go.mod: Upgrade dependencies

caddytls: Fix broken refactor
Not sure how that happened...
2026-05-25 08:12:31 -04:00 · 2025-03-06 09:52:02 -07:00 · 2025-03-06 08:54:40 -07:00 · 2025-03-06 08:52:52 -07:00 · 2025-03-06 06:51:21 -07:00 · 2025-03-06 08:21:30 +00:00
190 changed files with 11430 additions and 2365 deletions
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ The Caddy project would like to make sure that it stays on top of all practicall

 ## Supported Versions

-| Version | Supported          |
-| ------- | ------------------ |
-| 2.x     | ✔️ |
-| 1.x     | :x:                |
-| < 1.x   | :x:                |
+| Version  | Supported |
+| -------- | ----------|
+| 2.latest | ✔️        |
+| 1.x      | :x:       |
+| < 1.x    | :x:       |


 ## Acceptable Scope
@@ -18,22 +18,18 @@ jobs:
      # Default is true, cancels jobs for other platforms in the matrix if one fails
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        os: 
+        os:
          - linux
          - mac
          - windows
-        go: 
-          - '1.21'
-          - '1.22'
+        go:
+          - '1.24'

        include:
        # Set the minimum Go patch version for the given Go minor
        # Usable via ${{ matrix.GO_SEMVER }}
-        - go: '1.21'
-          GO_SEMVER: '~1.21.0'
-
-        - go: '1.22'
-          GO_SEMVER: '~1.22.3'
+        - go: '1.24'
+          GO_SEMVER: '~1.24.1'

        # Set some variables per OS, usable via ${{ matrix.VAR }}
        # OS_LABEL: the VM label from GitHub Actions (see https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-github-hosted-runners/about-github-hosted-runners/about-github-hosted-runners#standard-github-hosted-runners-for-public-repositories)
@@ -99,7 +95,7 @@ jobs:
      env:
        CGO_ENABLED: 0
      run: |
-        go build -tags nobdger -trimpath -ldflags="-w -s" -v
+        go build -tags nobadger -trimpath -ldflags="-w -s" -v

    - name: Smoke test Caddy
      working-directory: ./cmd/caddy
@@ -143,25 +139,48 @@ jobs:
  s390x-test:
    name: test (s390x on IBM Z)
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    if: github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == github.repository && github.actor != 'dependabot[bot]'
+    if: github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == 'caddyserver/caddy' && github.actor != 'dependabot[bot]'
    continue-on-error: true  # August 2020: s390x VM is down due to weather and power issues
    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Run Tests
        run: |
+          set +e
          mkdir -p ~/.ssh && echo -e "${SSH_KEY//_/\\n}" > ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa && chmod og-rwx ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa

          # short sha is enough?
          short_sha=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD)

+          # To shorten the following lines
+          ssh_opts="-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -o UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null"
+          ssh_host="$CI_USER@ci-s390x.caddyserver.com"
+
          # The environment is fresh, so there's no point in keeping accepting and adding the key.
-          rsync -arz -e "ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -o UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null" --progress --delete --exclude '.git' . "$CI_USER"@ci-s390x.caddyserver.com:/var/tmp/"$short_sha"
-          ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -o UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null -t "$CI_USER"@ci-s390x.caddyserver.com "cd /var/tmp/$short_sha; go version; go env; printf "\n\n";CGO_ENABLED=0 go test -tags nobadger -v ./..."
+          rsync -arz -e "ssh $ssh_opts" --progress --delete --exclude '.git' . "$ssh_host":/var/tmp/"$short_sha"
+          ssh $ssh_opts -t "$ssh_host" bash <<EOF
+          cd /var/tmp/$short_sha
+          go version
+          go env
+          printf "\n\n"
+          retries=3
+          exit_code=0
+          while ((retries > 0)); do
+            CGO_ENABLED=0 go test -p 1 -tags nobadger -v ./...
+            exit_code=$?
+            if ((exit_code == 0)); then
+              break
+            fi
+            echo "\n\nTest failed: \$exit_code, retrying..."
+            ((retries--))
+          done
+          echo "Remote exit code: \$exit_code"
+          exit \$exit_code
+          EOF
          test_result=$?

          # There's no need leaving the files around
-          ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -o UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null "$CI_USER"@ci-s390x.caddyserver.com "rm -rf /var/tmp/'$short_sha'"
+          ssh $ssh_opts "$ssh_host" "rm -rf /var/tmp/'$short_sha'"

          echo "Test exit code: $test_result"
          exit $test_result
@@ -171,11 +190,27 @@ jobs:

  goreleaser-check:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == 'caddyserver/caddy' && github.actor != 'dependabot[bot]'
    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      
-      - uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@v5
+      - uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@v6
        with:
          version: latest
          args: check
+      - name: Install Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          go-version: "~1.24"
+          check-latest: true
+      - name: Install xcaddy
+        run: |
+          go install github.com/caddyserver/xcaddy/cmd/xcaddy@latest
+          xcaddy version
+      - uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@v6
+        with:
+          version: latest
+          args: build --single-target --snapshot
+        env:
+          TAG: ${{ github.head_ref || github.ref_name }}
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        goos: 
+        goos:
          - 'aix'
          - 'linux'
          - 'solaris'
@@ -26,14 +26,14 @@ jobs:
          - 'windows'
          - 'darwin'
          - 'netbsd'
-        go: 
-          - '1.22'
+        go:
+          - '1.24'

        include:
        # Set the minimum Go patch version for the given Go minor
        # Usable via ${{ matrix.GO_SEMVER }}
-        - go: '1.22'
-          GO_SEMVER: '~1.22.3'
+        - go: '1.24'
+          GO_SEMVER: '~1.24.1'

    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    continue-on-error: true
@@ -66,4 +66,4 @@ jobs:
        continue-on-error: true
        working-directory: ./cmd/caddy
        run: |
-          GOOS=$GOOS GOARCH=$GOARCH go build -tags nobadger -trimpath -o caddy-"$GOOS"-$GOARCH 2> /dev/null
+          GOOS=$GOOS GOARCH=$GOARCH go build -tags=nobadger,nomysql,nopgx -trimpath -o caddy-"$GOOS"-$GOARCH 2> /dev/null
@@ -43,13 +43,13 @@ jobs:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version: '~1.22.3'
+          go-version: '~1.24'
          check-latest: true

      - name: golangci-lint
-        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v5
+        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v6
        with:
-          version: v1.55
+          version: latest

          # Windows times out frequently after about 5m50s if we don't set a longer timeout.
          args: --timeout 10m
@@ -63,5 +63,5 @@ jobs:
      - name: govulncheck
        uses: golang/govulncheck-action@v1
        with:
-          go-version-input: '~1.22.3'
+          go-version-input: '~1.24.1'
          check-latest: true
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ jobs:
        os: 
          - ubuntu-latest
        go: 
-          - '1.22'
+          - '1.24'

        include:
        # Set the minimum Go patch version for the given Go minor
        # Usable via ${{ matrix.GO_SEMVER }}
-        - go: '1.22'
-          GO_SEMVER: '~1.22.3'
+        - go: '1.24'
+          GO_SEMVER: '~1.24.1'

    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    # https://github.com/sigstore/cosign/issues/1258#issuecomment-1002251233
@@ -104,9 +104,13 @@ jobs:
      uses: anchore/sbom-action/download-syft@main
    - name: Syft version
      run: syft version
+    - name: Install xcaddy
+      run: |
+        go install github.com/caddyserver/xcaddy/cmd/xcaddy@latest
+        xcaddy version
    # GoReleaser will take care of publishing those artifacts into the release
    - name: Run GoReleaser
-      uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@v5
+      uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@v6
      with:
        version: latest
        args: release --clean --timeout 60m
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 linters-settings:
  errcheck:
-    ignore: fmt:.*,go.uber.org/zap/zapcore:^Add.*
-    ignoretests: true
+    exclude-functions:
+      - fmt.*
+      - (go.uber.org/zap/zapcore.ObjectEncoder).AddObject
+      - (go.uber.org/zap/zapcore.ObjectEncoder).AddArray
  gci:
    sections:
      - standard # Standard section: captures all standard packages.
@@ -33,7 +35,6 @@ linters:
    - errcheck
    - errname
    - exhaustive
-    - exportloopref
    - gci
    - gofmt
    - goimports
@@ -130,18 +131,22 @@ linters:
 run:
  # default concurrency is a available CPU number.
  # concurrency: 4 # explicitly omit this value to fully utilize available resources.
-  deadline: 5m
+  timeout: 5m
  issues-exit-code: 1
  tests: false

 # output configuration options
 output:
-  format: 'colored-line-number'
+  formats:
+    - format: 'colored-line-number'
  print-issued-lines: true
  print-linter-name: true

 issues:
  exclude-rules:
+    - text: 'G115' # TODO: Either we should fix the issues or nuke the linter if it's bad
+      linters:
+        - gosec
    # we aren't calling unknown URL
    - text: 'G107' # G107: Url provided to HTTP request as taint input
      linters:
@@ -166,3 +171,12 @@ issues:
    - path: modules/logging/filters.go
      linters:
        - dupl
+    - path: modules/caddyhttp/matchers.go
+      linters:
+        - dupl
+    - path: modules/caddyhttp/vars.go
+      linters:
+        - dupl
+    - path: _test\.go
+      linters:
+        - errcheck
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+version: 2
+
 before:
  hooks:
    # The build is done in this particular way to build Caddy in a designated directory named in .gitignore.
@@ -10,6 +12,9 @@ before:
    - mkdir -p caddy-build
    - cp cmd/caddy/main.go caddy-build/main.go
    - /bin/sh -c 'cd ./caddy-build && go mod init caddy'
+    # prepare syso files for windows embedding
+    - /bin/sh -c 'for a in amd64 arm arm64; do XCADDY_SKIP_BUILD=1 GOOS=windows GOARCH=$a xcaddy build {{.Env.TAG}}; done'
+    - /bin/sh -c 'mv /tmp/buildenv_*/*.syso caddy-build'
    # GoReleaser doesn't seem to offer {{.Tag}} at this stage, so we have to embed it into the env
    # so we run: TAG=$(git describe --abbrev=0) goreleaser release --rm-dist --skip-publish --skip-validate
    - go mod edit -require=github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2@{{.Env.TAG}} ./caddy-build/go.mod
@@ -29,7 +34,6 @@ builds:
 - env:
  - CGO_ENABLED=0
  - GO111MODULE=on
-  main: main.go
  dir: ./caddy-build
  binary: caddy
  goos:
@@ -79,6 +83,8 @@ builds:
  - -s -w
  tags:
  - nobadger
+  - nomysql
+  - nopgx

 signs:
  - cmd: cosign
@@ -105,7 +111,7 @@ archives:
  - id: default
    format_overrides:
      - goos: windows
-        format: zip
+        formats: zip
    name_template: >-
      {{ .ProjectName }}_
      {{- .Version }}_
@@ -186,6 +192,9 @@ nfpms:
      preremove: ./caddy-dist/scripts/preremove.sh
      postremove: ./caddy-dist/scripts/postremove.sh

+    provides:
+      - httpd
+
 release:
  github:
    owner: caddyserver
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 	<a href="https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/actions/workflows/ci.yml"><img src="https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/actions/workflows/ci.yml/badge.svg"></a>
 	<a href="https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/godoc-reference-%23007d9c.svg"></a>
 	<br>
-	<a href="https://twitter.com/caddyserver" title="@caddyserver on Twitter"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/twitter-@caddyserver-55acee.svg" alt="@caddyserver on Twitter"></a>
+	<a href="https://x.com/caddyserver" title="@caddyserver on Twitter"><img src="https://img.shields.io/twitter/follow/caddyserver" alt="@caddyserver on Twitter"></a>
 	<a href="https://caddy.community" title="Caddy Forum"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/community-forum-ff69b4.svg" alt="Caddy Forum"></a>
 	<br>
 	<a href="https://sourcegraph.com/github.com/caddyserver/caddy?badge" title="Caddy on Sourcegraph"><img src="https://sourcegraph.com/github.com/caddyserver/caddy/-/badge.svg" alt="Caddy on Sourcegraph"></a>
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@
 	- Fully-managed local CA for internal names & IPs
 	- Can coordinate with other Caddy instances in a cluster
 	- Multi-issuer fallback
+	- Encrypted ClientHello (ECH) support
 - **Stays up when other servers go down** due to TLS/OCSP/certificate-related issues
 - **Production-ready** after serving trillions of requests and managing millions of TLS certificates
 - **Scales to hundreds of thousands of sites** as proven in production
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ See [our online documentation](https://caddyserver.com/docs/install) for other i

 Requirements:

- [Go 1.21 or newer](https://golang.org/dl/)
+- [Go 1.24.0 or newer](https://golang.org/dl/)

 ### For development

@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ $ xcaddy build
 4. Initialize a Go module: `go mod init caddy`
 5. (Optional) Pin Caddy version: `go get github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2@version` replacing `version` with a git tag, commit, or branch name.
 6. (Optional) Add plugins by adding their import: `_ "import/path/here"`
-7. Compile: `go build`
+7. Compile: `go build -tags=nobadger,nomysql,nopgx`



@@ -176,7 +177,7 @@ The docs are also open source. You can contribute to them here: https://github.c

 ## Getting help

- We advise companies using Caddy to secure a support contract through [Ardan Labs](https://www.ardanlabs.com/my/contact-us?dd=caddy) before help is needed.
+- We advise companies using Caddy to secure a support contract through [Ardan Labs](https://www.ardanlabs.com) before help is needed.

 - A [sponsorship](https://github.com/sponsors/mholt) goes a long way! We can offer private help to sponsors. If Caddy is benefitting your company, please consider a sponsorship. This not only helps fund full-time work to ensure the longevity of the project, it provides your company the resources, support, and discounts you need; along with being a great look for your company to your customers and potential customers!

@@ -192,8 +193,8 @@ Matthew Holt began developing Caddy in 2014 while studying computer science at B

 **The name "Caddy" is trademarked.** The name of the software is "Caddy", not "Caddy Server" or "CaddyServer". Please call it "Caddy" or, if you wish to clarify, "the Caddy web server". Caddy is a registered trademark of Stack Holdings GmbH.

- _Project on Twitter: [@caddyserver](https://twitter.com/caddyserver)_
- _Author on Twitter: [@mholt6](https://twitter.com/mholt6)_
+- _Project on X: [@caddyserver](https://x.com/caddyserver)_
+- _Author on X: [@mholt6](https://x.com/mholt6)_

 Caddy is a project of [ZeroSSL](https://zerossl.com), a Stack Holdings company.

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"path"
 	"regexp"
+	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -213,7 +214,7 @@ type AdminPermissions struct {

 // newAdminHandler reads admin's config and returns an http.Handler suitable
 // for use in an admin endpoint server, which will be listening on listenAddr.
-func (admin *AdminConfig) newAdminHandler(addr NetworkAddress, remote bool) adminHandler {
+func (admin *AdminConfig) newAdminHandler(addr NetworkAddress, remote bool, _ Context) adminHandler {
 	muxWrap := adminHandler{mux: http.NewServeMux()}

 	// secure the local or remote endpoint respectively
@@ -269,7 +270,6 @@ func (admin *AdminConfig) newAdminHandler(addr NetworkAddress, remote bool) admi
 	// register third-party module endpoints
 	for _, m := range GetModules("admin.api") {
 		router := m.New().(AdminRouter)
-		handlerLabel := m.ID.Name()
 		for _, route := range router.Routes() {
 			addRoute(route.Pattern, handlerLabel, route.Handler)
 		}
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ func (admin AdminConfig) allowedOrigins(addr NetworkAddress) []*url.URL {
 	}
 	if admin.Origins == nil {
 		if addr.isLoopback() {
-			if addr.IsUnixNetwork() {
+			if addr.IsUnixNetwork() || addr.IsFdNetwork() {
 				// RFC 2616, Section 14.26:
 				// "A client MUST include a Host header field in all HTTP/1.1 request
 				// messages. If the requested URI does not include an Internet host
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ func (admin AdminConfig) allowedOrigins(addr NetworkAddress) []*url.URL {
 				uniqueOrigins[net.JoinHostPort("127.0.0.1", addr.port())] = struct{}{}
 			}
 		}
-		if !addr.IsUnixNetwork() {
+		if !addr.IsUnixNetwork() && !addr.IsFdNetwork() {
 			uniqueOrigins[addr.JoinHostPort(0)] = struct{}{}
 		}
 	}
@@ -381,7 +381,9 @@ func (admin AdminConfig) allowedOrigins(addr NetworkAddress) []*url.URL {
 // for the admin endpoint exists in cfg, a default one is used, so
 // that there is always an admin server (unless it is explicitly
 // configured to be disabled).
-func replaceLocalAdminServer(cfg *Config) error {
+// Critically note that some elements and functionality of the context
+// may not be ready, e.g. storage. Tread carefully.
+func replaceLocalAdminServer(cfg *Config, ctx Context) error {
 	// always* be sure to close down the old admin endpoint
 	// as gracefully as possible, even if the new one is
 	// disabled -- careful to use reference to the current
@@ -423,7 +425,7 @@ func replaceLocalAdminServer(cfg *Config) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	handler := cfg.Admin.newAdminHandler(addr, false)
+	handler := cfg.Admin.newAdminHandler(addr, false, ctx)

 	ln, err := addr.Listen(context.TODO(), 0, net.ListenConfig{})
 	if err != nil {
@@ -544,7 +546,7 @@ func replaceRemoteAdminServer(ctx Context, cfg *Config) error {

