bad upstream hits: got %d, want 1", badHits.Load())
-	}
-}
-
-// TestReverseProxyRetryMatchCombined verifies that a CEL expression combining
-// request path matching with response status code matching works correctly -
-// only retrying when both conditions are met
-func TestReverseProxyRetryMatchCombined(t *testing.T) {
-	// Upstream: returns 502 for all requests
-	srv := &http.Server{
-		Handler: http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadGateway)
-		}),
-	}
-	ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to listen: %v", err)
-	}
-	go srv.Serve(ln)
-	t.Cleanup(func() { srv.Close(); ln.Close() })
-
-	// Good upstream
-	goodSrv := &http.Server{
-		Handler: http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-			w.Write([]byte("ok"))
-		}),
-	}
-	goodLn, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to listen: %v", err)
-	}
-	go goodSrv.Serve(goodLn)
-	t.Cleanup(func() { goodSrv.Close(); goodLn.Close() })
-
-	tester := caddytest.NewTester(t)
-	tester.InitServer(fmt.Sprintf(`
-	{
-		skip_install_trust
-		admin localhost:2999
-		http_port 9080
-		https_port 9443
-		grace_period 1ns
-	}
-	http://localhost:9080 {
-		reverse_proxy %s %s {
-			lb_policy round_robin
-			lb_retries 1
-			lb_retry_match {
-				expression `+"`path('/retry*') && {rp.status_code} in [502, 503]`"+`
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	`, goodLn.Addr().String(), ln.Addr().String()), "caddyfile")
-
-	// /retry path matches the expression - should retry to good upstream
-	tester.AssertGetResponse("http://localhost:9080/retry", 200, "ok")
-
-	// /other path does NOT match - should return the 502
-	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "http://localhost:9080/other", nil)
-	tester.AssertResponse(req, 502, "")
-}
-
-// TestReverseProxyRetryMatchIsTransportError verifies that the
-// {rp.is_transport_error} == true CEL function correctly identifies transport errors
-// and allows retrying them alongside response-based matching
-func TestReverseProxyRetryMatchIsTransportError(t *testing.T) {
-	// Good upstream: returns 200
-	goodSrv := &http.Server{
-		Handler: http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-			w.Write([]byte("ok"))
-		}),
-	}
-	goodLn, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to listen: %v", err)
-	}
-	go goodSrv.Serve(goodLn)
-	t.Cleanup(func() { goodSrv.Close(); goodLn.Close() })
-
-	// Broken upstream: accepts connections but closes immediately
-	brokenLn, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to listen: %v", err)
-	}
-	t.Cleanup(func() { brokenLn.Close() })
-	go func() {
-		for {
-			conn, err := brokenLn.Accept()
-			if err != nil {
-				return
-			}
-			conn.Close()
-		}
-	}()
-
-	tester := caddytest.NewTester(t)
-	tester.InitServer(fmt.Sprintf(`
-	{
-		skip_install_trust
-		admin localhost:2999
-		http_port 9080
-		https_port 9443
-		grace_period 1ns
-	}
-	http://localhost:9080 {
-		reverse_proxy %s %s {
-			lb_policy round_robin
-			lb_retries 1
-			lb_retry_match {
-				expression `+"`{rp.is_transport_error} || {rp.status_code} in [502, 503]`"+`
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	`, goodLn.Addr().String(), brokenLn.Addr().String()), "caddyfile")
-
-	// Transport error on broken upstream should be retried to good upstream
-	tester.AssertGetResponse("http://localhost:9080/", 200, "ok")
-}
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ func testH2ToH2CStreamServeH2C(t *testing.T) *http.Server {
 		}
 		// We only accept HTTP/2!
 		if r.ProtoMajor != 2 {
-			t.Error("Not an HTTP/2 request, rejected!")
+			t.Error("Not a HTTP/2 request, rejected!")
 			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
 			return
 		}
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-# Used by import_block_snippet_non_replaced_block_from_separate_file.caddyfiletest
-
-(snippet) {
-	header {
-		reverse_proxy localhost:3000
-		{block}
-	}
-}
-
-# This snippet being unused by the test Caddyfile is intentional.
-# This is to test that a panic runtime error triggered by an out-of-range slice index access
-# will not happen again, please see issue #7518 and pull request #7543 for more information
-(unused_snippet) {
-    header SomeHeader SomeValue
-}
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# Used by import_block_snippet_invalid_subdirective.caddyfiletest
-
-(test) {
-  reverse_proxy {
-    {block}
-  }
-}
@@ -29,8 +29,6 @@
 package main

 import (
-	_ "time/tzdata"
-
 	caddycmd "github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/cmd"

 	// plug in Caddy modules here
@@ -9,14 +9,9 @@ import (
 )

 var defaultFactory = newRootCommandFactory(func() *cobra.Command {
-	bin := caddy.CustomBinaryName
-	if bin == "" {
-		bin = "caddy"
-	}
-
-	long := caddy.CustomLongDescription
-	if long == "" {
-		long = `Caddy is an extensible server platform written in Go.
+	return &cobra.Command{
+		Use: "caddy",
+		Long: `Caddy is an extensible server platform written in Go.

 At its core, Caddy merely manages configuration. Modules are plugged
 in statically at compile-time to provide useful functionality. Caddy's
@@ -96,12 +91,7 @@ package installers: https://caddyserver.com/docs/install

 Instructions for running Caddy in production are also available:
 https://caddyserver.com/docs/running
-`
-	}
-
-	return &cobra.Command{
-		Use:  bin,
-		Long: long,
+`,
 		Example: `  $ caddy run
  $ caddy run --config caddy.json
  $ caddy reload --config caddy.json
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func cmdStart(fl Flags) (int, error) {

 	// open a listener to which the child process will connect when
 	// it is ready to confirm that it has successfully started
-	ln, err := listenTCPForPingback(net.Listen)
+	ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
 	if err != nil {
 		return caddy.ExitCodeFailedStartup,
 			fmt.Errorf("opening listener for success confirmation: %v", err)
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ func cmdStart(fl Flags) (int, error) {
 	// ensure it's the process we're expecting - we can be
 	// sure by giving it some random bytes and having it echo
 	// them back to us)
-	cmd := exec.Command(os.Args[0], "run", "--pingback", ln.Addr().String()) //nolint:gosec // no command injection that I can determine...
+	cmd := exec.Command(os.Args[0], "run", "--pingback", ln.Addr().String())
 	// we should be able to run caddy in relative paths
 	if errors.Is(cmd.Err, exec.ErrDot) {
 		cmd.Err = nil
@@ -169,22 +169,6 @@ func cmdStart(fl Flags) (int, error) {
 	return caddy.ExitCodeSuccess, nil
 }

-type tcpListenFunc func(network, address string) (net.Listener, error)
-
-func listenTCPForPingback(listen tcpListenFunc) (net.Listener, error) {
-	ln, ipv4Err := listen("tcp4", "127.0.0.1:0")
-	if ipv4Err == nil {
-		return ln, nil
-	}
-
-	ln, ipv6Err := listen("tcp6", "[::1]:0")
-	if ipv6Err == nil {
-		return ln, nil
-	}
-
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("listen on 127.0.0.1:0: %v; listen on [::1]:0: %v", ipv4Err, ipv6Err)
-}
-
 func cmdRun(fl Flags) (int, error) {
 	caddy.TrapSignals()

@@ -388,7 +372,7 @@ func cmdReload(fl Flags) (int, error) {
 		return caddy.ExitCodeFailedStartup, fmt.Errorf("no config file to load")
 	}

-	adminAddr, err := DetermineAdminAPIAddress(addressFlag, config, configFile, configAdapterFlag)
+	adminAddr, err := DetermineAdminAPIAddress(addressFlag, config, configFlag, configAdapterFlag)
 	if err != nil {
 		return caddy.ExitCodeFailedStartup, fmt.Errorf("couldn't determine admin API address: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -427,65 +411,11 @@ func cmdBuildInfo(_ Flags) (int, error) {
 	return caddy.ExitCodeSuccess, nil
 }

-// jsonModuleInfo holds metadata about a Caddy module for JSON output.
-type jsonModuleInfo struct {
-	ModuleName string `json:"module_name"`
-	ModuleType string `json:"module_type"`
-	Version    string `json:"version,omitempty"`
-	PackageURL string `json:"package_url,omitempty"`
-}
-
 func cmdListModules(fl Flags) (int, error) {
 	packages := fl.Bool("packages")
 	versions := fl.Bool("versions")
 	skipStandard := fl.Bool("skip-standard")
-	jsonOutput := fl.Bool("json")

-	// Organize modules by whether they come with the standard distribution
-	standard, nonstandard, unknown, err := getModules()
-	if err != nil {
-		// If module info can't be fetched, just print the IDs and exit
-		for _, m := range caddy.Modules() {
-			fmt.Println(m)
-		}
-		return caddy.ExitCodeSuccess, nil
-	}
-
-	// Logic for JSON output
-	if jsonOutput {
-		output := []jsonModuleInfo{}
-
-		// addToOutput is a helper to convert internal module info to the JSON-serializable struct
-		addToOutput := func(list []moduleInfo, moduleType string) {
-			for _, mi := range list {
-				item := jsonModuleInfo{
-					ModuleName: mi.caddyModuleID,
-					ModuleType: moduleType, // Mapping the type here
-				}
-				if mi.goModule != nil {
-					item.Version = mi.goModule.Version
-					item.PackageURL = mi.goModule.Path
-				}
-				output = append(output, item)
-			}
-		}
-
-		// Pass the respective type for each category
-		if !skipStandard {
-			addToOutput(standard, "standard")
-		}
-		addToOutput(nonstandard, "non-standard")
-		addToOutput(unknown, "unknown")
-
-		jsonBytes, err := json.MarshalIndent(output, "", "  ")
-		if err != nil {
-			return caddy.ExitCodeFailedQuit, err
-		}
-		fmt.Println(string(jsonBytes))
-		return caddy.ExitCodeSuccess, nil
-	}
-
-	// Logic for Text output (Fallback)
 	printModuleInfo := func(mi moduleInfo) {
 		fmt.Print(mi.caddyModuleID)
 		if versions && mi.goModule != nil {
@@ -503,6 +433,16 @@ func cmdListModules(fl Flags) (int, error) {
 		fmt.Println()
 	}