 	// make the HTTP handler but disable Host/Origin enforcement
 	// because we are using TLS authentication instead
-	handler := cfg.Admin.newAdminHandler(addr, true)
+	handler := cfg.Admin.newAdminHandler(addr, true, ctx)

 	// create client certificate pool for TLS mutual auth, and extract public keys
 	// so that we can enforce access controls at the application layer
@@ -675,13 +677,7 @@ func (remote RemoteAdmin) enforceAccessControls(r *http.Request) error {
 					// key recognized; make sure its HTTP request is permitted
 					for _, accessPerm := range adminAccess.Permissions {
 						// verify method
-						methodFound := accessPerm.Methods == nil
-						for _, method := range accessPerm.Methods {
-							if method == r.Method {
-								methodFound = true
-								break
-							}
-						}
+						methodFound := accessPerm.Methods == nil || slices.Contains(accessPerm.Methods, r.Method)
 						if !methodFound {
 							return APIError{
 								HTTPStatus: http.StatusForbidden,
@@ -877,13 +873,9 @@ func (h adminHandler) handleError(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, err er
 // a trustworthy/expected value. This helps to mitigate DNS
 // rebinding attacks.
 func (h adminHandler) checkHost(r *http.Request) error {
-	var allowed bool
-	for _, allowedOrigin := range h.allowedOrigins {
-		if r.Host == allowedOrigin.Host {
-			allowed = true
-			break
-		}
-	}
+	allowed := slices.ContainsFunc(h.allowedOrigins, func(u *url.URL) bool {
+		return r.Host == u.Host
+	})
 	if !allowed {
 		return APIError{
 			HTTPStatus: http.StatusForbidden,
@@ -1147,7 +1139,7 @@ traverseLoop:
 						return fmt.Errorf("[%s] invalid array index '%s': %v",
 							path, idxStr, err)
 					}
-					if idx < 0 || idx >= len(arr) {
+					if idx < 0 || (method != http.MethodPut && idx >= len(arr)) || idx > len(arr) {
 						return fmt.Errorf("[%s] array index out of bounds: %s", path, idxStr)
 					}
 				}
@@ -15,12 +15,19 @@
 package caddy

 import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
 	"reflect"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/caddyserver/certmagic"
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
+	dto "github.com/prometheus/client_model/go"
 )

 var testCfg = []byte(`{
@@ -203,3 +210,730 @@ func BenchmarkLoad(b *testing.B) {
 		Load(testCfg, true)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestAdminHandlerErrorHandling(t *testing.T) {
+	initAdminMetrics()
+
+	handler := adminHandler{
+		mux: http.NewServeMux(),
+	}
+
+	handler.mux.Handle("/error", http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		err := fmt.Errorf("test error")
+		handler.handleError(w, r, err)
+	}))
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/error", nil)
+	rr := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+	handler.ServeHTTP(rr, req)
+
+	if rr.Code == http.StatusOK {
+		t.Error("expected error response, got success")
+	}
+
+	var apiErr APIError
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(rr.Body).Decode(&apiErr); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decoding response: %v", err)
+	}
+	if apiErr.Message != "test error" {
+		t.Errorf("expected error message 'test error', got '%s'", apiErr.Message)
+	}
+}
+
+func initAdminMetrics() {
+	if adminMetrics.requestErrors != nil {
+		prometheus.Unregister(adminMetrics.requestErrors)
+	}
+	if adminMetrics.requestCount != nil {
+		prometheus.Unregister(adminMetrics.requestCount)
+	}
+
+	adminMetrics.requestErrors = prometheus.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Namespace: "caddy",
+		Subsystem: "admin_http",
+		Name:      "request_errors_total",
+		Help:      "Number of errors that occurred handling admin endpoint requests",
+	}, []string{"handler", "path", "method"})
+
+	adminMetrics.requestCount = prometheus.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Namespace: "caddy",
+		Subsystem: "admin_http",
+		Name:      "requests_total",
+		Help:      "Count of requests to the admin endpoint",
+	}, []string{"handler", "path", "code", "method"}) // Added code and method labels
+
+	prometheus.MustRegister(adminMetrics.requestErrors)
+	prometheus.MustRegister(adminMetrics.requestCount)
+}
+
+func TestAdminHandlerBuiltinRouteErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	initAdminMetrics()
+
+	cfg := &Config{
+		Admin: &AdminConfig{
+			Listen: "localhost:2019",
+		},
+	}
+
+	err := replaceLocalAdminServer(cfg, Context{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("setting up admin server: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		stopAdminServer(localAdminServer)
+	}()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name           string
+		path           string
+		method         string
+		expectedStatus int
+	}{
+		{
+			name:           "stop endpoint wrong method",
+			path:           "/stop",
+			method:         http.MethodGet,
+			expectedStatus: http.StatusMethodNotAllowed,
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "config endpoint wrong content-type",
+			path:           "/config/",
+			method:         http.MethodPost,
+			expectedStatus: http.StatusBadRequest,
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "config ID missing ID",
+			path:           "/id/",
+			method:         http.MethodGet,
+			expectedStatus: http.StatusBadRequest,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			req := httptest.NewRequest(test.method, fmt.Sprintf("http://localhost:2019%s", test.path), nil)
+			rr := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+			localAdminServer.Handler.ServeHTTP(rr, req)
+
+			if rr.Code != test.expectedStatus {
+				t.Errorf("expected status %d but got %d", test.expectedStatus, rr.Code)
+			}
+
+			metricValue := testGetMetricValue(map[string]string{
+				"path":    test.path,
+				"handler": "admin",
+				"method":  test.method,
+			})
+			if metricValue != 1 {
+				t.Errorf("expected error metric to be incremented once, got %v", metricValue)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func testGetMetricValue(labels map[string]string) float64 {
+	promLabels := prometheus.Labels{}
+	for k, v := range labels {
+		promLabels[k] = v
+	}
+
+	metric, err := adminMetrics.requestErrors.GetMetricWith(promLabels)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+
+	pb := &dto.Metric{}
+	metric.Write(pb)
+	return pb.GetCounter().GetValue()
+}
+
+type mockRouter struct {
+	routes []AdminRoute
+}
+
+func (m mockRouter) Routes() []AdminRoute {
+	return m.routes
+}
+
+type mockModule struct {
+	mockRouter
+}
+
+func (m *mockModule) CaddyModule() ModuleInfo {
+	return ModuleInfo{
+		ID: "admin.api.mock",
+		New: func() Module {
+			mm := &mockModule{
+				mockRouter: mockRouter{
+					routes: m.routes,
+				},
+			}
+			return mm
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNewAdminHandlerRouterRegistration(t *testing.T) {
+	originalModules := make(map[string]ModuleInfo)
+	for k, v := range modules {
+		originalModules[k] = v
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		modules = originalModules
+	}()
+
+	mockRoute := AdminRoute{
+		Pattern: "/mock",
+		Handler: AdminHandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) error {
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+			return nil
+		}),
+	}
+
+	mock := &mockModule{
+		mockRouter: mockRouter{
+			routes: []AdminRoute{mockRoute},
+		},
+	}
+	RegisterModule(mock)
+
+	addr, err := ParseNetworkAddress("localhost:2019")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to parse address: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	admin := &AdminConfig{
+		EnforceOrigin: false,
+	}
+	handler := admin.newAdminHandler(addr, false, Context{})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/mock", nil)
+	req.Host = "localhost:2019"
+	rr := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+	handler.ServeHTTP(rr, req)
+
+	if rr.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Errorf("Expected status code %d but got %d", http.StatusOK, rr.Code)
+		t.Logf("Response body: %s", rr.Body.String())
+	}
+
+	if len(admin.routers) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected 1 router to be stored, got %d", len(admin.routers))
+	}
+}
+
+type mockProvisionableRouter struct {
+	mockRouter
+	provisionErr error
+	provisioned  bool
+}
+
+func (m *mockProvisionableRouter) Provision(Context) error {
+	m.provisioned = true
+	return m.provisionErr
+}
+
+type mockProvisionableModule struct {
+	*mockProvisionableRouter
+}
+
+func (m *mockProvisionableModule) CaddyModule() ModuleInfo {
+	return ModuleInfo{
+		ID: "admin.api.mock_provision",
+		New: func() Module {
+			mm := &mockProvisionableModule{
+				mockProvisionableRouter: &mockProvisionableRouter{
+					mockRouter:   m.mockRouter,
+					provisionErr: m.provisionErr,
+				},
+			}
+			return mm
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAdminRouterProvisioning(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name         string
+		provisionErr error
+		wantErr      bool
+		routersAfter int // expected number of routers after provisioning
+	}{
+		{
+			name:         "successful provisioning",
+			provisionErr: nil,
+			wantErr:      false,
+			routersAfter: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "provisioning error",
+			provisionErr: fmt.Errorf("provision failed"),
+			wantErr:      true,
+			routersAfter: 1,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			originalModules := make(map[string]ModuleInfo)
+			for k, v := range modules {
+				originalModules[k] = v
+			}
+			defer func() {
+				modules = originalModules
+			}()
+
+			mockRoute := AdminRoute{
+				Pattern: "/mock",
+				Handler: AdminHandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) error {
+					return nil
+				}),
+			}
+
+			// Create provisionable module
+			mock := &mockProvisionableModule{
+				mockProvisionableRouter: &mockProvisionableRouter{
+					mockRouter: mockRouter{
+						routes: []AdminRoute{mockRoute},
+					},
+					provisionErr: test.provisionErr,
+				},
+			}
+			RegisterModule(mock)
+
+			admin := &AdminConfig{}
+			addr, err := ParseNetworkAddress("localhost:2019")
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Failed to parse address: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			_ = admin.newAdminHandler(addr, false, Context{})
+			err = admin.provisionAdminRouters(Context{})
+
+			if test.wantErr {
+				if err == nil {
+					t.Error("Expected error but got nil")
+				}
+			} else {
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Errorf("Expected no error but got: %v", err)
+				}
+			}
+
+			if len(admin.routers) != test.routersAfter {
+				t.Errorf("Expected %d routers after provisioning, got %d", test.routersAfter, len(admin.routers))
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAllowedOriginsUnixSocket(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name          string
+		addr          NetworkAddress
+		origins       []string
+		expectOrigins []string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "unix socket with default origins",
+			addr: NetworkAddress{
+				Network: "unix",
+				Host:    "/tmp/caddy.sock",
+			},
+			origins: nil, // default origins
+			expectOrigins: []string{
+				"", // empty host as per RFC 2616
+				"127.0.0.1",
+				"::1",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "unix socket with custom origins",
+			addr: NetworkAddress{
+				Network: "unix",
+				Host:    "/tmp/caddy.sock",
+			},
+			origins: []string{"example.com"},
+			expectOrigins: []string{
+				"example.com",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "tcp socket on localhost gets all loopback addresses",
+			addr: NetworkAddress{
+				Network:   "tcp",
+				Host:      "localhost",
+				StartPort: 2019,
+				EndPort:   2019,
+			},
+			origins: nil,
+			expectOrigins: []string{
+				"localhost:2019",
+				"[::1]:2019",
+				"127.0.0.1:2019",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			admin := AdminConfig{
+				Origins: test.origins,
+			}
+
+			got := admin.allowedOrigins(test.addr)
+
+			var gotOrigins []string
+			for _, u := range got {
+				gotOrigins = append(gotOrigins, u.Host)
+			}
+
+			if len(gotOrigins) != len(test.expectOrigins) {
+				t.Errorf("Expected %d origins but got %d", len(test.expectOrigins), len(gotOrigins))
+				return
+			}
+
+			expectMap := make(map[string]struct{})
+			for _, origin := range test.expectOrigins {
+				expectMap[origin] = struct{}{}
+			}
+
+			gotMap := make(map[string]struct{})
+			for _, origin := range gotOrigins {
+				gotMap[origin] = struct{}{}
+			}
+
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(expectMap, gotMap) {
+				t.Errorf("Origins mismatch.\nExpected: %v\nGot: %v", test.expectOrigins, gotOrigins)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReplaceRemoteAdminServer(t *testing.T) {
+	const testCert = `MIIDCTCCAfGgAwIBAgIUXsqJ1mY8pKlHQtI3HJ23x2eZPqwwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEL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`
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		cfg     *Config
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "nil config",
+			cfg:     nil,
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "nil admin config",
+			cfg: &Config{
+				Admin: nil,
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "nil remote config",
+			cfg: &Config{
+				Admin: &AdminConfig{},
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "invalid listen address",
+			cfg: &Config{
+				Admin: &AdminConfig{
+					Remote: &RemoteAdmin{
+						Listen: "invalid:address",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valid config",
+			cfg: &Config{
+				Admin: &AdminConfig{
+					Identity: &IdentityConfig{},
+					Remote: &RemoteAdmin{
+						Listen: "localhost:2021",
+						AccessControl: []*AdminAccess{
+							{
+								PublicKeys:  []string{testCert},
+								Permissions: []AdminPermissions{{Methods: []string{"GET"}, Paths: []string{"/test"}}},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "invalid certificate",
+			cfg: &Config{
+				Admin: &AdminConfig{
+					Identity: &IdentityConfig{},
+					Remote: &RemoteAdmin{
+						Listen: "localhost:2021",
+						AccessControl: []*AdminAccess{
+							{
+								PublicKeys:  []string{"invalid-cert-data"},
+								Permissions: []AdminPermissions{{Methods: []string{"GET"}, Paths: []string{"/test"}}},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			ctx := Context{
+				Context: context.Background(),
+				cfg:     test.cfg,
+			}
+
+			if test.cfg != nil {
+				test.cfg.storage = &certmagic.FileStorage{Path: t.TempDir()}
+			}
+
+			if test.cfg != nil && test.cfg.Admin != nil && test.cfg.Admin.Identity != nil {
+				identityCertCache = certmagic.NewCache(certmagic.CacheOptions{
+					GetConfigForCert: func(certmagic.Certificate) (*certmagic.Config, error) {
+						return &certmagic.Config{}, nil
+					},
+				})
+			}
+
+			err := replaceRemoteAdminServer(ctx, test.cfg)
+
+			if test.wantErr {
+				if err == nil {
+					t.Error("Expected error but got nil")
+				}
+			} else {
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Errorf("Expected no error but got: %v", err)
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Clean up
+			if remoteAdminServer != nil {
+				_ = stopAdminServer(remoteAdminServer)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+type mockIssuer struct {
+	configSet *certmagic.Config
+}
+
+func (m *mockIssuer) Issue(ctx context.Context, csr *x509.CertificateRequest) (*certmagic.IssuedCertificate, error) {
+	return &certmagic.IssuedCertificate{
+		Certificate: []byte(csr.Raw),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockIssuer) SetConfig(cfg *certmagic.Config) {
+	m.configSet = cfg
+}
+
+func (m *mockIssuer) IssuerKey() string {
+	return "mock"
+}
+
+type mockIssuerModule struct {
+	*mockIssuer
+}
+
+func (m *mockIssuerModule) CaddyModule() ModuleInfo {
+	return ModuleInfo{
+		ID: "tls.issuance.acme",
+		New: func() Module {
+			return &mockIssuerModule{mockIssuer: new(mockIssuer)}
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func TestManageIdentity(t *testing.T) {
+	originalModules := make(map[string]ModuleInfo)
+	for k, v := range modules {
+		originalModules[k] = v
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		modules = originalModules
+	}()
+
+	RegisterModule(&mockIssuerModule{})
+
+	certPEM := []byte(`-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----`)
+
+	keyPEM := []byte(`-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
+MIIEvgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCBKgwggSkAgEAAoIBAQDRS0LmTwUT0iwP
+...
+-----END PRIVATE KEY-----`)
+
+	testStorage := certmagic.FileStorage{Path: t.TempDir()}
+	err := testStorage.Store(context.Background(), "localhost/localhost.crt", certPEM)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	err = testStorage.Store(context.Background(), "localhost/localhost.key", keyPEM)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		cfg        *Config
+		wantErr    bool
+		checkState func(*testing.T, *Config)
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "nil config",
+			cfg:  nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "nil admin config",
+			cfg: &Config{
+				Admin: nil,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "nil identity config",
+			cfg: &Config{
+				Admin: &AdminConfig{},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "default issuer when none specified",
+			cfg: &Config{
+				Admin: &AdminConfig{
+					Identity: &IdentityConfig{
+						Identifiers: []string{"localhost"},
+					},
+				},
+				storage: &testStorage,
+			},
+			checkState: func(t *testing.T, cfg *Config) {
+				if len(cfg.Admin.Identity.issuers) == 0 {
+					t.Error("Expected at least 1 issuer to be configured")
+					return
+				}
+				if _, ok := cfg.Admin.Identity.issuers[0].(*mockIssuerModule); !ok {
+					t.Error("Expected mock issuer to be configured")
+				}
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "custom issuer",
+			cfg: &Config{
+				Admin: &AdminConfig{
+					Identity: &IdentityConfig{
+						Identifiers: []string{"localhost"},
+						IssuersRaw: []json.RawMessage{
+							json.RawMessage(`{"module": "acme"}`),
+						},
+					},
+				},
+				storage: &certmagic.FileStorage{Path: "testdata"},
+			},
+			checkState: func(t *testing.T, cfg *Config) {
+				if len(cfg.Admin.Identity.issuers) != 1 {
+					t.Fatalf("Expected 1 issuer, got %d", len(cfg.Admin.Identity.issuers))
+				}
+				mockIss, ok := cfg.Admin.Identity.issuers[0].(*mockIssuerModule)
+				if !ok {
+					t.Fatal("Expected mock issuer")
+				}
+				if mockIss.configSet == nil {
+					t.Error("Issuer config was not set")
+				}
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "invalid issuer module",
+			cfg: &Config{
+				Admin: &AdminConfig{
+					Identity: &IdentityConfig{
+						Identifiers: []string{"localhost"},
+						IssuersRaw: []json.RawMessage{
+							json.RawMessage(`{"module": "doesnt_exist"}`),
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if identityCertCache != nil {
+				// Reset the cert cache before each test
+				identityCertCache.Stop()
+				identityCertCache = nil
+			}
+
+			ctx := Context{
+				Context:         context.Background(),
+				cfg:             test.cfg,
+				moduleInstances: make(map[string][]Module),
+			}
+
+			err := manageIdentity(ctx, test.cfg)
+
+			if test.wantErr {
+				if err == nil {
+					t.Error("Expected error but got nil")
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Expected no error but got: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			if test.checkState != nil {
+				test.checkState(t, test.cfg)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
@@ -397,6 +397,62 @@ func unsyncedDecodeAndRun(cfgJSON []byte, allowPersist bool) error {
 // will want to use Run instead, which also
 // updates the config's raw state.
 func run(newCfg *Config, start bool) (Context, error) {
+	ctx, err := provisionContext(newCfg, start)
+	if err != nil {
+		globalMetrics.configSuccess.Set(0)
+		return ctx, err
+	}
+
+	if !start {
+		return ctx, nil
+	}
+
+	// Provision any admin routers which may need to access
+	// some of the other apps at runtime
+	err = ctx.cfg.Admin.provisionAdminRouters(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		globalMetrics.configSuccess.Set(0)
+		return ctx, err
+	}
+
+	// Start
+	err = func() error {
+		started := make([]string, 0, len(ctx.cfg.apps))
+		for name, a := range ctx.cfg.apps {
+			err := a.Start()
+			if err != nil {
+				// an app failed to start, so we need to stop
+				// all other apps that were already started
+				for _, otherAppName := range started {
+					err2 := ctx.cfg.apps[otherAppName].Stop()
+					if err2 != nil {
+						err = fmt.Errorf("%v; additionally, aborting app %s: %v",
+							err, otherAppName, err2)
+					}
+				}
+				return fmt.Errorf("%s app module: start: %v", name, err)
+			}
+			started = append(started, name)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}()
+	if err != nil {
+		globalMetrics.configSuccess.Set(0)
+		return ctx, err
+	}
+	globalMetrics.configSuccess.Set(1)
+	globalMetrics.configSuccessTime.SetToCurrentTime()
+	// now that the user's config is running, finish setting up anything else,
+	// such as remote admin endpoint, config loader, etc.
+	return ctx, finishSettingUp(ctx, ctx.cfg)
+}
+
+// provisionContext creates a new context from the given configuration and provisions
+// storage and apps.
+// If `newCfg` is nil a new empty configuration will be created.
+// If `replaceAdminServer` is true any currently active admin server will be replaced
+// with a new admin server based on the provided configuration.
+func provisionContext(newCfg *Config, replaceAdminServer bool) (Context, error) {
 	// because we will need to roll back any state
 	// modifications if this function errors, we
 	// keep a single error value and scope all
@@ -419,6 +475,7 @@ func run(newCfg *Config, start bool) (Context, error) {
 	ctx, cancel := NewContext(Context{Context: context.Background(), cfg: newCfg})
 	defer func() {
 		if err != nil {
+			globalMetrics.configSuccess.Set(0)
 			// if there were any errors during startup,
 			// we should cancel the new context we created
 			// since the associated config won't be used;
@@ -444,8 +501,8 @@ func run(newCfg *Config, start bool) (Context, error) {
 	}