+	// organize modules by whether they come with the standard distribution
+	standard, nonstandard, unknown, err := getModules()
+	if err != nil {
+		// oh well, just print the module IDs and exit
+		for _, m := range caddy.Modules() {
+			fmt.Println(m)
+		}
+		return caddy.ExitCodeSuccess, nil
+	}
+
 	// Standard modules (always shipped with Caddy)
 	if !skipStandard {
 		if len(standard) > 0 {
@@ -521,8 +461,8 @@ func cmdListModules(fl Flags) (int, error) {
 		for _, mod := range nonstandard {
 			printModuleInfo(mod)
 		}
-		fmt.Printf("\n  Non-standard modules: %d\n", len(nonstandard))
 	}
+	fmt.Printf("\n  Non-standard modules: %d\n", len(nonstandard))

 	// Unknown modules (couldn't get Caddy module info)
 	if len(unknown) > 0 {
@@ -532,8 +472,8 @@ func cmdListModules(fl Flags) (int, error) {
 		for _, mod := range unknown {
 			printModuleInfo(mod)
 		}
-		fmt.Printf("\n  Unknown modules: %d\n", len(unknown))
 	}
+	fmt.Printf("\n  Unknown modules: %d\n", len(unknown))

 	return caddy.ExitCodeSuccess, nil
 }
@@ -713,7 +653,7 @@ func cmdFmt(fl Flags) (int, error) {
 	output := caddyfile.Format(input)

 	if fl.Bool("overwrite") {
-		if err := os.WriteFile(configFile, output, 0o600); err != nil { //nolint:gosec // path traversal is not really a thing here, this is either "Caddyfile" or admin-controlled
+		if err := os.WriteFile(configFile, output, 0o600); err != nil {
 			return caddy.ExitCodeFailedStartup, fmt.Errorf("overwriting formatted file: %v", err)
 		}
 		return caddy.ExitCodeSuccess, nil
@@ -836,7 +776,7 @@ func AdminAPIRequest(adminAddr, method, uri string, headers http.Header, body io
 		},
 	}

-	resp, err := client.Do(req) //nolint:gosec // the only SSRF here would be self-sabatoge I think
+	resp, err := client.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("performing request: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -229,13 +229,12 @@ documentation: https://go.dev/doc/modules/version-numbers

 	RegisterCommand(Command{
 		Name:  "list-modules",
-		Usage: "[--packages] [--versions] [--skip-standard] [--json]",
+		Usage: "[--packages] [--versions] [--skip-standard]",
 		Short: "Lists the installed Caddy modules",
 		CobraFunc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 			cmd.Flags().BoolP("packages", "", false, "Print package paths")
 			cmd.Flags().BoolP("versions", "", false, "Print version information")
 			cmd.Flags().BoolP("skip-standard", "s", false, "Skip printing standard modules")
-			cmd.Flags().BoolP("json", "", false, "Print modules in JSON format")
 			cmd.RunE = WrapCommandFuncForCobra(cmdListModules)
 		},
 	})
@@ -566,7 +565,7 @@ argument of --directory. If the directory does not exist, it will be created.
 // following format:
 //
 //   - lowercase
-//   - ASCII lowercase letters, digits and hyphens only
+//   - alphanumeric and hyphen characters only
 //   - cannot start or end with a hyphen
 //   - hyphen cannot be adjacent to another hyphen
 //
@@ -231,10 +231,7 @@ func loadConfigWithLogger(logger *zap.Logger, configFile, adapterName string) ([
 		// validate that the config is at least valid JSON
 		err = json.Unmarshal(config, new(any))
 		if err != nil {
-			if jsonErr, ok := err.(*json.SyntaxError); ok {
-				return nil, "", "", fmt.Errorf("config is not valid JSON: %w, at offset %d; did you mean to use a config adapter (the --adapter flag)?", err, jsonErr.Offset)
-			}
-			return nil, "", "", fmt.Errorf("config is not valid JSON: %w; did you mean to use a config adapter (the --adapter flag)?", err)
+			return nil, "", "", fmt.Errorf("config is not valid JSON: %v; did you mean to use a config adapter (the --adapter flag)?", err)
 		}
 	}

@@ -484,13 +481,7 @@ func setResourceLimits(logger *zap.Logger) func() {
 	// See https://pkg.go.dev/runtime/debug#SetMemoryLimit
 	_, _ = memlimit.SetGoMemLimitWithOpts(
 		memlimit.WithLogger(
-			slog.New(zapslog.NewHandler(
-				logger.Core(),
-				zapslog.WithName("memlimit"),
-				// the default enables traces at ERROR level, this disables
-				// them by setting it to a level higher than any other level
-				zapslog.AddStacktraceAt(slog.Level(127)),
-			)),
+			slog.New(zapslog.NewHandler(logger.Core())),
 		),
 		memlimit.WithProvider(
 			memlimit.ApplyFallback(
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 package caddycmd

 import (
-	"errors"
-	"net"
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
@@ -171,80 +169,6 @@ here"
 	}
 }

-func TestListenTCPForPingbackUsesIPv4Loopback(t *testing.T) {
-	var calls []string
-	expected := &stubListener{addr: &net.TCPAddr{IP: net.ParseIP("127.0.0.1"), Port: 1234}}
-
-	actual, err := listenTCPForPingback(func(network, address string) (net.Listener, error) {
-		calls = append(calls, network+" "+address)
-		return expected, nil
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("listenTCPForPingback returned error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if actual != expected {
-		t.Fatalf("expected listener %p, got %p", expected, actual)
-	}
-
-	expectCalls := []string{"tcp4 127.0.0.1:0"}
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(calls, expectCalls) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected calls %v, got %v", expectCalls, calls)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestListenTCPForPingbackFallsBackToIPv6Loopback(t *testing.T) {
-	var calls []string
-	expected := &stubListener{addr: &net.TCPAddr{IP: net.ParseIP("::1"), Port: 1234}}
-
-	actual, err := listenTCPForPingback(func(network, address string) (net.Listener, error) {
-		calls = append(calls, network+" "+address)
-		if len(calls) == 1 {
-			return nil, errors.New("ipv4 unavailable")
-		}
-		return expected, nil
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("listenTCPForPingback returned error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if actual != expected {
-		t.Fatalf("expected listener %p, got %p", expected, actual)
-	}
-
-	expectCalls := []string{"tcp4 127.0.0.1:0", "tcp6 [::1]:0"}
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(calls, expectCalls) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected calls %v, got %v", expectCalls, calls)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestListenTCPForPingbackReportsBothFailures(t *testing.T) {
-	_, err := listenTCPForPingback(func(network, address string) (net.Listener, error) {
-		return nil, errors.New(network + " failed")
-	})
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error")
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "tcp4 failed") ||
-		!strings.Contains(err.Error(), "tcp6 failed") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected both listener errors, got: %v", err)
-	}
-}
-
-type stubListener struct {
-	addr net.Addr
-}
-
-func (sl *stubListener) Accept() (net.Conn, error) {
-	return nil, net.ErrClosed
-}
-
-func (sl *stubListener) Close() error {
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (sl *stubListener) Addr() net.Addr {
-	return sl.addr
-}
-
 func Test_isCaddyfile(t *testing.T) {
 	type args struct {
 		configFile  string
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ func getModules() (standard, nonstandard, unknown []moduleInfo, err error) {
 		// not sure why), and since New() should return a pointer
 		// value, we need to dereference it first
 		iface := any(modInfo.New())
-		if rv := reflect.ValueOf(iface); rv.Kind() == reflect.Pointer {
+		if rv := reflect.ValueOf(iface); rv.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
 			iface = reflect.New(reflect.TypeOf(iface).Elem()).Elem().Interface()
 		}
 		modPkgPath := reflect.TypeOf(iface).PkgPath()
@@ -21,14 +21,12 @@ import (
 	"log"
 	"log/slog"
 	"reflect"
-	"sync"

 	"github.com/caddyserver/certmagic"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/collectors"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 	"go.uber.org/zap/exp/zapslog"
-	"go.uber.org/zap/zapcore"

 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/internal/filesystems"
 )
@@ -63,17 +61,10 @@ type Context struct {
 // modules which are loaded will be properly unloaded.
 // See standard library context package's documentation.
 func NewContext(ctx Context) (Context, context.CancelFunc) {
-	newCtx, cancelCause := NewContextWithCause(ctx)
-	return newCtx, func() { cancelCause(nil) }
-}
-
-// NewContextWithCause is like NewContext but returns a context.CancelCauseFunc.
-// EXPERIMENTAL: This API is subject to change.
-func NewContextWithCause(ctx Context) (Context, context.CancelCauseFunc) {
 	newCtx := Context{moduleInstances: make(map[string][]Module), cfg: ctx.cfg, metricsRegistry: prometheus.NewPedanticRegistry()}
-	c, cancel := context.WithCancelCause(ctx.Context)
-	wrappedCancel := func(cause error) {
-		cancel(cause)
+	c, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx.Context)
+	wrappedCancel := func() {
+		cancel()

 		for _, f := range ctx.cleanupFuncs {
 			f()
@@ -378,7 +369,7 @@ func (ctx Context) LoadModuleByID(id string, rawMsg json.RawMessage) (any, error
 	// value must be a pointer for unmarshaling into concrete type, even if
 	// the module's concrete type is a slice or map; New() *should* return
 	// a pointer, otherwise unmarshaling errors or panics will occur
-	if rv := reflect.ValueOf(val); rv.Kind() != reflect.Pointer {
+	if rv := reflect.ValueOf(val); rv.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
 		log.Printf("[WARNING] ModuleInfo.New() for module '%s' did not return a pointer,"+
 			" so we are using reflection to make a pointer instead; please fix this by"+
 			" using new(Type) or &Type notation in your module's New() function.", id)
@@ -592,62 +583,24 @@ func (ctx Context) Logger(module ...Module) *zap.Logger {
 	return ctx.cfg.Logging.Logger(mod)
 }

-type slogHandlerFactory func(handler slog.Handler, core zapcore.Core, moduleID string) slog.Handler
-
-var (
-	slogHandlerFactories   []slogHandlerFactory
-	slogHandlerFactoriesMu sync.RWMutex
-)
-
-// RegisterSlogHandlerFactory allows modules to register custom log/slog.Handler,
-// for instance, to add contextual data to the logs.
-func RegisterSlogHandlerFactory(factory slogHandlerFactory) {
-	slogHandlerFactoriesMu.Lock()
-	slogHandlerFactories = append(slogHandlerFactories, factory)
-	slogHandlerFactoriesMu.Unlock()
-}
-
 // Slogger returns a slog logger that is intended for use by
 // the most recent module associated with the context.
 func (ctx Context) Slogger() *slog.Logger {
-	var (
-		handler  slog.Handler
-		core     zapcore.Core
-		moduleID string
-	)
-
-	// the default enables traces at ERROR level, this disables
-	// them by setting it to a level higher than any other level
-	tracesOpt := zapslog.AddStacktraceAt(slog.Level(127))
-
 	if ctx.cfg == nil {
 		// often the case in tests; just use a dev logger
 		l, err := zap.NewDevelopment()
 		if err != nil {
 			panic("config missing, unable to create dev logger: " + err.Error())
 		}
-
-		core = l.Core()
-		handler = zapslog.NewHandler(core, tracesOpt)
-	} else {
-		mod := ctx.Module()
-		if mod == nil {
-			core = Log().Core()
-			handler = zapslog.NewHandler(core, tracesOpt)
-		} else {
-			moduleID = string(mod.CaddyModule().ID)
-			core = ctx.cfg.Logging.Logger(mod).Core()
-			handler = zapslog.NewHandler(core, zapslog.WithName(moduleID), tracesOpt)
-		}
+		return slog.New(zapslog.NewHandler(l.Core()))
 	}
-
-	slogHandlerFactoriesMu.RLock()
-	for _, f := range slogHandlerFactories {
-		handler = f(handler, core, moduleID)
+	mod := ctx.Module()
+	if mod == nil {
+		return slog.New(zapslog.NewHandler(Log().Core()))
 	}
-	slogHandlerFactoriesMu.RUnlock()
-
-	return slog.New(handler)
+	return slog.New(zapslog.NewHandler(ctx.cfg.Logging.Logger(mod).Core(),
+		zapslog.WithName(string(mod.CaddyModule().ID)),
+	))
 }

 // Modules returns the lineage of modules that this context provisioned,
@@ -1,125 +1,124 @@
 module github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2

-go 1.25.1
+go 1.25

 require (
-	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.6.0
-	github.com/DeRuina/timberjack v1.4.2
-	github.com/KimMachineGun/automemlimit v0.7.5
+	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.5.0
+	github.com/DeRuina/timberjack v1.3.8
+	github.com/KimMachineGun/automemlimit v0.7.4
 	github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3 v3.3.0
-	github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2 v2.24.1
+	github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2 v2.20.0
 	github.com/aryann/difflib v0.0.0-20210328193216-ff5ff6dc229b
-	github.com/caddyserver/certmagic v0.25.3
-	github.com/caddyserver/zerossl v0.1.5
-	github.com/cloudflare/circl v1.6.3
+	github.com/caddyserver/certmagic v0.25.0
+	github.com/caddyserver/zerossl v0.1.3
+	github.com/cloudflare/circl v1.6.1
 	github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.1
-	github.com/go-chi/chi/v5 v5.2.5
-	github.com/google/cel-go v0.28.1
+	github.com/go-chi/chi/v5 v5.2.3
+	github.com/google/cel-go v0.26.1
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0
-	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.6
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.0
 	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.3.0
-	github.com/mholt/acmez/v3 v3.1.6
+	github.com/mholt/acmez/v3 v3.1.4
 	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.2
-	github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.59.1
-	github.com/smallstep/certificates v0.30.2
-	github.com/smallstep/nosql v0.8.0
+	github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.55.0
+	github.com/smallstep/certificates v0.28.4
+	github.com/smallstep/nosql v0.7.0
 	github.com/smallstep/truststore v0.13.0
-	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.10.2
+	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.10.1
 	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.10
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1
-	github.com/tailscale/tscert v0.0.0-20251216020129-aea342f6d747
-	github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.8.2
+	github.com/tailscale/tscert v0.0.0-20240608151842-d3f834017e53
+	github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.7.13
 	github.com/yuin/goldmark-highlighting/v2 v2.0.0-20230729083705-37449abec8cc
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/bridges/prometheus v0.68.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/exporters/autoexport v0.68.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.68.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/autoprop v0.68.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.43.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.43.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.43.0
-	go.step.sm/crypto v0.81.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/exporters/autoexport v0.63.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.63.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/autoprop v0.63.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.38.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.38.0
 	go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.6.0
-	go.uber.org/zap v1.28.0
+	go.uber.org/zap v1.27.0
 	go.uber.org/zap/exp v0.3.0
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.52.0
-	golang.org/x/crypto/x509roots/fallback v0.0.0-20260213171211-a408498e5541
-	golang.org/x/net v0.55.0
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.20.0
-	golang.org/x/term v0.43.0
-	golang.org/x/time v0.15.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.43.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto/x509roots/fallback v0.0.0-20250927194341-2beaa59a3c99
+	golang.org/x/net v0.46.0
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.17.0
+	golang.org/x/term v0.36.0
+	golang.org/x/time v0.14.0
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
 )

 require (
-	cel.dev/expr v0.25.1 // indirect
-	cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.20.0 // indirect
+	cel.dev/expr v0.24.0 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.5 // indirect
 	cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.8 // indirect
 	cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.9.0 // indirect
-	dario.cat/mergo v1.0.2 // indirect
-	filippo.io/bigmod v0.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/antlr4-go/antlr/v4 v4.13.1 // indirect
-	github.com/ccoveille/go-safecast/v2 v2.0.0 // indirect
+	dario.cat/mergo v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/antlr4-go/antlr/v4 v4.13.0 // indirect
+	github.com/ccoveille/go-safecast v1.6.1 // indirect
 	github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v5 v5.0.3 // indirect
-	github.com/coreos/go-oidc/v3 v3.17.0 // indirect
+	github.com/coreos/go-oidc/v3 v3.14.1 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2 v2.9.0 // indirect
-	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v3 v3.0.5 // indirect
-	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.4 // indirect
+	github.com/francoispqt/gojay v1.2.13 // indirect
+	github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2 v2.8.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v3 v3.0.4 // indirect
+	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.2 // indirect
 	github.com/google/certificate-transparency-go v1.1.8-0.20240110162603-74a5dd331745 // indirect
-	github.com/google/go-tpm v0.9.8 // indirect
+	github.com/google/go-tpm v0.9.6 // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-tspi v0.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/google/s2a-go v0.1.9 // indirect
-	github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.15 // indirect
-	github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.22.0 // indirect
-	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.28.0 // indirect
-	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.9.2 // indirect
-	github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2 // indirect
+	github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.6 // indirect
+	github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.15.0 // indirect
+	github.com/grafana/regexp v0.0.0-20240518133315-a468a5bfb3bc // indirect
+	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.27.2 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/kylelemons/godebug v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
 	github.com/pbnjay/memory v0.0.0-20210728143218-7b4eea64cf58 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/otlptranslator v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.6.0 // indirect
-	github.com/smallstep/cli-utils v0.12.2 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/otlptranslator v0.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.5.1 // indirect
+	github.com/smallstep/cli-utils v0.12.1 // indirect
 	github.com/smallstep/go-attestation v0.4.4-0.20241119153605-2306d5b464ca // indirect
-	github.com/smallstep/linkedca v0.25.0 // indirect
+	github.com/smallstep/linkedca v0.23.0 // indirect
 	github.com/smallstep/pkcs7 v0.2.1 // indirect
-	github.com/smallstep/scep v0.0.0-20250318231241-a25cabb69492 // indirect
-	github.com/tailscale/go-winio v0.0.0-20231025203758-c4f33415bf55 // indirect
+	github.com/smallstep/scep v0.0.0-20240926084937-8cf1ca453101 // indirect
 	github.com/x448/float16 v0.8.4 // indirect
 	github.com/zeebo/blake3 v0.2.4 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.2.1 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/aws v1.43.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/b3 v1.43.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/jaeger v1.43.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/ot v1.43.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlplog/otlploggrpc v0.19.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlplog/otlploghttp v0.19.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlpmetric/otlpmetricgrpc v1.43.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlpmetric/otlpmetrichttp v1.43.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.43.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.43.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus v0.65.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdoutlog v0.19.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdoutmetric v1.43.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdouttrace v1.43.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/log v0.19.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/log v0.19.0 // indirect
-	go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.4 // indirect
-	go.yaml.in/yaml/v3 v3.0.4 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20251023183803-a4bb9ffd2546 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.36.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/api v0.277.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260406210006-6f92a3bedf2d // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260427160629-7cedc36a6bc4 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/bridges/prometheus v0.63.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/aws v1.38.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/b3 v1.38.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/jaeger v1.38.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/ot v1.38.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlplog/otlploggrpc v0.14.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlplog/otlploghttp v0.14.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlpmetric/otlpmetricgrpc v1.38.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlpmetric/otlpmetrichttp v1.38.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.38.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.38.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus v0.60.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdoutlog v0.14.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdoutmetric v1.38.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdouttrace v1.38.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/log v0.14.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/log v0.14.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.38.0 // indirect
+	go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.3 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20250813145105-42675adae3e6 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.31.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/api v0.251.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250825161204-c5933d9347a5 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20251002232023-7c0ddcbb5797 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/grpc/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc v1.5.1 // indirect
 )