 	// start the admin endpoint (and stop any prior one)
-	if start {
-		err = replaceLocalAdminServer(newCfg)
+	if replaceAdminServer {
+		err = replaceLocalAdminServer(newCfg, ctx)
 		if err != nil {
 			return ctx, fmt.Errorf("starting caddy administration endpoint: %v", err)
 		}
@@ -491,49 +548,16 @@ func run(newCfg *Config, start bool) (Context, error) {
 		}
 		return nil
 	}()
-	if err != nil {
-		return ctx, err
-	}
+	return ctx, err
+}

-	if !start {
-		return ctx, nil
-	}
-
-	// Provision any admin routers which may need to access
-	// some of the other apps at runtime
-	err = newCfg.Admin.provisionAdminRouters(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return ctx, err
-	}
-
-	// Start
-	err = func() error {
-		started := make([]string, 0, len(newCfg.apps))
-		for name, a := range newCfg.apps {
-			err := a.Start()
-			if err != nil {
-				// an app failed to start, so we need to stop
-				// all other apps that were already started
-				for _, otherAppName := range started {
-					err2 := newCfg.apps[otherAppName].Stop()
-					if err2 != nil {
-						err = fmt.Errorf("%v; additionally, aborting app %s: %v",
-							err, otherAppName, err2)
-					}
-				}
-				return fmt.Errorf("%s app module: start: %v", name, err)
-			}
-			started = append(started, name)
-		}
-		return nil
-	}()
-	if err != nil {
-		return ctx, err
-	}
-
-	// now that the user's config is running, finish setting up anything else,
-	// such as remote admin endpoint, config loader, etc.
-	return ctx, finishSettingUp(ctx, newCfg)
+// ProvisionContext creates a new context from the configuration and provisions storage
+// and app modules.
+// The function is intended for testing and advanced use cases only, typically `Run` should be
+// use to ensure a fully functional caddy instance.
+// EXPERIMENTAL: While this is public the interface and implementation details of this function may change.
+func ProvisionContext(newCfg *Config) (Context, error) {
+	return provisionContext(newCfg, false)
 }

 // finishSettingUp should be run after all apps have successfully started.
@@ -701,8 +725,10 @@ func Validate(cfg *Config) error {
 // Errors are logged along the way, and an appropriate exit
 // code is emitted.
 func exitProcess(ctx context.Context, logger *zap.Logger) {
-	// let the rest of the program know we're quitting
-	atomic.StoreInt32(exiting, 1)
+	// let the rest of the program know we're quitting; only do it once
+	if !atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(exiting, 0, 1) {
+		return
+	}

 	// give the OS or service/process manager our 2 weeks' notice: we quit
 	if err := notify.Stopping(); err != nil {
@@ -869,7 +895,7 @@ func InstanceID() (uuid.UUID, error) {
 		if err != nil {
 			return uuid, err
 		}
-		err = os.MkdirAll(appDataDir, 0o600)
+		err = os.MkdirAll(appDataDir, 0o700)
 		if err != nil {
 			return uuid, err
 		}
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ func (d *Dispenser) EOFErr() error {

 // Err generates a custom parse-time error with a message of msg.
 func (d *Dispenser) Err(msg string) error {
-	return d.Errf(msg)
+	return d.WrapErr(errors.New(msg))
 }

 // Errf is like Err, but for formatted error messages
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ package caddyfile

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"slices"
 )

 type adjacency map[string][]string
@@ -91,12 +92,7 @@ func (i *importGraph) areConnected(from, to string) bool {
 	if !ok {
 		return false
 	}
-	for _, v := range al {
-		if v == to {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
+	return slices.Contains(al, to)
 }

 func (i *importGraph) willCycle(from, to string) bool {
@@ -214,7 +214,12 @@ func (p *parser) addresses() error {
 		value := p.Val()
 		token := p.Token()

-		// special case: import directive replaces tokens during parse-time
+		// Reject request matchers if trying to define them globally
+		if strings.HasPrefix(value, "@") {
+			return p.Errf("request matchers may not be defined globally, they must be in a site block; found %s", value)
+		}
+
+		// Special case: import directive replaces tokens during parse-time
 		if value == "import" && p.isNewLine() {
 			err := p.doImport(0)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -259,8 +264,13 @@ func (p *parser) addresses() error {
 				return p.Errf("Site addresses cannot contain a comma ',': '%s' - put a space after the comma to separate site addresses", value)
 			}

-			token.Text = value
-			p.block.Keys = append(p.block.Keys, token)
+			// After the above, a comma surrounded by spaces would result
+			// in an empty token which we should ignore
+			if value != "" {
+				// Add the token as a site address
+				token.Text = value
+				p.block.Keys = append(p.block.Keys, token)
+			}
 		}

 		// Advance token and possibly break out of loop or return error
@@ -359,9 +369,45 @@ func (p *parser) doImport(nesting int) error {
 	// set up a replacer for non-variadic args replacement
 	repl := makeArgsReplacer(args)

+	// grab all the tokens (if it exists) from within a block that follows the import
+	var blockTokens []Token
+	for currentNesting := p.Nesting(); p.NextBlock(currentNesting); {
+		blockTokens = append(blockTokens, p.Token())
+	}
+	// initialize with size 1
+	blockMapping := make(map[string][]Token, 1)
+	if len(blockTokens) > 0 {
+		// use such tokens to create a new dispenser, and then use it to parse each block
+		bd := NewDispenser(blockTokens)
+		for bd.Next() {
+			// see if we can grab a key
+			var currentMappingKey string
+			if bd.Val() == "{" {
+				return p.Err("anonymous blocks are not supported")
+			}
+			currentMappingKey = bd.Val()
+			currentMappingTokens := []Token{}
+			// read all args until end of line / {
+			if bd.NextArg() {
+				currentMappingTokens = append(currentMappingTokens, bd.Token())
+				for bd.NextArg() {
+					currentMappingTokens = append(currentMappingTokens, bd.Token())
+				}
+				// TODO(elee1766): we don't enter another mapping here because it's annoying to extract the { and } properly.
+				// maybe someone can do that in the future
+			} else {
+				// attempt to enter a block and add tokens to the currentMappingTokens
+				for mappingNesting := bd.Nesting(); bd.NextBlock(mappingNesting); {
+					currentMappingTokens = append(currentMappingTokens, bd.Token())
+				}
+			}
+			blockMapping[currentMappingKey] = currentMappingTokens
+		}
+	}
+
 	// splice out the import directive and its arguments
 	// (2 tokens, plus the length of args)
-	tokensBefore := p.tokens[:p.cursor-1-len(args)]
+	tokensBefore := p.tokens[:p.cursor-1-len(args)-len(blockTokens)]
 	tokensAfter := p.tokens[p.cursor+1:]
 	var importedTokens []Token
 	var nodes []string
@@ -377,7 +423,7 @@ func (p *parser) doImport(nesting int) error {
 		// make path relative to the file of the _token_ being processed rather
 		// than current working directory (issue #867) and then use glob to get
 		// list of matching filenames
-		absFile, err := filepath.Abs(p.Dispenser.File())
+		absFile, err := caddy.FastAbs(p.Dispenser.File())
 		if err != nil {
 			return p.Errf("Failed to get absolute path of file: %s: %v", p.Dispenser.File(), err)
 		}
@@ -490,6 +536,33 @@ func (p *parser) doImport(nesting int) error {
 				maybeSnippet = false
 			}
 		}
+		// if it is {block}, we substitute with all tokens in the block
+		// if it is {blocks.*}, we substitute with the tokens in the mapping for the *
+		var skip bool
+		var tokensToAdd []Token
+		switch {
+		case token.Text == "{block}":
+			tokensToAdd = blockTokens
+		case strings.HasPrefix(token.Text, "{blocks.") && strings.HasSuffix(token.Text, "}"):
+			// {blocks.foo.bar} will be extracted to key `foo.bar`
+			blockKey := strings.TrimPrefix(strings.TrimSuffix(token.Text, "}"), "{blocks.")
+			val, ok := blockMapping[blockKey]
+			if ok {
+				tokensToAdd = val
+			}
+		default:
+			skip = true
+		}
+		if !skip {
+			if len(tokensToAdd) == 0 {
+				// if there is no content in the snippet block, don't do any replacement
+				// this allows snippets which contained {block}/{block.*} before this change to continue functioning as normal
+				tokensCopy = append(tokensCopy, token)
+			} else {
+				tokensCopy = append(tokensCopy, tokensToAdd...)
+			}
+			continue
+		}

 		if maybeSnippet {
 			tokensCopy = append(tokensCopy, token)
@@ -511,7 +584,7 @@ func (p *parser) doImport(nesting int) error {
 	// splice the imported tokens in the place of the import statement
 	// and rewind cursor so Next() will land on first imported token
 	p.tokens = append(tokensBefore, append(tokensCopy, tokensAfter...)...)
-	p.cursor -= len(args) + 1
+	p.cursor -= len(args) + len(blockTokens) + 1

 	return nil
 }
@@ -549,7 +622,7 @@ func (p *parser) doSingleImport(importFile string) ([]Token, error) {

 	// Tack the file path onto these tokens so errors show the imported file's name
 	// (we use full, absolute path to avoid bugs: issue #1892)
-	filename, err := filepath.Abs(importFile)
+	filename, err := caddy.FastAbs(importFile)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, p.Errf("Failed to get absolute path of file: %s: %v", importFile, err)
 	}
@@ -555,6 +555,10 @@ func TestParseAll(t *testing.T) {
 			{"localhost:1234", "http://host2"},
 		}},

+		{`foo.example.com   ,   example.com`, false, [][]string{
+			{"foo.example.com", "example.com"},
+		}},
+
 		{`localhost:1234, http://host2,`, true, [][]string{}},

 		{`http://host1.com, http://host2.com {
@@ -614,8 +618,8 @@ func TestParseAll(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		for j, block := range blocks {
 			if len(block.Keys) != len(test.keys[j]) {
-				t.Errorf("Test %d: Expected %d keys in block %d, got %d",
-					i, len(test.keys[j]), j, len(block.Keys))
+				t.Errorf("Test %d: Expected %d keys in block %d, got %d: %v",
+					i, len(test.keys[j]), j, len(block.Keys), block.Keys)
 				continue
 			}
 			for k, addr := range block.GetKeysText() {
@@ -857,6 +861,29 @@ func TestSnippetAcrossMultipleFiles(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+func TestRejectsGlobalMatcher(t *testing.T) {
+	p := testParser(`
+		@rejected path /foo
+
+		(common) {
+			gzip foo
+			errors stderr
+		}
+
+		http://example.com {
+			import common
+		}
+	`)
+	_, err := p.parseAll()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected an error, but got nil")
+	}
+	expected := "request matchers may not be defined globally, they must be in a site block; found @rejected, at Testfile:2"
+	if err.Error() != expected {
+		t.Errorf("Expected error to be '%s' but got '%v'", expected, err)
+	}
+}
+
 func testParser(input string) parser {
 	return parser{Dispenser: NewTestDispenser(input)}
 }
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/modules/caddyhttp"
 )

-// mapAddressToServerBlocks returns a map of listener address to list of server
+// mapAddressToProtocolToServerBlocks returns a map of listener address to list of server
 // blocks that will be served on that address. To do this, each server block is
 // expanded so that each one is considered individually, although keys of a
 // server block that share the same address stay grouped together so the config
@@ -77,10 +77,15 @@ import (
 // repetition may be undesirable, so call consolidateAddrMappings() to map
 // multiple addresses to the same lists of server blocks (a many:many mapping).
 // (Doing this is essentially a map-reduce technique.)
-func (st *ServerType) mapAddressToServerBlocks(originalServerBlocks []serverBlock,
+func (st *ServerType) mapAddressToProtocolToServerBlocks(originalServerBlocks []serverBlock,
 	options map[string]any,
-) (map[string][]serverBlock, error) {
-	sbmap := make(map[string][]serverBlock)
+) (map[string]map[string][]serverBlock, error) {
+	addrToProtocolToServerBlocks := map[string]map[string][]serverBlock{}
+
+	type keyWithParsedKey struct {
+		key       caddyfile.Token
+		parsedKey Address
+	}

 	for i, sblock := range originalServerBlocks {
 		// within a server block, we need to map all the listener addresses
@@ -88,27 +93,48 @@ func (st *ServerType) mapAddressToServerBlocks(originalServerBlocks []serverBloc
 		// will be served by them; this has the effect of treating each
 		// key of a server block as its own, but without having to repeat its
 		// contents in cases where multiple keys really can be served together
-		addrToKeys := make(map[string][]caddyfile.Token)
+		addrToProtocolToKeyWithParsedKeys := map[string]map[string][]keyWithParsedKey{}
 		for j, key := range sblock.block.Keys {
+			parsedKey, err := ParseAddress(key.Text)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("parsing key: %v", err)
+			}
+			parsedKey = parsedKey.Normalize()
+
 			// a key can have multiple listener addresses if there are multiple
 			// arguments to the 'bind' directive (although they will all have
 			// the same port, since the port is defined by the key or is implicit
 			// through automatic HTTPS)
-			addrs, err := st.listenerAddrsForServerBlockKey(sblock, key.Text, options)
+			listeners, err := st.listenersForServerBlockAddress(sblock, parsedKey, options)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf("server block %d, key %d (%s): determining listener address: %v", i, j, key.Text, err)
 			}

-			// associate this key with each listener address it is served on
-			for _, addr := range addrs {
-				addrToKeys[addr] = append(addrToKeys[addr], key)
+			// associate this key with its protocols and each listener address served with them
+			kwpk := keyWithParsedKey{key, parsedKey}
+			for addr, protocols := range listeners {
+				protocolToKeyWithParsedKeys, ok := addrToProtocolToKeyWithParsedKeys[addr]
+				if !ok {
+					protocolToKeyWithParsedKeys = map[string][]keyWithParsedKey{}
+					addrToProtocolToKeyWithParsedKeys[addr] = protocolToKeyWithParsedKeys
+				}
+
+				// an empty protocol indicates the default, a nil or empty value in the ListenProtocols array
+				if len(protocols) == 0 {
+					protocols[""] = struct{}{}
+				}
+				for prot := range protocols {
+					protocolToKeyWithParsedKeys[prot] = append(
+						protocolToKeyWithParsedKeys[prot],
+						kwpk)
+				}
 			}
 		}

 		// make a slice of the map keys so we can iterate in sorted order
-		addrs := make([]string, 0, len(addrToKeys))
-		for k := range addrToKeys {
-			addrs = append(addrs, k)
+		addrs := make([]string, 0, len(addrToProtocolToKeyWithParsedKeys))
+		for addr := range addrToProtocolToKeyWithParsedKeys {
+			addrs = append(addrs, addr)
 		}
 		sort.Strings(addrs)

@@ -118,85 +144,132 @@ func (st *ServerType) mapAddressToServerBlocks(originalServerBlocks []serverBloc
 		// server block are only the ones which use the address; but
 		// the contents (tokens) are of course the same
 		for _, addr := range addrs {
-			keys := addrToKeys[addr]
-			// parse keys so that we only have to do it once
-			parsedKeys := make([]Address, 0, len(keys))
-			for _, key := range keys {
-				addr, err := ParseAddress(key.Text)
-				if err != nil {
-					return nil, fmt.Errorf("parsing key '%s': %v", key.Text, err)
-				}
-				parsedKeys = append(parsedKeys, addr.Normalize())
+			protocolToKeyWithParsedKeys := addrToProtocolToKeyWithParsedKeys[addr]
+
+			prots := make([]string, 0, len(protocolToKeyWithParsedKeys))
+			for prot := range protocolToKeyWithParsedKeys {
+				prots = append(prots, prot)
 			}
-			sbmap[addr] = append(sbmap[addr], serverBlock{
-				block: caddyfile.ServerBlock{
-					Keys:     keys,
-					Segments: sblock.block.Segments,
-				},
-				pile: sblock.pile,
-				keys: parsedKeys,
+			sort.Strings(prots)
+
+			protocolToServerBlocks, ok := addrToProtocolToServerBlocks[addr]
+			if !ok {
+				protocolToServerBlocks = map[string][]serverBlock{}
+				addrToProtocolToServerBlocks[addr] = protocolToServerBlocks
+			}
+
+			for _, prot := range prots {
+				keyWithParsedKeys := protocolToKeyWithParsedKeys[prot]
+
+				keys := make([]caddyfile.Token, len(keyWithParsedKeys))
+				parsedKeys := make([]Address, len(keyWithParsedKeys))
+
+				for k, keyWithParsedKey := range keyWithParsedKeys {
+					keys[k] = keyWithParsedKey.key
+					parsedKeys[k] = keyWithParsedKey.parsedKey
+				}
+
+				protocolToServerBlocks[prot] = append(protocolToServerBlocks[prot], serverBlock{
+					block: caddyfile.ServerBlock{
+						Keys:     keys,
+						Segments: sblock.block.Segments,
+					},
+					pile:       sblock.pile,
+					parsedKeys: parsedKeys,
+				})
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return addrToProtocolToServerBlocks, nil
+}
+
+// consolidateAddrMappings eliminates repetition of identical server blocks in a mapping of
+// single listener addresses to protocols to lists of server blocks. Since multiple addresses
+// may serve multiple protocols to identical sites (server block contents), this function turns
+// a 1:many mapping into a many:many mapping. Server block contents (tokens) must be
+// exactly identical so that reflect.DeepEqual returns true in order for the addresses to be combined.
+// Identical entries are deleted from the addrToServerBlocks map. Essentially, each pairing (each
+// association from multiple addresses to multiple server blocks; i.e. each element of
+// the returned slice) becomes a server definition in the output JSON.
+func (st *ServerType) consolidateAddrMappings(addrToProtocolToServerBlocks map[string]map[string][]serverBlock) []sbAddrAssociation {
+	sbaddrs := make([]sbAddrAssociation, 0, len(addrToProtocolToServerBlocks))
+
+	addrs := make([]string, 0, len(addrToProtocolToServerBlocks))
+	for addr := range addrToProtocolToServerBlocks {
+		addrs = append(addrs, addr)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(addrs)
+
+	for _, addr := range addrs {
+		protocolToServerBlocks := addrToProtocolToServerBlocks[addr]
+
+		prots := make([]string, 0, len(protocolToServerBlocks))
+		for prot := range protocolToServerBlocks {
+			prots = append(prots, prot)
+		}
+		sort.Strings(prots)
+
+		for _, prot := range prots {
+			serverBlocks := protocolToServerBlocks[prot]
+
+			// now find other addresses that map to identical
+			// server blocks and add them to our map of listener
+			// addresses and protocols, while removing them from
+			// the original map
+			listeners := map[string]map[string]struct{}{}
+
+			for otherAddr, otherProtocolToServerBlocks := range addrToProtocolToServerBlocks {
+				for otherProt, otherServerBlocks := range otherProtocolToServerBlocks {
+					if addr == otherAddr && prot == otherProt || reflect.DeepEqual(serverBlocks, otherServerBlocks) {
+						listener, ok := listeners[otherAddr]
+						if !ok {
+							listener = map[string]struct{}{}
+							listeners[otherAddr] = listener
+						}
+						listener[otherProt] = struct{}{}
+						delete(otherProtocolToServerBlocks, otherProt)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			addresses := make([]string, 0, len(listeners))
+			for lnAddr := range listeners {
+				addresses = append(addresses, lnAddr)
+			}
+			sort.Strings(addresses)
+
+			addressesWithProtocols := make([]addressWithProtocols, 0, len(listeners))
+
+			for _, lnAddr := range addresses {
+				lnProts := listeners[lnAddr]
+				prots := make([]string, 0, len(lnProts))
+				for prot := range lnProts {
+					prots = append(prots, prot)
+				}
+				sort.Strings(prots)
+
+				addressesWithProtocols = append(addressesWithProtocols, addressWithProtocols{
+					address:   lnAddr,
+					protocols: prots,
+				})
+			}
+
+			sbaddrs = append(sbaddrs, sbAddrAssociation{
+				addressesWithProtocols: addressesWithProtocols,
+				serverBlocks:           serverBlocks,
 			})
 		}
 	}

-	return sbmap, nil
-}
-
-// consolidateAddrMappings eliminates repetition of identical server blocks in a mapping of
-// single listener addresses to lists of server blocks. Since multiple addresses may serve
-// identical sites (server block contents), this function turns a 1:many mapping into a
-// many:many mapping. Server block contents (tokens) must be exactly identical so that
-// reflect.DeepEqual returns true in order for the addresses to be combined. Identical
-// entries are deleted from the addrToServerBlocks map. Essentially, each pairing (each
-// association from multiple addresses to multiple server blocks; i.e. each element of
-// the returned slice) becomes a server definition in the output JSON.
-func (st *ServerType) consolidateAddrMappings(addrToServerBlocks map[string][]serverBlock) []sbAddrAssociation {
-	sbaddrs := make([]sbAddrAssociation, 0, len(addrToServerBlocks))
-	for addr, sblocks := range addrToServerBlocks {
-		// we start with knowing that at least this address
-		// maps to these server blocks
-		a := sbAddrAssociation{
-			addresses:    []string{addr},
-			serverBlocks: sblocks,
-		}
-
-		// now find other addresses that map to identical
-		// server blocks and add them to our list of
-		// addresses, while removing them from the map
-		for otherAddr, otherSblocks := range addrToServerBlocks {
-			if addr == otherAddr {
-				continue
-			}
-			if reflect.DeepEqual(sblocks, otherSblocks) {
-				a.addresses = append(a.addresses, otherAddr)
-				delete(addrToServerBlocks, otherAddr)
-			}
-		}
-		sort.Strings(a.addresses)
-
-		sbaddrs = append(sbaddrs, a)
-	}
-
-	// sort them by their first address (we know there will always be at least one)
-	// to avoid problems with non-deterministic ordering (makes tests flaky)
-	sort.Slice(sbaddrs, func(i, j int) bool {
-		return sbaddrs[i].addresses[0] < sbaddrs[j].addresses[0]
-	})
-
 	return sbaddrs
 }

-// listenerAddrsForServerBlockKey essentially converts the Caddyfile
-// site addresses to Caddy listener addresses for each server block.
-func (st *ServerType) listenerAddrsForServerBlockKey(sblock serverBlock, key string,
+// listenersForServerBlockAddress essentially converts the Caddyfile site addresses to a map from
+// Caddy listener addresses and the protocols to serve them with to the parsed address for each server block.
+func (st *ServerType) listenersForServerBlockAddress(sblock serverBlock, addr Address,
 	options map[string]any,
-) ([]string, error) {
-	addr, err := ParseAddress(key)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parsing key: %v", err)
-	}
-	addr = addr.Normalize()
-
+) (map[string]map[string]struct{}, error) {
 	switch addr.Scheme {
 	case "wss":
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("the scheme wss:// is only supported in browsers; use https:// instead")
@@ -230,55 +303,58 @@ func (st *ServerType) listenerAddrsForServerBlockKey(sblock serverBlock, key str

 	// error if scheme and port combination violate convention
 	if (addr.Scheme == "http" && lnPort == httpsPort) || (addr.Scheme == "https" && lnPort == httpPort) {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("[%s] scheme and port violate convention", key)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("[%s] scheme and port violate convention", addr.String())
 	}

-	// the bind directive specifies hosts (and potentially network), but is optional
-	lnHosts := make([]string, 0, len(sblock.pile["bind"]))
+	// the bind directive specifies hosts (and potentially network), and the protocols to serve them with, but is optional
+	lnCfgVals := make([]addressesWithProtocols, 0, len(sblock.pile["bind"]))
 	for _, cfgVal := range sblock.pile["bind"] {
-		lnHosts = append(lnHosts, cfgVal.Value.([]string)...)
+		if val, ok := cfgVal.Value.(addressesWithProtocols); ok {
+			lnCfgVals = append(lnCfgVals, val)
+		}
 	}
-	if len(lnHosts) == 0 {
-		if defaultBind, ok := options["default_bind"].([]string); ok {
-			lnHosts = defaultBind
+	if len(lnCfgVals) == 0 {
+		if defaultBindValues, ok := options["default_bind"].([]ConfigValue); ok {
+			for _, defaultBindValue := range defaultBindValues {
+				lnCfgVals = append(lnCfgVals, defaultBindValue.Value.(addressesWithProtocols))
+			}
 		} else {
-			lnHosts = []string{""}
+			lnCfgVals = []addressesWithProtocols{{
+				addresses: []string{""},
+				protocols: nil,
+			}}
 		}
 	}

 	// use a map to prevent duplication
-	listeners := make(map[string]struct{})
-	for _, lnHost := range lnHosts {
-		// normally we would simply append the port,
-		// but if lnHost is IPv6, we need to ensure it
-		// is enclosed in [ ]; net.JoinHostPort does
-		// this for us, but lnHost might also have a
-		// network type in front (e.g. "tcp/") leading
-		// to "[tcp/::1]" which causes parsing failures
-		// later; what we need is "tcp/[::1]", so we have
-		// to split the network and host, then re-combine
-		network, host, ok := strings.Cut(lnHost, "/")
-		if !ok {
-			host = network
-			network = ""
+	listeners := map[string]map[string]struct{}{}
+	for _, lnCfgVal := range lnCfgVals {
+		for _, lnAddr := range lnCfgVal.addresses {
+			lnNetw, lnHost, _, err := caddy.SplitNetworkAddress(lnAddr)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("splitting listener address: %v", err)
+			}
+			networkAddr, err := caddy.ParseNetworkAddress(caddy.JoinNetworkAddress(lnNetw, lnHost, lnPort))
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("parsing network address: %v", err)
+			}
+			if _, ok := listeners[addr.String()]; !ok {
+				listeners[networkAddr.String()] = map[string]struct{}{}
+			}
+			for _, protocol := range lnCfgVal.protocols {
+				listeners[networkAddr.String()][protocol] = struct{}{}
+			}
 		}
-		host = strings.Trim(host, "[]") // IPv6
-		networkAddr := caddy.JoinNetworkAddress(network, host, lnPort)
-		addr, err := caddy.ParseNetworkAddress(networkAddr)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("parsing network address: %v", err)
-		}
-		listeners[addr.String()] = struct{}{}
 	}

-	// now turn map into list
-	listenersList := make([]string, 0, len(listeners))
-	for lnStr := range listeners {
-		listenersList = append(listenersList, lnStr)
-	}
-	sort.Strings(listenersList)
+	return listeners, nil
+}

-	return listenersList, nil
+// addressesWithProtocols associates a list of listen addresses
+// with a list of protocols to serve them with
+type addressesWithProtocols struct {
+	addresses []string
+	protocols []string
 }

 // Address represents a site address. It contains
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"github.com/caddyserver/certmagic"
-	"github.com/mholt/acmez/v2/acme"
+	"github.com/mholt/acmez/v3/acme"
 	"go.uber.org/zap/zapcore"

 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2"
@@ -56,15 +56,35 @@ func init() {

 // parseBind parses the bind directive. Syntax:
 //
-//	bind <addresses...>
+//		bind <addresses...> [{
+//	   protocols [h1|h2|h2c|h3] [...]
+//	 }]
 func parseBind(h Helper) ([]ConfigValue, error) {
 	h.Next() // consume directive name
-	return []ConfigValue{{Class: "bind", Value: h.RemainingArgs()}}, nil
+	var addresses, protocols []string
+	addresses = h.RemainingArgs()
+
+	for h.NextBlock(0) {
+		switch h.Val() {
+		case "protocols":
+			protocols = h.RemainingArgs()
+			if len(protocols) == 0 {
+				return nil, h.Errf("protocols requires one or more arguments")
+			}
+		default:
+			return nil, h.Errf("unknown subdirective: %s", h.Val())
+		}
+	}
+
+	return []ConfigValue{{Class: "bind", Value: addressesWithProtocols{
+		addresses: addresses,
+		protocols: protocols,
+	}}}, nil
 }

 // parseTLS parses the tls directive. Syntax:
 //
-//	tls [<email>|internal]|[<cert_file> <key_file>] {
+//	tls [<email>|internal|force_automate]|[<cert_file> <key_file>] {
 //	    protocols <min> [<max>]
 //	    ciphers   <cipher_suites...>
 //	    curves    <curves...>
@@ -79,7 +99,7 @@ func parseBind(h Helper) ([]ConfigValue, error) {
 //	    ca                            <acme_ca_endpoint>
 //	    ca_root                       <pem_file>
 //	    key_type                      [ed25519|p256|p384|rsa2048|rsa4096]
-//	    dns                           <provider_name> [...]
+//	    dns                           [<provider_name> [...]]    (required, though, if DNS is not configured as global option)
 //	    propagation_delay             <duration>
 //	    propagation_timeout           <duration>
 //	    resolvers                     <dns_servers...>
@@ -87,6 +107,7 @@ func parseBind(h Helper) ([]ConfigValue, error) {
 //	    dns_challenge_override_domain <domain>
 //	    on_demand
 //	    reuse_private_keys
+//	    force_automate
 //	    eab                           <key_id> <mac_key>
 //	    issuer                        <module_name> [...]
 //	    get_certificate               <module_name> [...]
@@ -106,6 +127,7 @@ func parseTLS(h Helper) ([]ConfigValue, error) {
 	var certManagers []certmagic.Manager
 	var onDemand bool
 	var reusePrivateKeys bool
+	var forceAutomate bool

 	firstLine := h.RemainingArgs()
 	switch len(firstLine) {
@@ -113,8 +135,10 @@ func parseTLS(h Helper) ([]ConfigValue, error) {
 	case 1:
 		if firstLine[0] == "internal" {
 			internalIssuer = new(caddytls.InternalIssuer)
+		} else if firstLine[0] == "force_automate" {
+			forceAutomate = true
 		} else if !strings.Contains(firstLine[0], "@") {
-			return nil, h.Err("single argument must either be 'internal' or an email address")
+			return nil, h.Err("single argument must either be 'internal', 'force_automate', or an email address")
 		} else {
 			acmeIssuer = &caddytls.ACMEIssuer{
 				Email: firstLine[0],
@@ -288,10 +312,6 @@ func parseTLS(h Helper) ([]ConfigValue, error) {
 			certManagers = append(certManagers, certManager)

 		case "dns":
-			if !h.NextArg() {
-				return nil, h.ArgErr()
-			}
-			provName := h.Val()
 			if acmeIssuer == nil {
 				acmeIssuer = new(caddytls.ACMEIssuer)
 			}
@@ -301,12 +321,19 @@ func parseTLS(h Helper) ([]ConfigValue, error) {
 			if acmeIssuer.Challenges.DNS == nil {
 				acmeIssuer.Challenges.DNS = new(caddytls.DNSChallengeConfig)
 			}
-			modID := "dns.providers." + provName
-			unm, err := caddyfile.UnmarshalModule(h.Dispenser, modID)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
+			// DNS provider configuration optional, since it may be configured globally via the TLS app with global options
+			if h.NextArg() {
+				provName := h.Val()
+				modID := "dns.providers." + provName
+				unm, err := caddyfile.UnmarshalModule(h.Dispenser, modID)
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+				acmeIssuer.Challenges.DNS.ProviderRaw = caddyconfig.JSONModuleObject(unm, "name", provName, h.warnings)
+			} else if h.Option("dns") == nil {
+				// if DNS is omitted locally, it needs to be configured globally
+				return nil, h.ArgErr()
 			}
-			acmeIssuer.Challenges.DNS.ProviderRaw = caddyconfig.JSONModuleObject(unm, "name", provName, h.warnings)

 		case "resolvers":
 			args := h.RemainingArgs()
@@ -549,6 +576,15 @@ func parseTLS(h Helper) ([]ConfigValue, error) {
 		})
 	}