 require (
-	filippo.io/edwards25519 v1.2.0 // indirect
+	filippo.io/edwards25519 v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/AndreasBriese/bbloom v0.0.0-20190825152654-46b345b51c96 // indirect
 	github.com/Masterminds/goutils v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.4.0 // indirect
+	github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0
@@ -129,50 +128,52 @@ require (
 	github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v2 v2.2007.4 // indirect
 	github.com/dgraph-io/ristretto v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/dgryski/go-farm v0.0.0-20200201041132-a6ae2369ad13 // indirect
-	github.com/dlclark/regexp2 v1.12.0 // indirect
+	github.com/dlclark/regexp2 v1.11.5 // indirect
 	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
-	github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.9.3 // indirect
+	github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.8.1 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.4 // indirect
 	github.com/huandu/xstrings v1.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20221227161230-091c0ba34f0a // indirect
 	github.com/libdns/libdns v1.1.1
 	github.com/manifoldco/promptui v0.9.0 // indirect
-	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.14 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 // indirect
 	github.com/mgutz/ansi v0.0.0-20200706080929-d51e80ef957d // indirect
-	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.72 // indirect
+	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.68 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/copystructure v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/go-ps v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/reflectwalk v1.0.2 // indirect
-	github.com/pires/go-proxyproto v0.12.0
+	github.com/pires/go-proxyproto v0.8.1
 	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.2
-	github.com/prometheus/common v0.67.5 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.20.1 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/common v0.67.1 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.17.0 // indirect
 	github.com/rs/xid v1.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/shopspring/decimal v1.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/shurcooL/sanitized_anchor_name v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.4 // indirect
-	github.com/slackhq/nebula v1.10.3 // indirect
+	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3 // indirect
+	github.com/slackhq/nebula v1.9.7 // indirect
 	github.com/spf13/cast v1.7.0 // indirect
+	github.com/stoewer/go-strcase v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/urfave/cli v1.22.17 // indirect
-	go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.4.3 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.43.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.43.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.43.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.10.0 // indirect
+	go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.3.10 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.38.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.38.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.38.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.7.1 // indirect
+	go.step.sm/crypto v0.72.0
 	go.uber.org/multierr v1.11.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.35.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.45.0
-	golang.org/x/text v0.37.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.44.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.81.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.29.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.37.0
+	golang.org/x/text v0.30.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.38.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.76.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.10 // indirect
 	howett.net/plist v1.0.0 // indirect
 )
@@ -1,96 +1,104 @@
-cel.dev/expr v0.25.1 h1:1KrZg61W6TWSxuNZ37Xy49ps13NUovb66QLprthtwi4=
-cel.dev/expr v0.25.1/go.mod h1:hrXvqGP6G6gyx8UAHSHJ5RGk//1Oj5nXQ2NI02Nrsg4=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.123.0 h1:2NAUJwPR47q+E35uaJeYoNhuNEM9kM8SjgRgdeOJUSE=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.123.0/go.mod h1:xBoMV08QcqUGuPW65Qfm1o9Y4zKZBpGS+7bImXLTAZU=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.20.0 h1:kXTssoVb4azsVDoUiF8KvxAqrsQcQtB53DcSgta74CA=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.20.0/go.mod h1:942/yi/itH1SsmpyrbnTMDgGfdy2BUqIKyd0cyYLc5Q=
+cel.dev/expr v0.24.0 h1:56OvJKSH3hDGL0ml5uSxZmz3/3Pq4tJ+fb1unVLAFcY=
+cel.dev/expr v0.24.0/go.mod h1:hLPLo1W4QUmuYdA72RBX06QTs6MXw941piREPl3Yfiw=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.26.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.31.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.34.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.37.0/go.mod h1:TS1dMSSfndXH133OKGwekG838Om/cQT0BUHV3HcBgoo=
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+cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.5 h1:mFWNQ2FEVWAliEQWpAdH80omXFokmrnbDhUS9cBywsI=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.5/go.mod h1:utzRfHMP+Vv0mpOkTRQoWD2q3BatTOoWbA7gCc2dUhQ=
 cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.8 h1:keo8NaayQZ6wimpNSmW5OPc283g65QNIiLpZnkHRbnc=
 cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.8/go.mod h1:XQ9y31RkqZCcwJWNSx2Xvric3RrU88hAYYbjDWYDL+c=
 cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.9.0 h1:pDUj4QMoPejqq20dK0Pg2N4yG9zIkYGdBtwLoEkH9Zs=
 cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.9.0/go.mod h1:E0bWwX5wTnLPedCKqk3pJmVgCBSM6qQI1yTBdEb3C10=
-cloud.google.com/go/iam v1.7.0 h1:JD3zh0C6LHl16aCn5Akff0+GELdp1+4hmh6ndoFLl8U=
-cloud.google.com/go/iam v1.7.0/go.mod h1:tetWZW1PD/m6vcuY2Zj/aU0eCHNPuxedbnbRTyKXvdY=
-cloud.google.com/go/kms v1.31.0 h1:LS8N92OxFDgOLg5NCo3OmbvjtQAIVT5gUHVLKIDHaFE=
-cloud.google.com/go/kms v1.31.0/go.mod h1:YIyXZym11R5uovJJt4oN5eUL3oPmirF3yKeIh6QAf4U=
-cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.9.0 h1:0EzbDEGsAvOZNbqXopgniY0w0a1phvu5IdUFq8grmqY=
-cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.9.0/go.mod h1:pkTz846W7bF4o2SzdWJ40Hu0Re+UoNT6Q5t+igIcb8E=
-code.pfad.fr/check v1.1.0 h1:GWvjdzhSEgHvEHe2uJujDcpmZoySKuHQNrZMfzfO0bE=
-code.pfad.fr/check v1.1.0/go.mod h1:NiUH13DtYsb7xp5wll0U4SXx7KhXQVCtRgdC96IPfoM=
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-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.18.23 h1:UuSfcORqNSz/ey3VPRS8TcVH2Ikf0/sC+Hdj400QI6U=
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@@ -516,10 +631,12 @@ golang.org/x/term v0.8.0/go.mod h1:xPskH00ivmX89bAKVGSKKtLOWNx2+17Eiy94tnKShWo=
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@@ -527,45 +644,76 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.9.0/go.mod h1:e1OnstbJyHTd6l/uOt8jFFHp6TRDWZR/bV3emEE/zU8=
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-golang.org/x/tools v0.44.0/go.mod h1:KA0AfVErSdxRZIsOVipbv3rQhVXTnlU6UhKxHd1seDI=
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 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
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-google.golang.org/api v0.277.0/go.mod h1:B9TqLBwJqVjp1mtt7WeoQwWRwvu/400y5lETOql+giQ=
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-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260427160629-7cedc36a6bc4 h1:tEkOQcXgF6dH1G+MVKZrfpYvozGrzb91k6ha7jireSM=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260427160629-7cedc36a6bc4/go.mod h1:4Hqkh8ycfw05ld/3BWL7rJOSfebL2Q+DVDeRgYgxUU8=
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-google.golang.org/grpc v1.81.0/go.mod h1:xGH9GfzOyMTGIOXBJmXt+BX/V0kcdQbdcuwQ/zNw42I=
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 google.golang.org/grpc/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc v1.5.1 h1:F29+wU6Ee6qgu9TddPgooOdaqsxTMunOoj8KA5yuS5A=
 google.golang.org/grpc/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc v1.5.1/go.mod h1:5KF+wpkbTSbGcR9zteSqZV6fqFOWBl4Yde8En8MryZA=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11 h1:fV6ZwhNocDyBLK0dj+fg8ektcVegBBuEolpbTQyBNVE=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11/go.mod h1:HTf+CrKn2C3g5S8VImy6tdcUvCska2kB7j23XfzDpco=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.10 h1:AYd7cD/uASjIL6Q9LiTjz8JLcrh/88q5UObnmY3aOOE=
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 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c h1:Hei/4ADfdWqJk1ZMxUNpqntNwaWcugrBjAiHlqqRiVk=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c/go.mod h1:JHkPIbrfpd72SG/EVd6muEfDQjcINNoR0C8j2r3qZ4Q=
+gopkg.in/inf.v0 v0.9.1/go.mod h1:cWUDdTG/fYaXco+Dcufb5Vnc6Gp2YChqWtbxRZE0mXw=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v1 v1.0.0-20140924161607-9f9df34309c0/go.mod h1:WDnlLJ4WF5VGsH/HVa3CI79GS0ol3YnhVnKP89i0kNg=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.1/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0/go.mod h1:RDklbk79AGWmwhnvt/jBztapEOGDOx6ZbXqjP6csGnQ=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
+grpc.go4.org v0.0.0-20170609214715-11d0a25b4919/go.mod h1:77eQGdRu53HpSqPFJFmuJdjuHRquDANNeA4x7B8WQ9o=
+honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20180728063816-88497007e858/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
+honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190102054323-c2f93a96b099/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
+honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190106161140-3f1c8253044a/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
 howett.net/plist v1.0.0 h1:7CrbWYbPPO/PyNy38b2EB/+gYbjCe2DXBxgtOOZbSQM=
 howett.net/plist v1.0.0/go.mod h1:lqaXoTrLY4hg8tnEzNru53gicrbv7rrk+2xJA/7hw9g=
+sourcegraph.com/sourcegraph/go-diff v0.5.0/go.mod h1:kuch7UrkMzY0X+p9CRK03kfuPQ2zzQcaEFbx8wA8rck=
+sourcegraph.com/sqs/pbtypes v0.0.0-20180604144634-d3ebe8f20ae4/go.mod h1:ketZ/q3QxT9HOBeFhu6RdvsftgpsbFHBF5Cas6cDKZ0=
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-package internal
-
-import (
-	"net/http"
-	"strings"
-
-	"go.uber.org/zap/zapcore"
-)
-
-// LoggableHTTPHeader makes an HTTP header loggable with zap.Object().
-// Headers with potentially sensitive information (Cookie, Set-Cookie,
-// Authorization, and Proxy-Authorization) are logged with empty values.
-type LoggableHTTPHeader struct {
-	http.Header
-
-	ShouldLogCredentials bool
-}
-
-// MarshalLogObject satisfies the zapcore.ObjectMarshaler interface.
-func (h LoggableHTTPHeader) MarshalLogObject(enc zapcore.ObjectEncoder) error {
-	if h.Header == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	for key, val := range h.Header {
-		if !h.ShouldLogCredentials {
-			switch strings.ToLower(key) {
-			case "cookie", "set-cookie", "authorization", "proxy-authorization":
-				val = []string{"REDACTED"} // see #5669. I still think ▒▒▒▒ would be cool.
-			}
-		}
-		enc.AddArray(key, LoggableStringArray(val))
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// LoggableStringArray makes a slice of strings marshalable for logging.
-type LoggableStringArray []string
-
-// MarshalLogArray satisfies the zapcore.ArrayMarshaler interface.
-func (sa LoggableStringArray) MarshalLogArray(enc zapcore.ArrayEncoder) error {
-	if sa == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	for _, s := range sa {
-		enc.AppendString(s)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// Interface guards
-var (
-	_ zapcore.ObjectMarshaler = (*LoggableHTTPHeader)(nil)
-	_ zapcore.ArrayMarshaler  = (*LoggableStringArray)(nil)
-)
@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ import (
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 )