+	// if enabled, the names in the site addresses will be
+	// added to the automation policies
+	if forceAutomate {
+		configVals = append(configVals, ConfigValue{
+			Class: "tls.force_automate",
+			Value: true,
+		})
+	}
+
 	// custom certificate selection
 	if len(certSelector.AnyTag) > 0 {
 		cp.CertSelection = &certSelector
@@ -849,6 +885,7 @@ func parseInvoke(h Helper) (caddyhttp.MiddlewareHandler, error) {
 //	log <logger_name> {
 //	    hostnames <hostnames...>
 //	    output <writer_module> ...
+//	    core   <core_module> ...
 //	    format <encoder_module> ...
 //	    level  <level>
 //	}
@@ -960,6 +997,66 @@ func parseLogHelper(h Helper, globalLogNames map[string]struct{}) ([]ConfigValue
 			}
 			cl.WriterRaw = caddyconfig.JSONModuleObject(wo, "output", moduleName, h.warnings)

+		case "sampling":
+			d := h.Dispenser.NewFromNextSegment()
+			for d.NextArg() {
+				// consume any tokens on the same line, if any.
+			}
+
+			sampling := &caddy.LogSampling{}
+			for nesting := d.Nesting(); d.NextBlock(nesting); {
+				subdir := d.Val()
+				switch subdir {
+				case "interval":
+					if !d.NextArg() {
+						return nil, d.ArgErr()
+					}
+					interval, err := time.ParseDuration(d.Val() + "ns")
+					if err != nil {
+						return nil, d.Errf("failed to parse interval: %v", err)
+					}
+					sampling.Interval = interval
+				case "first":
+					if !d.NextArg() {
+						return nil, d.ArgErr()
+					}
+					first, err := strconv.Atoi(d.Val())
+					if err != nil {
+						return nil, d.Errf("failed to parse first: %v", err)
+					}
+					sampling.First = first
+				case "thereafter":
+					if !d.NextArg() {
+						return nil, d.ArgErr()
+					}
+					thereafter, err := strconv.Atoi(d.Val())
+					if err != nil {
+						return nil, d.Errf("failed to parse thereafter: %v", err)
+					}
+					sampling.Thereafter = thereafter
+				default:
+					return nil, d.Errf("unrecognized subdirective: %s", subdir)
+				}
+			}
+
+			cl.Sampling = sampling
+
+		case "core":
+			if !h.NextArg() {
+				return nil, h.ArgErr()
+			}
+			moduleName := h.Val()
+			moduleID := "caddy.logging.cores." + moduleName
+			unm, err := caddyfile.UnmarshalModule(h.Dispenser, moduleID)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			core, ok := unm.(zapcore.Core)
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, h.Errf("module %s (%T) is not a zapcore.Core", moduleID, unm)
+			}
+			cl.CoreRaw = caddyconfig.JSONModuleObject(core, "module", moduleName, h.warnings)
+
 		case "format":
 			if !h.NextArg() {
 				return nil, h.ArgErr()
@@ -25,11 +25,12 @@ func TestLogDirectiveSyntax(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			input: `:8080 {
 				log {
+					core mock
 					output file foo.log
 				}
 			}
 			`,
-			output:      `{"logging":{"logs":{"default":{"exclude":["http.log.access.log0"]},"log0":{"writer":{"filename":"foo.log","output":"file"},"include":["http.log.access.log0"]}}},"apps":{"http":{"servers":{"srv0":{"listen":[":8080"],"logs":{"default_logger_name":"log0"}}}}}}`,
+			output:      `{"logging":{"logs":{"default":{"exclude":["http.log.access.log0"]},"log0":{"writer":{"filename":"foo.log","output":"file"},"core":{"module":"mock"},"include":["http.log.access.log0"]}}},"apps":{"http":{"servers":{"srv0":{"listen":[":8080"],"logs":{"default_logger_name":"log0"}}}}}}`,
 			expectError: false,
 		},
 		{
@@ -53,11 +54,26 @@ func TestLogDirectiveSyntax(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			input: `:8080 {
 				log name-override {
+					core mock
 					output file foo.log
 				}
 			}
 			`,
-			output:      `{"logging":{"logs":{"default":{"exclude":["http.log.access.name-override"]},"name-override":{"writer":{"filename":"foo.log","output":"file"},"include":["http.log.access.name-override"]}}},"apps":{"http":{"servers":{"srv0":{"listen":[":8080"],"logs":{"default_logger_name":"name-override"}}}}}}`,
+			output:      `{"logging":{"logs":{"default":{"exclude":["http.log.access.name-override"]},"name-override":{"writer":{"filename":"foo.log","output":"file"},"core":{"module":"mock"},"include":["http.log.access.name-override"]}}},"apps":{"http":{"servers":{"srv0":{"listen":[":8080"],"logs":{"default_logger_name":"name-override"}}}}}}`,
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			input: `:8080 {
+				log {
+					sampling {
+						interval 2
+						first 3
+						thereafter 4
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			`,
+			output:      `{"logging":{"logs":{"default":{"exclude":["http.log.access.log0"]},"log0":{"sampling":{"interval":2,"first":3,"thereafter":4},"include":["http.log.access.log0"]}}},"apps":{"http":{"servers":{"srv0":{"listen":[":8080"],"logs":{"default_logger_name":"log0"}}}}}}`,
 			expectError: false,
 		},
 	} {
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ package httpcaddyfile
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"net"
+	"slices"
 	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
@@ -100,17 +101,6 @@ var defaultDirectiveOrder = []string{
 // plugins or by the user via the "order" global option.
 var directiveOrder = defaultDirectiveOrder

-// directiveIsOrdered returns true if dir is
-// a known, ordered (sorted) directive.
-func directiveIsOrdered(dir string) bool {
-	for _, d := range directiveOrder {
-		if d == dir {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
-}
-
 // RegisterDirective registers a unique directive dir with an
 // associated unmarshaling (setup) function. When directive dir
 // is encountered in a Caddyfile, setupFunc will be called to
@@ -161,7 +151,7 @@ func RegisterHandlerDirective(dir string, setupFunc UnmarshalHandlerFunc) {
 // EXPERIMENTAL: This API may change or be removed.
 func RegisterDirectiveOrder(dir string, position Positional, standardDir string) {
 	// check if directive was already ordered
-	if directiveIsOrdered(dir) {
+	if slices.Contains(directiveOrder, dir) {
 		panic("directive '" + dir + "' already ordered")
 	}

@@ -172,12 +162,7 @@ func RegisterDirectiveOrder(dir string, position Positional, standardDir string)
 	// check if directive exists in standard distribution, since
 	// we can't allow plugins to depend on one another; we can't
 	// guarantee the order that plugins are loaded in.
-	foundStandardDir := false
-	for _, d := range defaultDirectiveOrder {
-		if d == standardDir {
-			foundStandardDir = true
-		}
-	}
+	foundStandardDir := slices.Contains(defaultDirectiveOrder, standardDir)
 	if !foundStandardDir {
 		panic("the 3rd argument '" + standardDir + "' must be a directive that exists in the standard distribution of Caddy")
 	}
@@ -531,9 +516,9 @@ func sortRoutes(routes []ConfigValue) {
 // a "pile" of config values, keyed by class name,
 // as well as its parsed keys for convenience.
 type serverBlock struct {
-	block caddyfile.ServerBlock
-	pile  map[string][]ConfigValue // config values obtained from directives
-	keys  []Address
+	block      caddyfile.ServerBlock
+	pile       map[string][]ConfigValue // config values obtained from directives
+	parsedKeys []Address
 }

 // hostsFromKeys returns a list of all the non-empty hostnames found in
@@ -550,7 +535,7 @@ type serverBlock struct {
 func (sb serverBlock) hostsFromKeys(loggerMode bool) []string {
 	// ensure each entry in our list is unique
 	hostMap := make(map[string]struct{})
-	for _, addr := range sb.keys {
+	for _, addr := range sb.parsedKeys {
 		if addr.Host == "" {
 			if !loggerMode {
 				// server block contains a key like ":443", i.e. the host portion
@@ -582,7 +567,7 @@ func (sb serverBlock) hostsFromKeys(loggerMode bool) []string {
 func (sb serverBlock) hostsFromKeysNotHTTP(httpPort string) []string {
 	// ensure each entry in our list is unique
 	hostMap := make(map[string]struct{})
-	for _, addr := range sb.keys {
+	for _, addr := range sb.parsedKeys {
 		if addr.Host == "" {
 			continue
 		}
@@ -603,23 +588,17 @@ func (sb serverBlock) hostsFromKeysNotHTTP(httpPort string) []string {
 // hasHostCatchAllKey returns true if sb has a key that
 // omits a host portion, i.e. it "catches all" hosts.
 func (sb serverBlock) hasHostCatchAllKey() bool {
-	for _, addr := range sb.keys {
-		if addr.Host == "" {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
+	return slices.ContainsFunc(sb.parsedKeys, func(addr Address) bool {
+		return addr.Host == ""
+	})
 }

 // isAllHTTP returns true if all sb keys explicitly specify
 // the http:// scheme
 func (sb serverBlock) isAllHTTP() bool {
-	for _, addr := range sb.keys {
-		if addr.Scheme != "http" {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-	return true
+	return !slices.ContainsFunc(sb.parsedKeys, func(addr Address) bool {
+		return addr.Scheme != "http"
+	})
 }

 // Positional are the supported modes for ordering directives.
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ func TestHostsFromKeys(t *testing.T) {
 			[]string{"example.com:2015"},
 		},
 	} {
-		sb := serverBlock{keys: tc.keys}
+		sb := serverBlock{parsedKeys: tc.keys}

 		// test in normal mode
 		actual := sb.hostsFromKeys(false)
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 package httpcaddyfile

 import (
+	"cmp"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
@@ -171,7 +172,7 @@ func (st ServerType) Setup(
 	}

 	// map
-	sbmap, err := st.mapAddressToServerBlocks(originalServerBlocks, options)
+	sbmap, err := st.mapAddressToProtocolToServerBlocks(originalServerBlocks, options)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, warnings, err
 	}
@@ -186,12 +187,25 @@ func (st ServerType) Setup(
 		return nil, warnings, err
 	}

+	// hoist the metrics config from per-server to global
+	metrics, _ := options["metrics"].(*caddyhttp.Metrics)
+	for _, s := range servers {
+		if s.Metrics != nil {
+			metrics = cmp.Or[*caddyhttp.Metrics](metrics, &caddyhttp.Metrics{})
+			metrics = &caddyhttp.Metrics{
+				PerHost: metrics.PerHost || s.Metrics.PerHost,
+			}
+			s.Metrics = nil // we don't need it anymore
+		}
+	}
+
 	// now that each server is configured, make the HTTP app
 	httpApp := caddyhttp.App{
 		HTTPPort:      tryInt(options["http_port"], &warnings),
 		HTTPSPort:     tryInt(options["https_port"], &warnings),
 		GracePeriod:   tryDuration(options["grace_period"], &warnings),
 		ShutdownDelay: tryDuration(options["shutdown_delay"], &warnings),
+		Metrics:       metrics,
 		Servers:       servers,
 	}

@@ -402,6 +416,20 @@ func (ServerType) evaluateGlobalOptionsBlock(serverBlocks []serverBlock, options
 			options[opt] = append(existingOpts, logOpts...)
 			continue
 		}
+		// Also fold multiple "default_bind" options together into an
+		// array so that server blocks can have multiple binds by default.
+		if opt == "default_bind" {
+			existingOpts, ok := options[opt].([]ConfigValue)
+			if !ok {
+				existingOpts = []ConfigValue{}
+			}
+			defaultBindOpts, ok := val.([]ConfigValue)
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected type from 'default_bind' global options: %T", val)
+			}
+			options[opt] = append(existingOpts, defaultBindOpts...)
+			continue
+		}

 		options[opt] = val
 	}
@@ -520,8 +548,8 @@ func (st *ServerType) serversFromPairings(
 	if hsp, ok := options["https_port"].(int); ok {
 		httpsPort = strconv.Itoa(hsp)
 	}
-	autoHTTPS := "on"
-	if ah, ok := options["auto_https"].(string); ok {
+	autoHTTPS := []string{}
+	if ah, ok := options["auto_https"].([]string); ok {
 		autoHTTPS = ah
 	}

@@ -536,29 +564,81 @@ func (st *ServerType) serversFromPairings(
 					if k == j {
 						continue
 					}
-					if sliceContains(sblock2.block.GetKeysText(), key) {
+					if slices.Contains(sblock2.block.GetKeysText(), key) {
 						return nil, fmt.Errorf("ambiguous site definition: %s", key)
 					}
 				}
 			}
 		}

+		var (
+			addresses []string
+			protocols [][]string
+		)
+
+		for _, addressWithProtocols := range p.addressesWithProtocols {
+			addresses = append(addresses, addressWithProtocols.address)
+			protocols = append(protocols, addressWithProtocols.protocols)
+		}
+
 		srv := &caddyhttp.Server{
-			Listen: p.addresses,
+			Listen:          addresses,
+			ListenProtocols: protocols,
+		}
+
+		// remove srv.ListenProtocols[j] if it only contains the default protocols
+		for j, lnProtocols := range srv.ListenProtocols {
+			srv.ListenProtocols[j] = nil
+			for _, lnProtocol := range lnProtocols {
+				if lnProtocol != "" {
+					srv.ListenProtocols[j] = lnProtocols
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// remove srv.ListenProtocols if it only contains the default protocols for all listen addresses
+		listenProtocols := srv.ListenProtocols
+		srv.ListenProtocols = nil
+		for _, lnProtocols := range listenProtocols {
+			if lnProtocols != nil {
+				srv.ListenProtocols = listenProtocols
+				break
+			}
 		}

 		// handle the auto_https global option
-		if autoHTTPS != "on" {
-			srv.AutoHTTPS = new(caddyhttp.AutoHTTPSConfig)
-			switch autoHTTPS {
+		for _, val := range autoHTTPS {
+			switch val {
 			case "off":
+				if srv.AutoHTTPS == nil {
+					srv.AutoHTTPS = new(caddyhttp.AutoHTTPSConfig)
+				}
 				srv.AutoHTTPS.Disabled = true
+
 			case "disable_redirects":
+				if srv.AutoHTTPS == nil {
+					srv.AutoHTTPS = new(caddyhttp.AutoHTTPSConfig)
+				}
 				srv.AutoHTTPS.DisableRedir = true
+
 			case "disable_certs":
+				if srv.AutoHTTPS == nil {
+					srv.AutoHTTPS = new(caddyhttp.AutoHTTPSConfig)
+				}
 				srv.AutoHTTPS.DisableCerts = true
+
 			case "ignore_loaded_certs":
+				if srv.AutoHTTPS == nil {
+					srv.AutoHTTPS = new(caddyhttp.AutoHTTPSConfig)
+				}
 				srv.AutoHTTPS.IgnoreLoadedCerts = true
+
+			case "prefer_wildcard":
+				if srv.AutoHTTPS == nil {
+					srv.AutoHTTPS = new(caddyhttp.AutoHTTPSConfig)
+				}
+				srv.AutoHTTPS.PreferWildcard = true
 			}
 		}

@@ -566,7 +646,7 @@ func (st *ServerType) serversFromPairings(
 		// See ParseAddress() where parsing should later reject paths
 		// See https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/pull/4728 for a full explanation
 		for _, sblock := range p.serverBlocks {
-			for _, addr := range sblock.keys {
+			for _, addr := range sblock.parsedKeys {
 				if addr.Path != "" {
 					caddy.Log().Named("caddyfile").Warn("Using a path in a site address is deprecated; please use the 'handle' directive instead", zap.String("address", addr.String()))
 				}
@@ -584,7 +664,7 @@ func (st *ServerType) serversFromPairings(
 			var iLongestPath, jLongestPath string
 			var iLongestHost, jLongestHost string
 			var iWildcardHost, jWildcardHost bool
-			for _, addr := range p.serverBlocks[i].keys {
+			for _, addr := range p.serverBlocks[i].parsedKeys {
 				if strings.Contains(addr.Host, "*") || addr.Host == "" {
 					iWildcardHost = true
 				}
@@ -595,7 +675,7 @@ func (st *ServerType) serversFromPairings(
 					iLongestPath = addr.Path
 				}
 			}
-			for _, addr := range p.serverBlocks[j].keys {
+			for _, addr := range p.serverBlocks[j].parsedKeys {
 				if strings.Contains(addr.Host, "*") || addr.Host == "" {
 					jWildcardHost = true
 				}
@@ -626,8 +706,18 @@ func (st *ServerType) serversFromPairings(
 			return specificity(iLongestHost) > specificity(jLongestHost)
 		})

+		// collect all hosts that have a wildcard in them
+		wildcardHosts := []string{}
+		for _, sblock := range p.serverBlocks {
+			for _, addr := range sblock.parsedKeys {
+				if strings.HasPrefix(addr.Host, "*.") {
+					wildcardHosts = append(wildcardHosts, addr.Host[2:])
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
 		var hasCatchAllTLSConnPolicy, addressQualifiesForTLS bool
-		autoHTTPSWillAddConnPolicy := autoHTTPS != "off"
+		autoHTTPSWillAddConnPolicy := srv.AutoHTTPS == nil || !srv.AutoHTTPS.Disabled

 		// if needed, the ServerLogConfig is initialized beforehand so
 		// that all server blocks can populate it with data, even when not
@@ -673,6 +763,14 @@ func (st *ServerType) serversFromPairings(
 				}
 			}

+			// collect hosts that are forced to be automated
+			forceAutomatedNames := make(map[string]struct{})
+			if _, ok := sblock.pile["tls.force_automate"]; ok {
+				for _, host := range hosts {
+					forceAutomatedNames[host] = struct{}{}
+				}
+			}
+
 			// tls: connection policies
 			if cpVals, ok := sblock.pile["tls.connection_policy"]; ok {
 				// tls connection policies
@@ -704,14 +802,14 @@ func (st *ServerType) serversFromPairings(
 					}

 					// only append this policy if it actually changes something
-					if !cp.SettingsEmpty() {
+					if !cp.SettingsEmpty() || mapContains(forceAutomatedNames, hosts) {
 						srv.TLSConnPolicies = append(srv.TLSConnPolicies, cp)
 						hasCatchAllTLSConnPolicy = len(hosts) == 0
 					}
 				}
 			}

-			for _, addr := range sblock.keys {
+			for _, addr := range sblock.parsedKeys {
 				// if server only uses HTTP port, auto-HTTPS will not apply
 				if listenersUseAnyPortOtherThan(srv.Listen, httpPort) {
 					// exclude any hosts that were defined explicitly with "http://"
@@ -720,7 +818,7 @@ func (st *ServerType) serversFromPairings(
 						if srv.AutoHTTPS == nil {
 							srv.AutoHTTPS = new(caddyhttp.AutoHTTPSConfig)
 						}
-						if !sliceContains(srv.AutoHTTPS.Skip, addr.Host) {
+						if !slices.Contains(srv.AutoHTTPS.Skip, addr.Host) {
 							srv.AutoHTTPS.Skip = append(srv.AutoHTTPS.Skip, addr.Host)
 						}
 					}
@@ -734,7 +832,7 @@ func (st *ServerType) serversFromPairings(
 				// https://caddy.community/t/making-sense-of-auto-https-and-why-disabling-it-still-serves-https-instead-of-http/9761
 				createdTLSConnPolicies, ok := sblock.pile["tls.connection_policy"]
 				hasTLSEnabled := (ok && len(createdTLSConnPolicies) > 0) ||
-					(addr.Host != "" && srv.AutoHTTPS != nil && !sliceContains(srv.AutoHTTPS.Skip, addr.Host))
+					(addr.Host != "" && srv.AutoHTTPS != nil && !slices.Contains(srv.AutoHTTPS.Skip, addr.Host))

 				// we'll need to remember if the address qualifies for auto-HTTPS, so we
 				// can add a TLS conn policy if necessary
@@ -742,6 +840,19 @@ func (st *ServerType) serversFromPairings(
 					(addr.Scheme != "http" && addr.Port != httpPort && hasTLSEnabled) {
 					addressQualifiesForTLS = true
 				}
+
+				// If prefer wildcard is enabled, then we add hosts that are
+				// already covered by the wildcard to the skip list
+				if addressQualifiesForTLS && srv.AutoHTTPS != nil && srv.AutoHTTPS.PreferWildcard {
+					baseDomain := addr.Host
+					if idx := strings.Index(baseDomain, "."); idx != -1 {
+						baseDomain = baseDomain[idx+1:]
+					}
+					if !strings.HasPrefix(addr.Host, "*.") && slices.Contains(wildcardHosts, baseDomain) {
+						srv.AutoHTTPS.SkipCerts = append(srv.AutoHTTPS.SkipCerts, addr.Host)
+					}
+				}
+
 				// predict whether auto-HTTPS will add the conn policy for us; if so, we
 				// may not need to add one for this server
 				autoHTTPSWillAddConnPolicy = autoHTTPSWillAddConnPolicy &&
@@ -873,7 +984,10 @@ func (st *ServerType) serversFromPairings(
 		if addressQualifiesForTLS &&
 			!hasCatchAllTLSConnPolicy &&
 			(len(srv.TLSConnPolicies) > 0 || !autoHTTPSWillAddConnPolicy || defaultSNI != "" || fallbackSNI != "") {
-			srv.TLSConnPolicies = append(srv.TLSConnPolicies, &caddytls.ConnectionPolicy{DefaultSNI: defaultSNI, FallbackSNI: fallbackSNI})
+			srv.TLSConnPolicies = append(srv.TLSConnPolicies, &caddytls.ConnectionPolicy{
+				DefaultSNI:  defaultSNI,
+				FallbackSNI: fallbackSNI,
+			})
 		}

 		// tidy things up a bit
@@ -886,8 +1000,7 @@ func (st *ServerType) serversFromPairings(
 		servers[fmt.Sprintf("srv%d", i)] = srv
 	}

-	err := applyServerOptions(servers, options, warnings)
-	if err != nil {
+	if err := applyServerOptions(servers, options, warnings); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("applying global server options: %v", err)
 	}

@@ -932,7 +1045,7 @@ func detectConflictingSchemes(srv *caddyhttp.Server, serverBlocks []serverBlock,
 	}

 	for _, sblock := range serverBlocks {
-		for _, addr := range sblock.keys {
+		for _, addr := range sblock.parsedKeys {
 			if addr.Scheme == "http" || addr.Port == httpPort {
 				if err := checkAndSetHTTP(addr); err != nil {
 					return err
@@ -1008,6 +1121,12 @@ func consolidateConnPolicies(cps caddytls.ConnectionPolicies) (caddytls.Connecti
 					return nil, fmt.Errorf("two policies with same match criteria have conflicting default SNI: %s vs. %s",
 						cps[i].DefaultSNI, cps[j].DefaultSNI)
 				}
+				if cps[i].FallbackSNI != "" &&
+					cps[j].FallbackSNI != "" &&
+					cps[i].FallbackSNI != cps[j].FallbackSNI {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("two policies with same match criteria have conflicting fallback SNI: %s vs. %s",
+						cps[i].FallbackSNI, cps[j].FallbackSNI)
+				}
 				if cps[i].ProtocolMin != "" &&
 					cps[j].ProtocolMin != "" &&
 					cps[i].ProtocolMin != cps[j].ProtocolMin {
@@ -1048,6 +1167,9 @@ func consolidateConnPolicies(cps caddytls.ConnectionPolicies) (caddytls.Connecti
 				if cps[i].DefaultSNI == "" && cps[j].DefaultSNI != "" {
 					cps[i].DefaultSNI = cps[j].DefaultSNI
 				}
+				if cps[i].FallbackSNI == "" && cps[j].FallbackSNI != "" {
+					cps[i].FallbackSNI = cps[j].FallbackSNI
+				}
 				if cps[i].ProtocolMin == "" && cps[j].ProtocolMin != "" {
 					cps[i].ProtocolMin = cps[j].ProtocolMin
 				}
@@ -1061,7 +1183,7 @@ func consolidateConnPolicies(cps caddytls.ConnectionPolicies) (caddytls.Connecti
 				} else if cps[i].CertSelection != nil && cps[j].CertSelection != nil {
 					// if both have one, then combine AnyTag
 					for _, tag := range cps[j].CertSelection.AnyTag {
-						if !sliceContains(cps[i].CertSelection.AnyTag, tag) {
+						if !slices.Contains(cps[i].CertSelection.AnyTag, tag) {
 							cps[i].CertSelection.AnyTag = append(cps[i].CertSelection.AnyTag, tag)
 						}
 					}
@@ -1144,7 +1266,7 @@ func appendSubrouteToRouteList(routeList caddyhttp.RouteList,
 func buildSubroute(routes []ConfigValue, groupCounter counter, needsSorting bool) (*caddyhttp.Subroute, error) {
 	if needsSorting {
 		for _, val := range routes {
-			if !directiveIsOrdered(val.directive) {
+			if !slices.Contains(directiveOrder, val.directive) {
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf("directive '%s' is not an ordered HTTP handler, so it cannot be used here - try placing within a route block or using the order global option", val.directive)
 			}
 		}
@@ -1322,7 +1444,7 @@ func (st *ServerType) compileEncodedMatcherSets(sblock serverBlock) ([]caddy.Mod
 	var matcherPairs []*hostPathPair

 	var catchAllHosts bool
-	for _, addr := range sblock.keys {
+	for _, addr := range sblock.parsedKeys {
 		// choose a matcher pair that should be shared by this
 		// server block; if none exists yet, create one
 		var chosenMatcherPair *hostPathPair
@@ -1354,25 +1476,16 @@ func (st *ServerType) compileEncodedMatcherSets(sblock serverBlock) ([]caddy.Mod

 		// add this server block's keys to the matcher
 		// pair if it doesn't already exist
-		if addr.Host != "" {
-			var found bool
-			for _, h := range chosenMatcherPair.hostm {
-				if h == addr.Host {
-					found = true
-					break
-				}
-			}
-			if !found {
-				chosenMatcherPair.hostm = append(chosenMatcherPair.hostm, addr.Host)
-			}
+		if addr.Host != "" && !slices.Contains(chosenMatcherPair.hostm, addr.Host) {
+			chosenMatcherPair.hostm = append(chosenMatcherPair.hostm, addr.Host)
 		}
 	}

 	// iterate each pairing of host and path matchers and
 	// put them into a map for JSON encoding
-	var matcherSets []map[string]caddyhttp.RequestMatcher
+	var matcherSets []map[string]caddyhttp.RequestMatcherWithError
 	for _, mp := range matcherPairs {
-		matcherSet := make(map[string]caddyhttp.RequestMatcher)
+		matcherSet := make(map[string]caddyhttp.RequestMatcherWithError)
 		if len(mp.hostm) > 0 {
 			matcherSet["host"] = mp.hostm
 		}
@@ -1431,12 +1544,17 @@ func parseMatcherDefinitions(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, matchers map[string]caddy.M
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		rm, ok := unm.(caddyhttp.RequestMatcher)
-		if !ok {
-			return fmt.Errorf("matcher module '%s' is not a request matcher", matcherName)
+
+		if rm, ok := unm.(caddyhttp.RequestMatcherWithError); ok {
+			matchers[definitionName][matcherName] = caddyconfig.JSON(rm, nil)
+			return nil
 		}
-		matchers[definitionName][matcherName] = caddyconfig.JSON(rm, nil)
-		return nil
+		// nolint:staticcheck
+		if rm, ok := unm.(caddyhttp.RequestMatcher); ok {
+			matchers[definitionName][matcherName] = caddyconfig.JSON(rm, nil)
+			return nil
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("matcher module '%s' is not a request matcher", matcherName)
 	}

 	// if the next token is quoted, we can assume it's not a matcher name
@@ -1480,7 +1598,7 @@ func parseMatcherDefinitions(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, matchers map[string]caddy.M
 	return nil
 }

-func encodeMatcherSet(matchers map[string]caddyhttp.RequestMatcher) (caddy.ModuleMap, error) {
+func encodeMatcherSet(matchers map[string]caddyhttp.RequestMatcherWithError) (caddy.ModuleMap, error) {
 	msEncoded := make(caddy.ModuleMap)
 	for matcherName, val := range matchers {
 		jsonBytes, err := json.Marshal(val)
@@ -1540,16 +1658,6 @@ func tryDuration(val any, warnings *[]caddyconfig.Warning) caddy.Duration {
 	return durationVal
 }

-// sliceContains returns true if needle is in haystack.
-func sliceContains(haystack []string, needle string) bool {
-	for _, s := range haystack {
-		if s == needle {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
-}
-
 // listenersUseAnyPortOtherThan returns true if there are any
 // listeners in addresses that use a port which is not otherPort.
 // Mostly borrowed from unexported method in caddyhttp package.
@@ -1570,6 +1678,18 @@ func listenersUseAnyPortOtherThan(addresses []string, otherPort string) bool {
 	return false
 }

+func mapContains[K comparable, V any](m map[K]V, keys []K) bool {
+	if len(m) == 0 || len(keys) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, key := range keys {
+		if _, ok := m[key]; ok {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
 // specificity returns len(s) minus any wildcards (*) and
 // placeholders ({...}). Basically, it's a length count
 // that penalizes the use of wildcards and placeholders.
@@ -1613,12 +1733,19 @@ type namedCustomLog struct {
 	noHostname bool
 }

+// addressWithProtocols associates a listen address with
+// the protocols to serve it with
+type addressWithProtocols struct {
+	address   string
+	protocols []string
+}
+
 // sbAddrAssociation is a mapping from a list of
-// addresses to a list of server blocks that are
-// served on those addresses.
+// addresses with protocols, and a list of server
+// blocks that are served on those addresses.
 type sbAddrAssociation struct {
-	addresses    []string
-	serverBlocks []serverBlock
+	addressesWithProtocols []addressWithProtocols
+	serverBlocks           []serverBlock
 }

 const (
@@ -15,14 +15,17 @@
 package httpcaddyfile

 import (
+	"slices"
 	"strconv"

 	"github.com/caddyserver/certmagic"
-	"github.com/mholt/acmez/v2/acme"
+	"github.com/libdns/libdns"
+	"github.com/mholt/acmez/v3/acme"

 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2"
 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/caddyconfig"
 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/caddyconfig/caddyfile"
+	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/modules/caddyhttp"
 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/modules/caddytls"
 )

@@ -30,19 +33,20 @@ func init() {
 	RegisterGlobalOption("debug", parseOptTrue)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("http_port", parseOptHTTPPort)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("https_port", parseOptHTTPSPort)
-	RegisterGlobalOption("default_bind", parseOptStringList)
+	RegisterGlobalOption("default_bind", parseOptDefaultBind)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("grace_period", parseOptDuration)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("shutdown_delay", parseOptDuration)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("default_sni", parseOptSingleString)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("fallback_sni", parseOptSingleString)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("order", parseOptOrder)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("storage", parseOptStorage)
-	RegisterGlobalOption("storage_clean_interval", parseOptDuration)
+	RegisterGlobalOption("storage_check", parseStorageCheck)
+	RegisterGlobalOption("storage_clean_interval", parseStorageCleanInterval)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("renew_interval", parseOptDuration)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("ocsp_interval", parseOptDuration)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("acme_ca", parseOptSingleString)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("acme_ca_root", parseOptSingleString)
-	RegisterGlobalOption("acme_dns", parseOptACMEDNS)
+	RegisterGlobalOption("acme_dns", parseOptDNS)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("acme_eab", parseOptACMEEAB)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("cert_issuer", parseOptCertIssuer)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("skip_install_trust", parseOptTrue)
@@ -52,12 +56,15 @@ func init() {
 	RegisterGlobalOption("local_certs", parseOptTrue)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("key_type", parseOptSingleString)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("auto_https", parseOptAutoHTTPS)
+	RegisterGlobalOption("metrics", parseMetricsOptions)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("servers", parseServerOptions)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("ocsp_stapling", parseOCSPStaplingOptions)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("cert_lifetime", parseOptDuration)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("log", parseLogOptions)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("preferred_chains", parseOptPreferredChains)
 	RegisterGlobalOption("persist_config", parseOptPersistConfig)
+	RegisterGlobalOption("dns", parseOptDNS)
+	RegisterGlobalOption("ech", parseOptECH)
 }

 func parseOptTrue(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) { return true, nil }
@@ -110,17 +117,12 @@ func parseOptOrder(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
 	}
 	pos := Positional(d.Val())

-	newOrder := directiveOrder
+	// if directive already had an order, drop it
+	newOrder := slices.DeleteFunc(directiveOrder, func(d string) bool {
+		return d == dirName
+	})