+func reuseUnixSocket(_, _ string) (any, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
 func listenReusable(ctx context.Context, lnKey string, network, address string, config net.ListenConfig) (any, error) {
 	var socketFile *os.File

@@ -116,8 +120,8 @@ func listenReusable(ctx context.Context, lnKey string, network, address string,
 // re-wrapped in a new fakeCloseListener each time the listener
 // is reused. This type is atomic and values must not be copied.
 type fakeCloseListener struct {
-	closed          atomic.Bool
-	*sharedListener // embedded, so we also become a net.Listener
+	closed          int32 // accessed atomically; belongs to this struct only
+	*sharedListener       // embedded, so we also become a net.Listener
 	keepAliveConfig net.KeepAliveConfig
 }

@@ -127,7 +131,7 @@ type canSetKeepAliveConfig interface {

 func (fcl *fakeCloseListener) Accept() (net.Conn, error) {
 	// if the listener is already "closed", return error
-	if fcl.closed.Load() {
+	if atomic.LoadInt32(&fcl.closed) == 1 {
 		return nil, fakeClosedErr(fcl)
 	}

@@ -151,7 +155,7 @@ func (fcl *fakeCloseListener) Accept() (net.Conn, error) {
 	// that we set when Close() was called, and return a non-temporary and
 	// non-timeout error value to the caller, masking the "true" error, so
 	// that server loops / goroutines won't retry, linger, and leak
-	if fcl.closed.Load() {
+	if atomic.LoadInt32(&fcl.closed) == 1 {
 		// we dereference the sharedListener explicitly even though it's embedded
 		// so that it's clear in the code that side-effects are shared with other
 		// users of this listener, not just our own reference to it; we also don't
@@ -171,7 +175,7 @@ func (fcl *fakeCloseListener) Accept() (net.Conn, error) {
 // underlying listener. The underlying listener is only closed
 // if the caller is the last known user of the socket.
 func (fcl *fakeCloseListener) Close() error {
-	if fcl.closed.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
+	if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&fcl.closed, 0, 1) {
 		// There are two ways I know of to get an Accept()
 		// function to return to the server loop that called
 		// it: close the listener, or set a deadline in the
@@ -234,13 +238,13 @@ func (sl *sharedListener) Destruct() error {
 // fakeClosePacketConn is like fakeCloseListener, but for PacketConns,
 // or more specifically, *net.UDPConn
 type fakeClosePacketConn struct {
-	closed            atomic.Bool
-	*sharedPacketConn // embedded, so we also become a net.PacketConn; its key is used in Close
+	closed            int32 // accessed atomically; belongs to this struct only
+	*sharedPacketConn       // embedded, so we also become a net.PacketConn; its key is used in Close
 }

 func (fcpc *fakeClosePacketConn) ReadFrom(p []byte) (n int, addr net.Addr, err error) {
 	// if the listener is already "closed", return error
-	if fcpc.closed.Load() {
+	if atomic.LoadInt32(&fcpc.closed) == 1 {
 		return 0, nil, &net.OpError{
 			Op:   "readfrom",
 			Net:  fcpc.LocalAddr().Network(),
@@ -254,7 +258,7 @@ func (fcpc *fakeClosePacketConn) ReadFrom(p []byte) (n int, addr net.Addr, err e
 	if err != nil {
 		// this server was stopped, so clear the deadline and let
 		// any new server continue reading; but we will exit
-		if fcpc.closed.Load() {
+		if atomic.LoadInt32(&fcpc.closed) == 1 {
 			if netErr, ok := err.(net.Error); ok && netErr.Timeout() {
 				if err = fcpc.SetReadDeadline(time.Time{}); err != nil {
 					return n, addr, err
@@ -269,7 +273,7 @@ func (fcpc *fakeClosePacketConn) ReadFrom(p []byte) (n int, addr net.Addr, err e

 // Close won't close the underlying socket unless there is no more reference, then listenerPool will close it.
 func (fcpc *fakeClosePacketConn) Close() error {
-	if fcpc.closed.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
+	if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&fcpc.closed, 0, 1) {
 		_ = fcpc.SetReadDeadline(time.Now()) // unblock ReadFrom() calls to kick old servers out of their loops
 		_, _ = listenerPool.Delete(fcpc.sharedPacketConn.key)
 	}
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2015 Matthew Holt and The Caddy Authors
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-//go:build (!unix || solaris) && !windows
-
-package caddy
-
-func reuseUnixSocket(_, _ string) (any, error) {
-	return nil, nil
-}
@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2015 Matthew Holt and The Caddy Authors
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-//go:build windows
-
-package caddy
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"io/fs"
-	"net"
-	"os"
-	"strings"
-	"syscall"
-	"time"
-)
-
-var errUnixSocketAlreadyInUse = errors.New("unix socket is already in use by another process")
-
-func reuseUnixSocket(network, addr string) (any, error) {
-	if !IsUnixNetwork(network) {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-
-	// Note: This is here mainly for proper compatibility, because Unix sockets with abstract names are in an interesting limbo state on Windows:
-	// Go already translates `@` characters to `\0` for Windows: https://github.com/golang/go/blob/65d5c5f6dd8aa7b221cff6ec3f5101ea2e5f3efa/src/syscall/syscall_windows.go#L910
-	// ...but there still is an open issue about the fact that this is not properly supported: https://github.com/microsoft/WSL/issues/4240#issuecomment-620805115
-	// The main issue is that the original announcement proclaimed support for this feature, but it was (apparently) never implemented: https://devblogs.microsoft.com/commandline/af_unix-comes-to-windows/
-	isAbstractUnixSocket := strings.HasPrefix(addr, "@")
-
-	if isAbstractUnixSocket {
-		// Abstract Unix sockets do not require us to remove stale socket files.
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-
-	// On Windows, we're using the `fakeCloseListener` wrappers around a single, ever-living listener.
-	// So, if there's an active listener entry in the pool, we're the current owner of the Unix socket file.
-	_, socketBelongsToCurrentProcess := listenerPool.References(listenerKey(network, addr))
-
-	if socketBelongsToCurrentProcess {
-		// Reuse/cleanup is entirely handled by the refcounting mechanism in `listenerPool`.
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-
-	// If the socket file does not exist or has no backing server process, this will fail instantly.
-	connection, err := net.DialTimeout("unix", addr, 10*time.Millisecond)
-
-	if err == nil {
-		connection.Close()
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot reuse socket %v: %w", addr, errUnixSocketAlreadyInUse)
-	}
-
-	// Windows returns this error code both if the socket file does not exist and if it isn't backed by a server process anymore.
-	// See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/winsock/windows-sockets-error-codes-2#wsaeconnrefused
-	const WSAECONNREFUSED syscall.Errno = 10061
-
-	var errno syscall.Errno
-	hasNoListeningServerProcess := errors.As(err, &errno) && errno == WSAECONNREFUSED
-
-	if !hasNoListeningServerProcess {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot reuse socket %v: %w", addr, errUnixSocketAlreadyInUse)
-	}
-
-	// If the socket file exists, it hasn't been created by our process, and it seemingly
-	// isn't backed by a server process anymore. Try to delete it so we can bind to it later.
-	err = os.Remove(addr)
-
-	if err == nil {
-		return nil, nil
-	} else if errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
-		// Either the file didn't exist in the first place, or it was deleted before we were able to.
-		return nil, nil
-	} else {
-		// We failed to delete the file. Likely, it belongs to another (active) process.
-		return nil, err
-	}
-}
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ func reuseUnixSocket(network, addr string) (any, error) {
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
-			unixSocket.count.Add(1)
+			atomic.AddInt32(unixSocket.count, 1)
 			unixSockets[socketKey] = &unixListener{ln.(*net.UnixListener), socketKey, unixSocket.count}

 		case *unixConn:
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func reuseUnixSocket(network, addr string) (any, error) {
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
-			unixSocket.count.Add(1)
+			atomic.AddInt32(unixSocket.count, 1)
 			unixSockets[socketKey] = &unixConn{pc.(*net.UnixConn), socketKey, unixSocket.count}
 		}

@@ -165,9 +165,8 @@ func listenReusable(ctx context.Context, lnKey string, network, address string,
 		if !fd {
 			// TODO: Not 100% sure this is necessary, but we do this for net.UnixListener, so...
 			if unix, ok := ln.(*net.UnixConn); ok {
-				cnt := new(atomic.Int32)
-				cnt.Store(1)
-				ln = &unixConn{unix, lnKey, cnt}
+				one := int32(1)
+				ln = &unixConn{unix, lnKey, &one}
 				unixSockets[lnKey] = ln.(*unixConn)
 			}
 		}
@@ -182,9 +181,8 @@ func listenReusable(ctx context.Context, lnKey string, network, address string,
 			// (we do our own "unlink on close" -- not required, but more tidy)
 			if unix, ok := ln.(*net.UnixListener); ok {
 				unix.SetUnlinkOnClose(false)
-				cnt := new(atomic.Int32)
-				cnt.Store(1)
-				ln = &unixListener{unix, lnKey, cnt}
+				one := int32(1)
+				ln = &unixListener{unix, lnKey, &one}
 				unixSockets[lnKey] = ln.(*unixListener)
 			}
 		}
@@ -218,11 +216,11 @@ func reusePort(network, address string, conn syscall.RawConn) error {
 type unixListener struct {
 	*net.UnixListener
 	mapKey string
-	count  *atomic.Int32
+	count  *int32 // accessed atomically
 }

 func (uln *unixListener) Close() error {
-	newCount := uln.count.Add(-1)
+	newCount := atomic.AddInt32(uln.count, -1)
 	if newCount == 0 {
 		file, err := uln.File()
 		var name string
@@ -244,11 +242,11 @@ func (uln *unixListener) Close() error {
 type unixConn struct {
 	*net.UnixConn
 	mapKey string
-	count  *atomic.Int32
+	count  *int32 // accessed atomically
 }

 func (uc *unixConn) Close() error {
-	newCount := uc.count.Add(-1)
+	newCount := atomic.AddInt32(uc.count, -1)
 	if newCount == 0 {
 		file, err := uc.File()
 		var name string
@@ -31,13 +31,17 @@ import (