-	// if directive exists, first remove it
-	for i, d := range newOrder {
-		if d == dirName {
-			newOrder = append(newOrder[:i], newOrder[i+1:]...)
-			break
-		}
-	}
-
-	// act on the positional
+	// act on the positional; if it's First or Last, we're done right away
 	switch pos {
 	case First:
 		newOrder = append([]string{dirName}, newOrder...)
@@ -129,6 +131,7 @@ func parseOptOrder(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
 		}
 		directiveOrder = newOrder
 		return newOrder, nil
+
 	case Last:
 		newOrder = append(newOrder, dirName)
 		if d.NextArg() {
@@ -136,8 +139,11 @@ func parseOptOrder(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
 		}
 		directiveOrder = newOrder
 		return newOrder, nil
+
+	// if it's Before or After, continue
 	case Before:
 	case After:
+
 	default:
 		return nil, d.Errf("unknown positional '%s'", pos)
 	}
@@ -151,17 +157,17 @@ func parseOptOrder(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
 		return nil, d.ArgErr()
 	}

-	// insert directive into proper position
-	for i, d := range newOrder {
-		if d == otherDir {
-			if pos == Before {
-				newOrder = append(newOrder[:i], append([]string{dirName}, newOrder[i:]...)...)
-			} else if pos == After {
-				newOrder = append(newOrder[:i+1], append([]string{dirName}, newOrder[i+1:]...)...)
-			}
-			break
-		}
+	// get the position of the target directive
+	targetIndex := slices.Index(newOrder, otherDir)
+	if targetIndex == -1 {
+		return nil, d.Errf("directive '%s' not found", otherDir)
 	}
+	// if we're inserting after, we need to increment the index to go after
+	if pos == After {
+		targetIndex++
+	}
+	// insert the directive into the new order
+	newOrder = slices.Insert(newOrder, targetIndex, dirName)

 	directiveOrder = newOrder

@@ -187,6 +193,40 @@ func parseOptStorage(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
 	return storage, nil
 }

+func parseStorageCheck(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
+	d.Next() // consume option name
+	if !d.Next() {
+		return "", d.ArgErr()
+	}
+	val := d.Val()
+	if d.Next() {
+		return "", d.ArgErr()
+	}
+	if val != "off" {
+		return "", d.Errf("storage_check must be 'off'")
+	}
+	return val, nil
+}
+
+func parseStorageCleanInterval(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
+	d.Next() // consume option name
+	if !d.Next() {
+		return "", d.ArgErr()
+	}
+	val := d.Val()
+	if d.Next() {
+		return "", d.ArgErr()
+	}
+	if val == "off" {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, d.Errf("failed to parse storage_clean_interval, must be a duration or 'off' %w", err)
+	}
+	return caddy.Duration(dur), nil
+}
+
 func parseOptDuration(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
 	if !d.Next() { // consume option name
 		return nil, d.ArgErr()
@@ -201,25 +241,6 @@ func parseOptDuration(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
 	return caddy.Duration(dur), nil
 }

-func parseOptACMEDNS(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
-	if !d.Next() { // consume option name
-		return nil, d.ArgErr()
-	}
-	if !d.Next() { // get DNS module name
-		return nil, d.ArgErr()
-	}
-	modID := "dns.providers." + d.Val()
-	unm, err := caddyfile.UnmarshalModule(d, modID)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	prov, ok := unm.(certmagic.DNSProvider)
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, d.Errf("module %s (%T) is not a certmagic.DNSProvider", modID, unm)
-	}
-	return prov, nil
-}
-
 func parseOptACMEEAB(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
 	eab := new(acme.EAB)
 	d.Next() // consume option name
@@ -284,13 +305,32 @@ func parseOptSingleString(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
 	return val, nil
 }

-func parseOptStringList(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
+func parseOptDefaultBind(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
 	d.Next() // consume option name
-	val := d.RemainingArgs()
-	if len(val) == 0 {
-		return "", d.ArgErr()
+
+	var addresses, protocols []string
+	addresses = d.RemainingArgs()
+
+	if len(addresses) == 0 {
+		addresses = append(addresses, "")
 	}
-	return val, nil
+
+	for d.NextBlock(0) {
+		switch d.Val() {
+		case "protocols":
+			protocols = d.RemainingArgs()
+			if len(protocols) == 0 {
+				return nil, d.Errf("protocols requires one or more arguments")
+			}
+		default:
+			return nil, d.Errf("unknown subdirective: %s", d.Val())
+		}
+	}
+
+	return []ConfigValue{{Class: "bind", Value: addressesWithProtocols{
+		addresses: addresses,
+		protocols: protocols,
+	}}}, nil
 }

 func parseOptAdmin(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
@@ -375,36 +415,10 @@ func parseOptOnDemand(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
 			ond.PermissionRaw = caddyconfig.JSONModuleObject(perm, "module", modName, nil)

 		case "interval":
-			if !d.NextArg() {
-				return nil, d.ArgErr()
-			}
-			dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-			if ond == nil {
-				ond = new(caddytls.OnDemandConfig)
-			}
-			if ond.RateLimit == nil {
-				ond.RateLimit = new(caddytls.RateLimit)
-			}
-			ond.RateLimit.Interval = caddy.Duration(dur)
+			return nil, d.Errf("the on_demand_tls 'interval' option is no longer supported, remove it from your config")

 		case "burst":
-			if !d.NextArg() {
-				return nil, d.ArgErr()
-			}
-			burst, err := strconv.Atoi(d.Val())
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-			if ond == nil {
-				ond = new(caddytls.OnDemandConfig)
-			}
-			if ond.RateLimit == nil {
-				ond.RateLimit = new(caddytls.RateLimit)
-			}
-			ond.RateLimit.Burst = burst
+			return nil, d.Errf("the on_demand_tls 'burst' option is no longer supported, remove it from your config")

 		default:
 			return nil, d.Errf("unrecognized parameter '%s'", d.Val())
@@ -433,19 +447,44 @@ func parseOptPersistConfig(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {

 func parseOptAutoHTTPS(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
 	d.Next() // consume option name
-	if !d.Next() {
+	val := d.RemainingArgs()
+	if len(val) == 0 {
 		return "", d.ArgErr()
 	}
-	val := d.Val()
-	if d.Next() {
-		return "", d.ArgErr()
-	}
-	if val != "off" && val != "disable_redirects" && val != "disable_certs" && val != "ignore_loaded_certs" {
-		return "", d.Errf("auto_https must be one of 'off', 'disable_redirects', 'disable_certs', or 'ignore_loaded_certs'")
+	for _, v := range val {
+		switch v {
+		case "off":
+		case "disable_redirects":
+		case "disable_certs":
+		case "ignore_loaded_certs":
+		case "prefer_wildcard":
+			break
+
+		default:
+			return "", d.Errf("auto_https must be one of 'off', 'disable_redirects', 'disable_certs', 'ignore_loaded_certs', or 'prefer_wildcard'")
+		}
 	}
 	return val, nil
 }

+func unmarshalCaddyfileMetricsOptions(d *caddyfile.Dispenser) (any, error) {
+	d.Next() // consume option name
+	metrics := new(caddyhttp.Metrics)
+	for d.NextBlock(0) {
+		switch d.Val() {
+		case "per_host":
+			metrics.PerHost = true
+		default:
+			return nil, d.Errf("unrecognized servers option '%s'", d.Val())
+		}
+	}
+	return metrics, nil
+}
+
+func parseMetricsOptions(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
+	return unmarshalCaddyfileMetricsOptions(d)
+}
+
 func parseServerOptions(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
 	return unmarshalCaddyfileServerOptions(d)
 }
@@ -515,3 +554,68 @@ func parseOptPreferredChains(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
 	d.Next()
 	return caddytls.ParseCaddyfilePreferredChainsOptions(d)
 }
+
+func parseOptDNS(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
+	d.Next() // consume option name
+
+	if !d.Next() { // get DNS module name
+		return nil, d.ArgErr()
+	}
+	modID := "dns.providers." + d.Val()
+	unm, err := caddyfile.UnmarshalModule(d, modID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	switch unm.(type) {
+	case libdns.RecordGetter,
+		libdns.RecordSetter,
+		libdns.RecordAppender,
+		libdns.RecordDeleter:
+	default:
+		return nil, d.Errf("module %s (%T) is not a libdns provider", modID, unm)
+	}
+	return unm, nil
+}
+
+func parseOptECH(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, _ any) (any, error) {
+	d.Next() // consume option name
+
+	ech := new(caddytls.ECH)
+
+	publicNames := d.RemainingArgs()
+	for _, publicName := range publicNames {
+		ech.Configs = append(ech.Configs, caddytls.ECHConfiguration{
+			PublicName: publicName,
+		})
+	}
+	if len(ech.Configs) == 0 {
+		return nil, d.ArgErr()
+	}
+
+	for nesting := d.Nesting(); d.NextBlock(nesting); {
+		switch d.Val() {
+		case "dns":
+			if !d.Next() {
+				return nil, d.ArgErr()
+			}
+			providerName := d.Val()
+			modID := "dns.providers." + providerName
+			unm, err := caddyfile.UnmarshalModule(d, modID)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			ech.Publication = append(ech.Publication, &caddytls.ECHPublication{
+				Configs: publicNames,
+				PublishersRaw: caddy.ModuleMap{
+					"dns": caddyconfig.JSON(caddytls.ECHDNSPublisher{
+						ProviderRaw: caddyconfig.JSONModuleObject(unm, "name", providerName, nil),
+					}, nil),
+				},
+			})
+		default:
+			return nil, d.Errf("ech: unrecognized subdirective '%s'", d.Val())
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ech, nil
+}
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ package httpcaddyfile
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"slices"

 	"github.com/dustin/go-humanize"

@@ -180,7 +181,7 @@ func unmarshalCaddyfileServerOptions(d *caddyfile.Dispenser) (any, error) {
 				if proto != "h1" && proto != "h2" && proto != "h2c" && proto != "h3" {
 					return nil, d.Errf("unknown protocol '%s': expected h1, h2, h2c, or h3", proto)
 				}
-				if sliceContains(serverOpts.Protocols, proto) {
+				if slices.Contains(serverOpts.Protocols, proto) {
 					return nil, d.Errf("protocol %s specified more than once", proto)
 				}
 				serverOpts.Protocols = append(serverOpts.Protocols, proto)
@@ -229,7 +230,7 @@ func unmarshalCaddyfileServerOptions(d *caddyfile.Dispenser) (any, error) {
 		case "client_ip_headers":
 			headers := d.RemainingArgs()
 			for _, header := range headers {
-				if sliceContains(serverOpts.ClientIPHeaders, header) {
+				if slices.Contains(serverOpts.ClientIPHeaders, header) {
 					return nil, d.Errf("client IP header %s specified more than once", header)
 				}
 				serverOpts.ClientIPHeaders = append(serverOpts.ClientIPHeaders, header)
@@ -239,13 +240,14 @@ func unmarshalCaddyfileServerOptions(d *caddyfile.Dispenser) (any, error) {
 			}

 		case "metrics":
-			if d.NextArg() {
-				return nil, d.ArgErr()
-			}
-			if nesting := d.Nesting(); d.NextBlock(nesting) {
-				return nil, d.ArgErr()
-			}
+			caddy.Log().Warn("The nested 'metrics' option inside `servers` is deprecated and will be removed in the next major version. Use the global 'metrics' option instead.")
 			serverOpts.Metrics = new(caddyhttp.Metrics)
+			for nesting := d.Nesting(); d.NextBlock(nesting); {
+				switch d.Val() {
+				case "per_host":
+					serverOpts.Metrics.PerHost = true
+				}
+			}

 		case "trace":
 			if d.NextArg() {
@@ -288,24 +290,15 @@ func applyServerOptions(

 	for key, server := range servers {
 		// find the options that apply to this server
-		opts := func() *serverOptions {
-			for _, entry := range serverOpts {
-				if entry.ListenerAddress == "" {
-					return &entry
-				}
-				for _, listener := range server.Listen {
-					if entry.ListenerAddress == listener {
-						return &entry
-					}
-				}
-			}
-			return nil
-		}()
+		optsIndex := slices.IndexFunc(serverOpts, func(s serverOptions) bool {
+			return s.ListenerAddress == "" || slices.Contains(server.Listen, s.ListenerAddress)
+		})

 		// if none apply, then move to the next server
-		if opts == nil {
+		if optsIndex == -1 {
 			continue
 		}
+		opts := serverOpts[optsIndex]

 		// set all the options
 		server.ListenerWrappersRaw = opts.ListenerWrappersRaw
@@ -52,19 +52,27 @@ func NewShorthandReplacer() ShorthandReplacer {
 // be used in the Caddyfile, and the right is the replacement.
 func placeholderShorthands() []string {
 	return []string{
-		"{dir}", "{http.request.uri.path.dir}",
-		"{file}", "{http.request.uri.path.file}",
 		"{host}", "{http.request.host}",
 		"{hostport}", "{http.request.hostport}",
 		"{port}", "{http.request.port}",
+		"{orig_method}", "{http.request.orig_method}",
+		"{orig_uri}", "{http.request.orig_uri}",
+		"{orig_path}", "{http.request.orig_uri.path}",
+		"{orig_dir}", "{http.request.orig_uri.path.dir}",
+		"{orig_file}", "{http.request.orig_uri.path.file}",
+		"{orig_query}", "{http.request.orig_uri.query}",
+		"{orig_?query}", "{http.request.orig_uri.prefixed_query}",
 		"{method}", "{http.request.method}",
+		"{uri}", "{http.request.uri}",
 		"{path}", "{http.request.uri.path}",
+		"{dir}", "{http.request.uri.path.dir}",
+		"{file}", "{http.request.uri.path.file}",
 		"{query}", "{http.request.uri.query}",
+		"{?query}", "{http.request.uri.prefixed_query}",
 		"{remote}", "{http.request.remote}",
 		"{remote_host}", "{http.request.remote.host}",
 		"{remote_port}", "{http.request.remote.port}",
 		"{scheme}", "{http.request.scheme}",
-		"{uri}", "{http.request.uri}",
 		"{uuid}", "{http.request.uuid}",
 		"{tls_cipher}", "{http.request.tls.cipher_suite}",
 		"{tls_version}", "{http.request.tls.version}",
@@ -19,12 +19,13 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
+	"slices"
 	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/caddyserver/certmagic"
-	"github.com/mholt/acmez/v2/acme"
+	"github.com/mholt/acmez/v3/acme"

 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2"
 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/caddyconfig"
@@ -44,8 +45,8 @@ func (st ServerType) buildTLSApp(
 	if hp, ok := options["http_port"].(int); ok {
 		httpPort = strconv.Itoa(hp)
 	}
-	autoHTTPS := "on"
-	if ah, ok := options["auto_https"].(string); ok {
+	autoHTTPS := []string{}
+	if ah, ok := options["auto_https"].([]string); ok {
 		autoHTTPS = ah
 	}

@@ -53,23 +54,25 @@ func (st ServerType) buildTLSApp(
 	// key, so that they don't get forgotten/omitted by auto-HTTPS
 	// (since they won't appear in route matchers)
 	httpsHostsSharedWithHostlessKey := make(map[string]struct{})
-	if autoHTTPS != "off" {
+	if !slices.Contains(autoHTTPS, "off") {
 		for _, pair := range pairings {
 			for _, sb := range pair.serverBlocks {
-				for _, addr := range sb.keys {
-					if addr.Host == "" {
-						// this server block has a hostless key, now
-						// go through and add all the hosts to the set
-						for _, otherAddr := range sb.keys {
-							if otherAddr.Original == addr.Original {
-								continue
-							}
-							if otherAddr.Host != "" && otherAddr.Scheme != "http" && otherAddr.Port != httpPort {
-								httpsHostsSharedWithHostlessKey[otherAddr.Host] = struct{}{}
-							}
-						}
-						break
+				for _, addr := range sb.parsedKeys {
+					if addr.Host != "" {
+						continue
 					}
+
+					// this server block has a hostless key, now
+					// go through and add all the hosts to the set
+					for _, otherAddr := range sb.parsedKeys {
+						if otherAddr.Original == addr.Original {
+							continue
+						}
+						if otherAddr.Host != "" && otherAddr.Scheme != "http" && otherAddr.Port != httpPort {
+							httpsHostsSharedWithHostlessKey[otherAddr.Host] = struct{}{}
+						}
+					}
+					break
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -89,9 +92,35 @@ func (st ServerType) buildTLSApp(
 		tlsApp.Automation.Policies = append(tlsApp.Automation.Policies, catchAllAP)
 	}

+	// collect all hosts that have a wildcard in them, and arent HTTP
+	wildcardHosts := []string{}
+	// hosts that have been explicitly marked to be automated,
+	// even if covered by another wildcard
+	forcedAutomatedNames := make(map[string]struct{})
+	for _, p := range pairings {
+		var addresses []string
+		for _, addressWithProtocols := range p.addressesWithProtocols {
+			addresses = append(addresses, addressWithProtocols.address)
+		}
+		if !listenersUseAnyPortOtherThan(addresses, httpPort) {
+			continue
+		}
+		for _, sblock := range p.serverBlocks {
+			for _, addr := range sblock.parsedKeys {
+				if strings.HasPrefix(addr.Host, "*.") {
+					wildcardHosts = append(wildcardHosts, addr.Host[2:])
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	for _, p := range pairings {
 		// avoid setting up TLS automation policies for a server that is HTTP-only
-		if !listenersUseAnyPortOtherThan(p.addresses, httpPort) {
+		var addresses []string
+		for _, addressWithProtocols := range p.addressesWithProtocols {
+			addresses = append(addresses, addressWithProtocols.address)
+		}
+		if !listenersUseAnyPortOtherThan(addresses, httpPort) {
 			continue
 		}