 	"github.com/quic-go/quic-go"
 	"github.com/quic-go/quic-go/http3"
-	h3qlog "github.com/quic-go/quic-go/http3/qlog"
+	"github.com/quic-go/quic-go/qlog"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 	"golang.org/x/time/rate"

 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/internal"
 )

+// listenFdsStart is the first file descriptor number for systemd socket activation.
+// File descriptors 0, 1, 2 are reserved for stdin, stdout, stderr.
+const listenFdsStart = 3
+
 // NetworkAddress represents one or more network addresses.
 // It contains the individual components for a parsed network
 // address of the form accepted by ParseNetworkAddress().
@@ -229,7 +233,7 @@ func (na NetworkAddress) JoinHostPort(offset uint) string {
 func (na NetworkAddress) Expand() []NetworkAddress {
 	size := na.PortRangeSize()
 	addrs := make([]NetworkAddress, size)
-	for portOffset := range size {
+	for portOffset := uint(0); portOffset < size; portOffset++ {
 		addrs[portOffset] = na.At(portOffset)
 	}
 	return addrs
@@ -305,6 +309,64 @@ func IsFdNetwork(netw string) bool {
 	return strings.HasPrefix(netw, "fd")
 }

+// getFdByName returns the file descriptor number for the given
+// socket name from systemd's LISTEN_FDNAMES environment variable.
+// Socket names are provided by systemd via socket activation.
+//
+// The name can optionally include an index to handle multiple sockets
+// with the same name: "web:0" for first, "web:1" for second, etc.
+// If no index is specified, defaults to index 0 (first occurrence).
+func getFdByName(nameWithIndex string) (int, error) {
+	if nameWithIndex == "" {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("socket name cannot be empty")
+	}
+
+	fdNamesStr := os.Getenv("LISTEN_FDNAMES")
+	if fdNamesStr == "" {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("LISTEN_FDNAMES environment variable not set")
+	}
+
+	// Parse name and optional index
+	parts := strings.Split(nameWithIndex, ":")
+	if len(parts) > 2 {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid socket name format '%s': too many colons", nameWithIndex)
+	}
+
+	name := parts[0]
+	targetIndex := 0
+
+	if len(parts) > 1 {
+		var err error
+		targetIndex, err = strconv.Atoi(parts[1])
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid socket index '%s': %v", parts[1], err)
+		}
+		if targetIndex < 0 {
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("socket index cannot be negative: %d", targetIndex)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Parse the socket names
+	names := strings.Split(fdNamesStr, ":")
+
+	// Find the Nth occurrence of the requested name
+	matchCount := 0
+	for i, fdName := range names {
+		if fdName == name {
+			if matchCount == targetIndex {
+				return listenFdsStart + i, nil
+			}
+			matchCount++
+		}
+	}
+
+	if matchCount == 0 {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("socket name '%s' not found in LISTEN_FDNAMES", name)
+	}
+
+	return 0, fmt.Errorf("socket name '%s' found %d times, but index %d requested", name, matchCount, targetIndex)
+}
+
 // ParseNetworkAddress parses addr into its individual
 // components. The input string is expected to be of
 // the form "network/host:port-range" where any part is
@@ -336,9 +398,27 @@ func ParseNetworkAddressWithDefaults(addr, defaultNetwork string, defaultPort ui
 		}, err
 	}
 	if IsFdNetwork(network) {
+		fdAddr := host
+
+		// Handle named socket activation (fdname/name, fdgramname/name)
+		if strings.HasPrefix(network, "fdname") || strings.HasPrefix(network, "fdgramname") {
+			fdNum, err := getFdByName(host)
+			if err != nil {
+				return NetworkAddress{}, fmt.Errorf("named socket activation: %v", err)
+			}
+			fdAddr = strconv.Itoa(fdNum)
+
+			// Normalize network to standard fd/fdgram
+			if strings.HasPrefix(network, "fdname") {
+				network = "fd"
+			} else {
+				network = "fdgram"
+			}
+		}
+
 		return NetworkAddress{
 			Network: network,
-			Host:    host,
+			Host:    fdAddr,
 		}, nil
 	}
 	var start, end uint64
@@ -431,7 +511,7 @@ func JoinNetworkAddress(network, host, port string) string {
 //
 // NOTE: This API is EXPERIMENTAL and may be changed or removed.
 // NOTE: user should close the returned listener twice, once to stop accepting new connections, the second time to free up the packet conn.
-func (na NetworkAddress) ListenQUIC(ctx context.Context, portOffset uint, config net.ListenConfig, tlsConf *tls.Config, pcWrappers []PacketConnWrapper, allow0rttconf *bool) (http3.QUICListener, error) {
+func (na NetworkAddress) ListenQUIC(ctx context.Context, portOffset uint, config net.ListenConfig, tlsConf *tls.Config) (http3.QUICListener, error) {
 	lnKey := listenerKey("quic"+na.Network, na.JoinHostPort(portOffset))

 	sharedEarlyListener, _, err := listenerPool.LoadOrNew(lnKey, func() (Destructor, error) {
@@ -443,29 +523,19 @@ func (na NetworkAddress) ListenQUIC(ctx context.Context, portOffset uint, config
 		ln := lnAny.(net.PacketConn)

 		h3ln := ln
-		if len(pcWrappers) == 0 {
-			for {
-				// retrieve the underlying socket, so quic-go can optimize.
-				if unwrapper, ok := h3ln.(interface{ Unwrap() net.PacketConn }); ok {
-					h3ln = unwrapper.Unwrap()
-				} else {
-					break
-				}
-			}
-		} else {
-			// wrap packet conn before QUIC
-			for _, pcWrapper := range pcWrappers {
-				h3ln = pcWrapper.WrapPacketConn(h3ln)
+		for {
+			// retrieve the underlying socket, so quic-go can optimize.
+			if unwrapper, ok := h3ln.(interface{ Unwrap() net.PacketConn }); ok {
+				h3ln = unwrapper.Unwrap()
+			} else {
+				break
 			}
 		}

 		sqs := newSharedQUICState(tlsConf)
 		// http3.ConfigureTLSConfig only uses this field and tls App sets this field as well
 		//nolint:gosec
-		quicTlsConfig := &tls.Config{
-			GetConfigForClient:          sqs.getConfigForClient,
-			GetEncryptedClientHelloKeys: sqs.getEncryptedClientHelloKeys,
-		}
+		quicTlsConfig := &tls.Config{GetConfigForClient: sqs.getConfigForClient}
 		// Require clients to verify their source address when we're handling more than 1000 handshakes per second.
 		// TODO: make tunable?
 		limiter := rate.NewLimiter(1000, 1000)
@@ -473,15 +543,11 @@ func (na NetworkAddress) ListenQUIC(ctx context.Context, portOffset uint, config
 			Conn:                h3ln,
 			VerifySourceAddress: func(addr net.Addr) bool { return !limiter.Allow() },
 		}
-		allow0rtt := true
-		if allow0rttconf != nil {
-			allow0rtt = *allow0rttconf
-		}
 		earlyLn, err := tr.ListenEarly(
 			http3.ConfigureTLSConfig(quicTlsConfig),
 			&quic.Config{
-				Allow0RTT: allow0rtt,
-				Tracer:    h3qlog.DefaultConnectionTracer,
+				Allow0RTT: true,
+				Tracer:    qlog.DefaultConnectionTracer,
 			},
 		)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -515,7 +581,7 @@ func ListenerUsage(network, addr string) int {
 // contextAndCancelFunc groups context and its cancelFunc
 type contextAndCancelFunc struct {
 	context.Context
-	context.CancelCauseFunc
+	context.CancelFunc
 }

 // sharedQUICState manages GetConfigForClient
@@ -543,29 +609,19 @@ func (sqs *sharedQUICState) getConfigForClient(ch *tls.ClientHelloInfo) (*tls.Co
 	return sqs.activeTlsConf.GetConfigForClient(ch)
 }

-// getEncryptedClientHelloKeys is used as tls.Config's GetEncryptedClientHelloKeys field.
-func (sqs *sharedQUICState) getEncryptedClientHelloKeys(ch *tls.ClientHelloInfo) ([]tls.EncryptedClientHelloKey, error) {
-	sqs.rmu.RLock()
-	defer sqs.rmu.RUnlock()
-	if sqs.activeTlsConf.GetEncryptedClientHelloKeys == nil {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-	return sqs.activeTlsConf.GetEncryptedClientHelloKeys(ch)
-}
-
 // addState adds tls.Config and activeRequests to the map if not present and returns the corresponding context and its cancelFunc
 // so that when cancelled, the active tls.Config will change
-func (sqs *sharedQUICState) addState(tlsConfig *tls.Config) (context.Context, context.CancelCauseFunc) {
+func (sqs *sharedQUICState) addState(tlsConfig *tls.Config) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
 	sqs.rmu.Lock()
 	defer sqs.rmu.Unlock()

 	if cacc, ok := sqs.tlsConfs[tlsConfig]; ok {
-		return cacc.Context, cacc.CancelCauseFunc
+		return cacc.Context, cacc.CancelFunc
 	}

-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancelCause(context.Background())
-	wrappedCancel := func(cause error) {
-		cancel(cause)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	wrappedCancel := func() {
+		cancel()

 		sqs.rmu.Lock()
 		defer sqs.rmu.Unlock()
@@ -621,13 +677,13 @@ func fakeClosedErr(l interface{ Addr() net.Addr }) error {
 // indicating that it is pretending to be closed so that the
 // server using it can terminate, while the underlying
 // socket is actually left open.
-var errFakeClosed = fmt.Errorf("QUIC listener 'closed' 😉")
+var errFakeClosed = fmt.Errorf("listener 'closed' 😉")

 type fakeCloseQuicListener struct {
-	closed              atomic.Int32
-	*sharedQuicListener // embedded, so we also become a quic.EarlyListener
+	closed              int32 // accessed atomically; belongs to this struct only
+	*sharedQuicListener       // embedded, so we also become a quic.EarlyListener
 	context             context.Context
-	contextCancel       context.CancelCauseFunc
+	contextCancel       context.CancelFunc
 }

 // Currently Accept ignores the passed context, however a situation where
@@ -642,16 +698,16 @@ func (fcql *fakeCloseQuicListener) Accept(_ context.Context) (*quic.Conn, error)
 	}

 	// if the listener is "closed", return a fake closed error instead
-	if fcql.closed.Load() == 1 && errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+	if atomic.LoadInt32(&fcql.closed) == 1 && errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
 		return nil, fakeClosedErr(fcql)
 	}
 	return nil, err
 }

 func (fcql *fakeCloseQuicListener) Close() error {
-	if fcql.closed.CompareAndSwap(0, 1) {
-		fcql.contextCancel(errFakeClosed)
-	} else if fcql.closed.CompareAndSwap(1, 2) {
+	if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&fcql.closed, 0, 1) {
+		fcql.contextCancel()
+	} else if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&fcql.closed, 1, 2) {
 		_, _ = listenerPool.Delete(fcql.sharedQuicListener.key)
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -719,19 +775,6 @@ type ListenerWrapper interface {
 	WrapListener(net.Listener) net.Listener
 }

-// PacketConnWrapper is a type that wraps a packet conn
-// so it can modify the input packet conn methods.
-// Modules that implement this interface are found
-// in the caddy.packetconns namespace. Usually, to
-// wrap a packet conn, you will define your own struct
-// type that embeds the input packet conn, then
-// implement your own methods that you want to wrap,
-// calling the underlying packet conn methods where
-// appropriate.
-type PacketConnWrapper interface {
-	WrapPacketConn(net.PacketConn) net.PacketConn
-}
-
 // listenerPool stores and allows reuse of active listeners.
 var listenerPool = NewUsagePool()

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 package caddy

 import (
-	"crypto/tls"
+	"os"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"

@@ -176,63 +176,6 @@ func TestJoinNetworkAddress(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestSharedQUICStateGetEncryptedClientHelloKeys(t *testing.T) {
-	hello := &tls.ClientHelloInfo{ServerName: "example.com"}
-	initialKeys := []tls.EncryptedClientHelloKey{{Config: []byte("initial"), PrivateKey: []byte("initial-key")}}
-	updatedKeys := []tls.EncryptedClientHelloKey{{Config: []byte("updated"), PrivateKey: []byte("updated-key")}}
-
-	initialConfig := &tls.Config{
-		GetConfigForClient: func(*tls.ClientHelloInfo) (*tls.Config, error) {
-			return nil, nil
-		},
-		GetEncryptedClientHelloKeys: func(*tls.ClientHelloInfo) ([]tls.EncryptedClientHelloKey, error) {
-			return initialKeys, nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	sqs := newSharedQUICState(initialConfig)
-
-	keys, err := sqs.getEncryptedClientHelloKeys(hello)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("getting initial ECH keys: %v", err)
-	}
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(keys, initialKeys) {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected initial ECH keys: got %#v, want %#v", keys, initialKeys)
-	}
-
-	updatedConfig := &tls.Config{
-		GetConfigForClient: func(*tls.ClientHelloInfo) (*tls.Config, error) {
-			return nil, nil
-		},
-		GetEncryptedClientHelloKeys: func(*tls.ClientHelloInfo) ([]tls.EncryptedClientHelloKey, error) {
-			return updatedKeys, nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	_, cancel := sqs.addState(updatedConfig)
-	sqs.rmu.Lock()
-	sqs.activeTlsConf = updatedConfig
-	sqs.rmu.Unlock()
-
-	keys, err = sqs.getEncryptedClientHelloKeys(hello)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("getting updated ECH keys: %v", err)
-	}
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(keys, updatedKeys) {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected updated ECH keys: got %#v, want %#v", keys, updatedKeys)
-	}
-
-	cancel(nil)
-
-	keys, err = sqs.getEncryptedClientHelloKeys(hello)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("getting restored ECH keys: %v", err)
-	}
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(keys, initialKeys) {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected restored ECH keys: got %#v, want %#v", keys, initialKeys)
-	}
-}
-
 func TestParseNetworkAddress(t *testing.T) {
 	for i, tc := range []struct {
 		input          string
@@ -710,3 +653,286 @@ func TestSplitUnixSocketPermissionsBits(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+// TestGetFdByName tests the getFdByName function for systemd socket activation.
+func TestGetFdByName(t *testing.T) {
+	// Save original environment
+	originalFdNames := os.Getenv("LISTEN_FDNAMES")
+
+	// Restore environment after test
+	defer func() {
+		if originalFdNames != "" {
+			os.Setenv("LISTEN_FDNAMES", originalFdNames)
+		} else {
+			os.Unsetenv("LISTEN_FDNAMES")
+		}
+	}()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		fdNames     string
+		socketName  string
+		expectedFd  int
+		expectError bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:       "simple http socket",
+			fdNames:    "http",
+			socketName: "http",
+			expectedFd: 3,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "multiple different sockets - first",
+			fdNames:    "http:https:dns",
+			socketName: "http",
+			expectedFd: 3,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "multiple different sockets - second",
+			fdNames:    "http:https:dns",
+			socketName: "https",
+			expectedFd: 4,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "multiple different sockets - third",
+			fdNames:    "http:https:dns",
+			socketName: "dns",
+			expectedFd: 5,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "duplicate names - first occurrence (no index)",
+			fdNames:    "web:web:api",
+			socketName: "web",
+			expectedFd: 3,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "duplicate names - first occurrence (explicit index 0)",
+			fdNames:    "web:web:api",
+			socketName: "web:0",
+			expectedFd: 3,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "duplicate names - second occurrence (index 1)",
+			fdNames:    "web:web:api",
+			socketName: "web:1",
+			expectedFd: 4,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "complex duplicates - first api",
+			fdNames:    "web:api:web:api:dns",
+			socketName: "api:0",
+			expectedFd: 4,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "complex duplicates - second api",
+			fdNames:    "web:api:web:api:dns",
+			socketName: "api:1",
+			expectedFd: 6,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "complex duplicates - first web",
+			fdNames:    "web:api:web:api:dns",
+			socketName: "web:0",
+			expectedFd: 3,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "complex duplicates - second web",
+			fdNames:    "web:api:web:api:dns",
+			socketName: "web:1",
+			expectedFd: 5,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "socket not found",
+			fdNames:     "http:https",
+			socketName:  "missing",
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "empty socket name",
+			fdNames:     "http",
+			socketName:  "",
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "missing LISTEN_FDNAMES",
+			fdNames:     "",
+			socketName:  "http",
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "index out of range",
+			fdNames:     "web:web",
+			socketName:  "web:2",
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "negative index",
+			fdNames:     "web",
+			socketName:  "web:-1",
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "invalid index format",
+			fdNames:     "web",
+			socketName:  "web:abc",
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "too many colons",
+			fdNames:     "web",
+			socketName:  "web:0:extra",
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			// Set up environment
+			if tc.fdNames != "" {
+				os.Setenv("LISTEN_FDNAMES", tc.fdNames)
+			} else {
+				os.Unsetenv("LISTEN_FDNAMES")
+			}
+
+			// Test the function
+			fd, err := getFdByName(tc.socketName)
+
+			if tc.expectError {
+				if err == nil {
+					t.Errorf("Expected error but got none")
+				}
+			} else {
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Errorf("Expected no error but got: %v", err)
+				}
+				if fd != tc.expectedFd {
+					t.Errorf("Expected FD %d but got %d", tc.expectedFd, fd)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestParseNetworkAddressFdName tests parsing of fdname and fdgramname addresses.
+func TestParseNetworkAddressFdName(t *testing.T) {
+	// Save and restore environment
+	originalFdNames := os.Getenv("LISTEN_FDNAMES")
+	defer func() {
+		if originalFdNames != "" {
+			os.Setenv("LISTEN_FDNAMES", originalFdNames)
+		} else {
+			os.Unsetenv("LISTEN_FDNAMES")
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// Set up test environment
+	os.Setenv("LISTEN_FDNAMES", "http:https:dns")
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		input      string
+		expectAddr NetworkAddress
+		expectErr  bool
+	}{
+		{
+			input: "fdname/http",
+			expectAddr: NetworkAddress{
+				Network: "fd",
+				Host:    "3",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			input: "fdname/https",
+			expectAddr: NetworkAddress{
+				Network: "fd",
+				Host:    "4",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			input: "fdname/dns",
+			expectAddr: NetworkAddress{
+				Network: "fd",
+				Host:    "5",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			input: "fdname/http:0",
+			expectAddr: NetworkAddress{
+				Network: "fd",
+				Host:    "3",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			input: "fdname/https:0",
+			expectAddr: NetworkAddress{
+				Network: "fd",
+				Host:    "4",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			input: "fdgramname/http",
+			expectAddr: NetworkAddress{
+				Network: "fdgram",
+				Host:    "3",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			input: "fdgramname/https",
+			expectAddr: NetworkAddress{
+				Network: "fdgram",
+				Host:    "4",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			input: "fdgramname/http:0",
+			expectAddr: NetworkAddress{
+				Network: "fdgram",
+				Host:    "3",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			input:     "fdname/nonexistent",
+			expectErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			input:     "fdgramname/nonexistent",
+			expectErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			input:     "fdname/http:99",
+			expectErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			input:     "fdname/invalid:abc",
+			expectErr: true,
+		},
+		// Test that old fd/N syntax still works
+		{
+			input: "fd/7",
+			expectAddr: NetworkAddress{
+				Network: "fd",
+				Host:    "7",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			input: "fdgram/8",
+			expectAddr: NetworkAddress{
+				Network: "fdgram",
+				Host:    "8",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for i, tc := range tests {
+		actualAddr, err := ParseNetworkAddress(tc.input)
+
+		if tc.expectErr && err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("Test %d (%s): Expected error but got none", i, tc.input)
+		}
+		if !tc.expectErr && err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Test %d (%s): Expected no error but got: %v", i, tc.input, err)
+		}
+		if !tc.expectErr && !reflect.DeepEqual(tc.expectAddr, actualAddr) {
+			t.Errorf("Test %d (%s): Expected %+v but got %+v", i, tc.input, tc.expectAddr, actualAddr)
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -342,11 +342,7 @@ func ParseStructTag(tag string) (map[string]string, error) {
 func StrictUnmarshalJSON(data []byte, v any) error {
 	dec := json.NewDecoder(bytes.NewReader(data))
 	dec.DisallowUnknownFields()
-	err := dec.Decode(v)
-	if jsonErr, ok := err.(*json.SyntaxError); ok {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w, at offset %d", jsonErr, jsonErr.Offset)
-	}
-	return err
+	return dec.Decode(v)
 }

 var JSONRawMessageType = reflect.TypeFor[json.RawMessage]()
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ import (
 	"cmp"
 	"context"
 	"crypto/tls"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"maps"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"strconv"
@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@ func init() {
 // Placeholder | Description
 // ------------|---------------
 // `{http.request.body}` | The request body (⚠️ inefficient; use only for debugging)
-// `{http.request.body_base64}` | The request body, base64-encoded (⚠️ for debugging)
 // `{http.request.cookie.*}` | HTTP request cookie
 // `{http.request.duration}` | Time up to now spent handling the request (after decoding headers from client)
 // `{http.request.duration_ms}` | Same as 'duration', but in milliseconds.
@@ -68,7 +67,6 @@ func init() {
 // `{http.request.orig_uri.path.dir}` | The request's original directory
 // `{http.request.orig_uri.path.file}` | The request's original filename
 // `{http.request.orig_uri.query}` | The request's original query string (without `?`)
-// `{http.request.orig_uri.prefixed_query}` | The request's original query string with a `?` prefix, if non-empty
 // `{http.request.port}` | The port part of the request's Host header
 // `{http.request.proto}` | The protocol of the request
 // `{http.request.local.host}` | The host (IP) part of the local address the connection arrived on
@@ -84,7 +82,6 @@ func init() {
 // `{http.request.tls.proto}` | The negotiated next protocol
 // `{http.request.tls.proto_mutual}` | The negotiated next protocol was advertised by the server
 // `{http.request.tls.server_name}` | The server name requested by the client, if any
-// `{http.request.tls.ech}` | Whether ECH was offered by the client and accepted by the server
 // `{http.request.tls.client.fingerprint}` | The SHA256 checksum of the client certificate
 // `{http.request.tls.client.public_key}` | The public key of the client certificate.
 // `{http.request.tls.client.public_key_sha256}` | The SHA256 checksum of the client's public key.
@@ -98,15 +95,11 @@ func init() {
 // `{http.request.tls.client.san.ips.*}` | SAN IP addresses (index optional)
 // `{http.request.tls.client.san.uris.*}` | SAN URIs (index optional)
 // `{http.request.uri}` | The full request URI
-// `{http.request.uri_escaped}` | The full request URI with query-style URL encoding applied (using url.QueryEscape)
 // `{http.request.uri.path}` | The path component of the request URI
-// `{http.request.uri.path_escaped}` | The path component of the request URI with query-style URL encoding applied (using url.QueryEscape)
 // `{http.request.uri.path.*}` | Parts of the path, split by `/` (0-based from left)
 // `{http.request.uri.path.dir}` | The directory, excluding leaf filename
 // `{http.request.uri.path.file}` | The filename of the path, excluding directory
 // `{http.request.uri.query}` | The query string (without `?`)
-// `{http.request.uri.query_escaped}` | The query string with query-style URL encoding applied (using url.QueryEscape)
-// `{http.request.uri.prefixed_query}` | The query string with a `?` prefix, if non-empty
 // `{http.request.uri.query.*}` | Individual query string value
 // `{http.response.header.*}` | Specific response header field
 // `{http.vars.*}` | Custom variables in the HTTP handler chain
@@ -207,9 +200,6 @@ func (app *App) Provision(ctx caddy.Context) error {
 		app.Metrics.httpMetrics = &httpMetrics{}
 		// Scan config for allowed hosts to prevent cardinality explosion
 		app.Metrics.scanConfigForHosts(app)
-		if err := app.Metrics.provisionOTLP(ctx); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
 	}
 	// prepare each server
 	oldContext := ctx.Context
@@ -221,6 +211,8 @@ func (app *App) Provision(ctx caddy.Context) error {
 		srv.ctx = ctx
 		srv.logger = app.logger.Named("log")
 		srv.errorLogger = app.logger.Named("log.error")
+		srv.shutdownAtMu = new(sync.RWMutex)
+
 		if srv.Metrics != nil {
 			srv.logger.Warn("per-server 'metrics' is deprecated; use 'metrics' in the root 'http' app instead")
 			app.Metrics = cmp.Or(app.Metrics, &Metrics{
@@ -240,7 +232,12 @@ func (app *App) Provision(ctx caddy.Context) error {

 		// if no protocols configured explicitly, enable all except h2c
 		if len(srv.Protocols) == 0 {
-			srv.Protocols = srv.protocolsWithDefaults()
+			srv.Protocols = []string{"h1", "h2", "h3"}
+		}
+
+		srvProtocolsUnique := map[string]struct{}{}
+		for _, srvProtocol := range srv.Protocols {
+			srvProtocolsUnique[srvProtocol] = struct{}{}
 		}

 		if srv.ListenProtocols != nil {
@@ -251,7 +248,31 @@ func (app *App) Provision(ctx caddy.Context) error {

 			for i, lnProtocols := range srv.ListenProtocols {
 				if lnProtocols != nil {
-					srv.ListenProtocols[i] = srv.listenerProtocolsWithDefaults(lnProtocols)
+					// populate empty listen protocols with server protocols
+					lnProtocolsDefault := false
+					var lnProtocolsInclude []string
+					srvProtocolsInclude := maps.Clone(srvProtocolsUnique)
+
+					// keep existing listener protocols unless they are empty
+					for _, lnProtocol := range lnProtocols {
+						if lnProtocol == "" {
+							lnProtocolsDefault = true
+						} else {
+							lnProtocolsInclude = append(lnProtocolsInclude, lnProtocol)
+							delete(srvProtocolsInclude, lnProtocol)
+						}
+					}
+
+					// append server protocols to listener protocols if any listener protocols were empty
+					if lnProtocolsDefault {
+						for _, srvProtocol := range srv.Protocols {
+							if _, ok := srvProtocolsInclude[srvProtocol]; ok {
+								lnProtocolsInclude = append(lnProtocolsInclude, srvProtocol)
+							}
+						}
+					}
+
+					srv.ListenProtocols[i] = lnProtocolsInclude
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -325,20 +346,6 @@ func (app *App) Provision(ctx caddy.Context) error {
 				srv.listenerWrappers = append([]caddy.ListenerWrapper{new(tlsPlaceholderWrapper)}, srv.listenerWrappers...)
 			}
 		}
-
-		// set up each packet conn modifier
-		if srv.PacketConnWrappersRaw != nil {
-			vals, err := ctx.LoadModule(srv, "PacketConnWrappersRaw")
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("loading packet conn wrapper modules: %v", err)
-			}
-			// if any wrappers were configured, they come before the QUIC handshake;
-			// unlike TLS above, there is no QUIC placeholder
-			for _, val := range vals.([]any) {
-				srv.packetConnWrappers = append(srv.packetConnWrappers, val.(caddy.PacketConnWrapper))
-			}
-		}
-
 		// pre-compile the primary handler chain, and be sure to wrap it in our
 		// route handler so that important security checks are done, etc.
 		primaryRoute := emptyHandler
@@ -665,7 +672,9 @@ func (app *App) Stop() error {
 				for _, addr := range na.Expand() {
 					if caddy.ListenerUsage(addr.Network, addr.JoinHostPort(0)) < 2 {
 						app.logger.Debug("listener closing and shutdown delay is configured", zap.String("address", addr.String()))
-						server.shutdownAt.Store(&scheduledTime)
+						server.shutdownAtMu.Lock()
+						server.shutdownAt = scheduledTime
+						server.shutdownAtMu.Unlock()
 						delay = true
 					} else {
 						app.logger.Debug("shutdown delay configured but listener will remain open", zap.String("address", addr.String()))
@@ -686,10 +695,9 @@ func (app *App) Stop() error {
 	// enforce grace period if configured
 	if app.GracePeriod > 0 {
 		var cancel context.CancelFunc
-		timeout := time.Duration(app.GracePeriod)
-		ctx, cancel = context.WithTimeoutCause(ctx, timeout, fmt.Errorf("server graceful shutdown %ds timeout", int(timeout.Seconds())))
+		ctx, cancel = context.WithTimeout(ctx, time.Duration(app.GracePeriod))
 		defer cancel()
-		app.logger.Info("servers shutting down; grace period initiated", zap.Duration("duration", timeout))
+		app.logger.Info("servers shutting down; grace period initiated", zap.Duration("duration", time.Duration(app.GracePeriod)))
 	} else {
 		app.logger.Info("servers shutting down with eternal grace period")
 	}
@@ -715,9 +723,6 @@ func (app *App) Stop() error {
 		}

 		if err := server.server.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
-			if cause := context.Cause(ctx); cause != nil && errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
-				err = cause
-			}
 			app.logger.Error("server shutdown",
 				zap.Error(err),
 				zap.Strings("addresses", server.Listen))
@@ -741,9 +746,6 @@ func (app *App) Stop() error {
 		}

 		if err := server.h3server.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
-			if cause := context.Cause(ctx); cause != nil && errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
-				err = cause
-			}
 			app.logger.Error("HTTP/3 server shutdown",
 				zap.Error(err),
 				zap.Strings("addresses", server.Listen))
@@ -790,12 +792,6 @@ func (app *App) Stop() error {
 		}
 	}

-	// flush and shut down the OTLP metrics exporter (if configured) so any
-	// last data point reaches the collector before the process exits
-	if err := app.Metrics.shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
-		app.logger.Error("shutting down OTLP metrics", zap.Error(err))
-	}
-
 	app.stopped = true
 	return nil
 }
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More