@@ -108,6 +137,12 @@ func (st ServerType) buildTLSApp(
 				return nil, warnings, err
 			}

+			// make a plain copy so we can compare whether we made any changes
+			apCopy, err := newBaseAutomationPolicy(options, warnings, true)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, warnings, err
+			}
+
 			sblockHosts := sblock.hostsFromKeys(false)
 			if len(sblockHosts) == 0 && catchAllAP != nil {
 				ap = catchAllAP
@@ -118,6 +153,13 @@ func (st ServerType) buildTLSApp(
 				ap.OnDemand = true
 			}

+			// collect hosts that are forced to be automated
+			if _, ok := sblock.pile["tls.force_automate"]; ok {
+				for _, host := range sblockHosts {
+					forcedAutomatedNames[host] = struct{}{}
+				}
+			}
+
 			// reuse private keys tls
 			if _, ok := sblock.pile["tls.reuse_private_keys"]; ok {
 				ap.ReusePrivateKeys = true
@@ -181,8 +223,8 @@ func (st ServerType) buildTLSApp(
 					if acmeIssuer.Challenges.BindHost == "" {
 						// only binding to one host is supported
 						var bindHost string
-						if bindHosts, ok := cfgVal.Value.([]string); ok && len(bindHosts) > 0 {
-							bindHost = bindHosts[0]
+						if asserted, ok := cfgVal.Value.(addressesWithProtocols); ok && len(asserted.addresses) > 0 {
+							bindHost = asserted.addresses[0]
 						}
 						acmeIssuer.Challenges.BindHost = bindHost
 					}
@@ -210,9 +252,21 @@ func (st ServerType) buildTLSApp(
 				catchAllAP = ap
 			}

+			hostsNotHTTP := sblock.hostsFromKeysNotHTTP(httpPort)
+			sort.Strings(hostsNotHTTP) // solely for deterministic test results
+
+			// if the we prefer wildcards and the AP is unchanged,
+			// then we can skip this AP because it should be covered
+			// by an AP with a wildcard
+			if slices.Contains(autoHTTPS, "prefer_wildcard") {
+				if hostsCoveredByWildcard(hostsNotHTTP, wildcardHosts) &&
+					reflect.DeepEqual(ap, apCopy) {
+					continue
+				}
+			}
+
 			// associate our new automation policy with this server block's hosts
-			ap.SubjectsRaw = sblock.hostsFromKeysNotHTTP(httpPort)
-			sort.Strings(ap.SubjectsRaw) // solely for deterministic test results
+			ap.SubjectsRaw = hostsNotHTTP

 			// if a combination of public and internal names were given
 			// for this same server block and no issuer was specified, we
@@ -251,6 +305,7 @@ func (st ServerType) buildTLSApp(
 					ap2.IssuersRaw = []json.RawMessage{caddyconfig.JSONModuleObject(caddytls.InternalIssuer{}, "module", "internal", &warnings)}
 				}
 			}
+
 			if tlsApp.Automation == nil {
 				tlsApp.Automation = new(caddytls.AutomationConfig)
 			}
@@ -304,6 +359,40 @@ func (st ServerType) buildTLSApp(
 		tlsApp.Automation.OnDemand = onDemand
 	}

+	// set up "global" (to the TLS app) DNS provider config
+	if globalDNS, ok := options["dns"]; ok && globalDNS != nil {
+		tlsApp.DNSRaw = caddyconfig.JSONModuleObject(globalDNS, "name", globalDNS.(caddy.Module).CaddyModule().ID.Name(), nil)
+	}
+
+	// set up ECH from Caddyfile options
+	if ech, ok := options["ech"].(*caddytls.ECH); ok {
+		tlsApp.EncryptedClientHello = ech
+
+		// outer server names will need certificates, so make sure they're included
+		// in an automation policy for them that applies any global options
+		ap, err := newBaseAutomationPolicy(options, warnings, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, warnings, err
+		}
+		for _, cfg := range ech.Configs {
+			ap.SubjectsRaw = append(ap.SubjectsRaw, cfg.PublicName)
+		}
+		if tlsApp.Automation == nil {
+			tlsApp.Automation = new(caddytls.AutomationConfig)
+		}
+		tlsApp.Automation.Policies = append(tlsApp.Automation.Policies, ap)
+	}
+
+	// if the storage clean interval is a boolean, then it's "off" to disable cleaning
+	if sc, ok := options["storage_check"].(string); ok && sc == "off" {
+		tlsApp.DisableStorageCheck = true
+	}
+
+	// if the storage clean interval is a boolean, then it's "off" to disable cleaning
+	if sci, ok := options["storage_clean_interval"].(bool); ok && !sci {
+		tlsApp.DisableStorageClean = true
+	}
+
 	// set the storage clean interval if configured
 	if storageCleanInterval, ok := options["storage_clean_interval"].(caddy.Duration); ok {
 		if tlsApp.Automation == nil {
@@ -344,7 +433,7 @@ func (st ServerType) buildTLSApp(
 	internalAP := &caddytls.AutomationPolicy{
 		IssuersRaw: []json.RawMessage{json.RawMessage(`{"module":"internal"}`)},
 	}
-	if autoHTTPS != "off" && autoHTTPS != "disable_certs" {
+	if !slices.Contains(autoHTTPS, "off") && !slices.Contains(autoHTTPS, "disable_certs") {
 		for h := range httpsHostsSharedWithHostlessKey {
 			al = append(al, h)
 			if !certmagic.SubjectQualifiesForPublicCert(h) {
@@ -352,6 +441,13 @@ func (st ServerType) buildTLSApp(
 			}
 		}
 	}
+	for name := range forcedAutomatedNames {
+		if slices.Contains(al, name) {
+			continue
+		}
+		al = append(al, name)
+	}
+	slices.Sort(al) // to stabilize the adapt output
 	if len(al) > 0 {
 		tlsApp.CertificatesRaw["automate"] = caddyconfig.JSON(al, &warnings)
 	}
@@ -465,7 +561,7 @@ func fillInGlobalACMEDefaults(issuer certmagic.Issuer, options map[string]any) e
 	if globalACMECA != nil && acmeIssuer.CA == "" {
 		acmeIssuer.CA = globalACMECA.(string)
 	}
-	if globalACMECARoot != nil && !sliceContains(acmeIssuer.TrustedRootsPEMFiles, globalACMECARoot.(string)) {
+	if globalACMECARoot != nil && !slices.Contains(acmeIssuer.TrustedRootsPEMFiles, globalACMECARoot.(string)) {
 		acmeIssuer.TrustedRootsPEMFiles = append(acmeIssuer.TrustedRootsPEMFiles, globalACMECARoot.(string))
 	}
 	if globalACMEDNS != nil && (acmeIssuer.Challenges == nil || acmeIssuer.Challenges.DNS == nil) {
@@ -481,7 +577,8 @@ func fillInGlobalACMEDefaults(issuer certmagic.Issuer, options map[string]any) e
 	if globalPreferredChains != nil && acmeIssuer.PreferredChains == nil {
 		acmeIssuer.PreferredChains = globalPreferredChains.(*caddytls.ChainPreference)
 	}
-	if globalHTTPPort != nil && (acmeIssuer.Challenges == nil || acmeIssuer.Challenges.HTTP == nil || acmeIssuer.Challenges.HTTP.AlternatePort == 0) {
+	// only configure alt HTTP and TLS-ALPN ports if the DNS challenge is not enabled (wouldn't hurt, but isn't necessary since the DNS challenge is exclusive of others)
+	if globalHTTPPort != nil && (acmeIssuer.Challenges == nil || acmeIssuer.Challenges.DNS == nil) && (acmeIssuer.Challenges == nil || acmeIssuer.Challenges.HTTP == nil || acmeIssuer.Challenges.HTTP.AlternatePort == 0) {
 		if acmeIssuer.Challenges == nil {
 			acmeIssuer.Challenges = new(caddytls.ChallengesConfig)
 		}
@@ -490,7 +587,7 @@ func fillInGlobalACMEDefaults(issuer certmagic.Issuer, options map[string]any) e
 		}
 		acmeIssuer.Challenges.HTTP.AlternatePort = globalHTTPPort.(int)
 	}
-	if globalHTTPSPort != nil && (acmeIssuer.Challenges == nil || acmeIssuer.Challenges.TLSALPN == nil || acmeIssuer.Challenges.TLSALPN.AlternatePort == 0) {
+	if globalHTTPSPort != nil && (acmeIssuer.Challenges == nil || acmeIssuer.Challenges.DNS == nil) && (acmeIssuer.Challenges == nil || acmeIssuer.Challenges.TLSALPN == nil || acmeIssuer.Challenges.TLSALPN.AlternatePort == 0) {
 		if acmeIssuer.Challenges == nil {
 			acmeIssuer.Challenges = new(caddytls.ChallengesConfig)
 		}
@@ -580,7 +677,7 @@ func consolidateAutomationPolicies(aps []*caddytls.AutomationPolicy) []*caddytls
 			if !automationPolicyHasAllPublicNames(aps[i]) {
 				// if this automation policy has internal names, we might as well remove it
 				// so auto-https can implicitly use the internal issuer
-				aps = append(aps[:i], aps[i+1:]...)
+				aps = slices.Delete(aps, i, i+1)
 				i--
 			}
 		}
@@ -597,7 +694,7 @@ outer:
 		for j := i + 1; j < len(aps); j++ {
 			// if they're exactly equal in every way, just keep one of them
 			if reflect.DeepEqual(aps[i], aps[j]) {
-				aps = append(aps[:j], aps[j+1:]...)
+				aps = slices.Delete(aps, j, j+1)
 				// must re-evaluate current i against next j; can't skip it!
 				// even if i decrements to -1, will be incremented to 0 immediately
 				i--
@@ -627,18 +724,18 @@ outer:
 					// cause example.com to be served by the less specific policy for
 					// '*.com', which might be different (yes we've seen this happen)
 					if automationPolicyShadows(i, aps) >= j {
-						aps = append(aps[:i], aps[i+1:]...)
+						aps = slices.Delete(aps, i, i+1)
 						i--
 						continue outer
 					}
 				} else {
 					// avoid repeated subjects
 					for _, subj := range aps[j].SubjectsRaw {
-						if !sliceContains(aps[i].SubjectsRaw, subj) {
+						if !slices.Contains(aps[i].SubjectsRaw, subj) {
 							aps[i].SubjectsRaw = append(aps[i].SubjectsRaw, subj)
 						}
 					}
-					aps = append(aps[:j], aps[j+1:]...)
+					aps = slices.Delete(aps, j, j+1)
 					j--
 				}
 			}
@@ -658,13 +755,9 @@ func automationPolicyIsSubset(a, b *caddytls.AutomationPolicy) bool {
 		return false
 	}
 	for _, aSubj := range a.SubjectsRaw {
-		var inSuperset bool
-		for _, bSubj := range b.SubjectsRaw {
-			if certmagic.MatchWildcard(aSubj, bSubj) {
-				inSuperset = true
-				break
-			}
-		}
+		inSuperset := slices.ContainsFunc(b.SubjectsRaw, func(bSubj string) bool {
+			return certmagic.MatchWildcard(aSubj, bSubj)
+		})
 		if !inSuperset {
 			return false
 		}
@@ -709,14 +802,28 @@ func subjectQualifiesForPublicCert(ap *caddytls.AutomationPolicy, subj string) b
 // automationPolicyHasAllPublicNames returns true if all the names on the policy
 // do NOT qualify for public certs OR are tailscale domains.
 func automationPolicyHasAllPublicNames(ap *caddytls.AutomationPolicy) bool {
-	for _, subj := range ap.SubjectsRaw {
-		if !subjectQualifiesForPublicCert(ap, subj) || isTailscaleDomain(subj) {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-	return true
+	return !slices.ContainsFunc(ap.SubjectsRaw, func(i string) bool {
+		return !subjectQualifiesForPublicCert(ap, i) || isTailscaleDomain(i)
+	})
 }

 func isTailscaleDomain(name string) bool {
 	return strings.HasSuffix(strings.ToLower(name), ".ts.net")
 }
+
+func hostsCoveredByWildcard(hosts []string, wildcards []string) bool {
+	if len(hosts) == 0 || len(wildcards) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, host := range hosts {
+		for _, wildcard := range wildcards {
+			if strings.HasPrefix(host, "*.") {
+				continue
+			}
+			if certmagic.MatchWildcard(host, "*."+wildcard) {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ func init() {
 // If the response is not a JSON config, a config adapter must be specified
 // either in the loader config (`adapter`), or in the Content-Type HTTP header
 // returned in the HTTP response from the server. The Content-Type header is
-// read just like the admin API's `/load` endpoint. Uf you don't have control
+// read just like the admin API's `/load` endpoint. If you don't have control
 // over the HTTP server (but can still trust its response), you can override
 // the Content-Type header by setting the `adapter` property in this config.
 type HTTPLoader struct {
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ import (
 	_ "github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/modules/standard"
 )

-// Defaults store any configuration required to make the tests run
-type Defaults struct {
+// Config store any configuration required to make the tests run
+type Config struct {
 	// Port we expect caddy to listening on
 	AdminPort int
 	// Certificates we expect to be loaded before attempting to run the tests
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ type Defaults struct {
 }

 // Default testing values
-var Default = Defaults{
+var Default = Config{
 	AdminPort:          2999, // different from what a real server also running on a developer's machine might be
 	Certificates:       []string{"/caddy.localhost.crt", "/caddy.localhost.key"},
 	TestRequestTimeout: 5 * time.Second,
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ type Tester struct {
 	Client       *http.Client
 	configLoaded bool
 	t            testing.TB
+	config       Config
 }

 // NewTester will create a new testing client with an attached cookie jar
@@ -78,9 +79,29 @@ func NewTester(t testing.TB) *Tester {
 		},
 		configLoaded: false,
 		t:            t,
+		config:       Default,
 	}
 }

+// WithDefaultOverrides this will override the default test configuration with the provided values.
+func (tc *Tester) WithDefaultOverrides(overrides Config) *Tester {
+	if overrides.AdminPort != 0 {
+		tc.config.AdminPort = overrides.AdminPort
+	}
+	if len(overrides.Certificates) > 0 {
+		tc.config.Certificates = overrides.Certificates
+	}
+	if overrides.TestRequestTimeout != 0 {
+		tc.config.TestRequestTimeout = overrides.TestRequestTimeout
+		tc.Client.Timeout = overrides.TestRequestTimeout
+	}
+	if overrides.LoadRequestTimeout != 0 {
+		tc.config.LoadRequestTimeout = overrides.LoadRequestTimeout
+	}
+
+	return tc
+}
+
 type configLoadError struct {
 	Response string
 }
@@ -113,7 +134,7 @@ func (tc *Tester) initServer(rawConfig string, configType string) error {
 		return nil
 	}

-	err := validateTestPrerequisites(tc.t)
+	err := validateTestPrerequisites(tc)
 	if err != nil {
 		tc.t.Skipf("skipping tests as failed integration prerequisites. %s", err)
 		return nil
@@ -121,7 +142,7 @@ func (tc *Tester) initServer(rawConfig string, configType string) error {

 	tc.t.Cleanup(func() {
 		if tc.t.Failed() && tc.configLoaded {
-			res, err := http.Get(fmt.Sprintf("http://localhost:%d/config/", Default.AdminPort))
+			res, err := http.Get(fmt.Sprintf("http://localhost:%d/config/", tc.config.AdminPort))
 			if err != nil {
 				tc.t.Log("unable to read the current config")
 				return
@@ -151,10 +172,10 @@ func (tc *Tester) initServer(rawConfig string, configType string) error {
 		tc.t.Logf("After: %s", rawConfig)
 	}
 	client := &http.Client{
-		Timeout: Default.LoadRequestTimeout,
+		Timeout: tc.config.LoadRequestTimeout,
 	}
 	start := time.Now()
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", fmt.Sprintf("http://localhost:%d/load", Default.AdminPort), strings.NewReader(rawConfig))
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", fmt.Sprintf("http://localhost:%d/load", tc.config.AdminPort), strings.NewReader(rawConfig))
 	if err != nil {
 		tc.t.Errorf("failed to create request. %s", err)
 		return err
@@ -205,11 +226,11 @@ func (tc *Tester) ensureConfigRunning(rawConfig string, configType string) error
 	}

 	client := &http.Client{
-		Timeout: Default.LoadRequestTimeout,
+		Timeout: tc.config.LoadRequestTimeout,
 	}

 	fetchConfig := func(client *http.Client) any {
-		resp, err := client.Get(fmt.Sprintf("http://localhost:%d/config/", Default.AdminPort))
+		resp, err := client.Get(fmt.Sprintf("http://localhost:%d/config/", tc.config.AdminPort))
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil
 		}
@@ -237,30 +258,30 @@ func (tc *Tester) ensureConfigRunning(rawConfig string, configType string) error
 }

 const initConfig = `{
-	admin localhost:2999
+	admin localhost:%d
 }
 `

 // validateTestPrerequisites ensures the certificates are available in the
 // designated path and Caddy sub-process is running.
-func validateTestPrerequisites(t testing.TB) error {
+func validateTestPrerequisites(tc *Tester) error {
 	// check certificates are found
-	for _, certName := range Default.Certificates {
+	for _, certName := range tc.config.Certificates {
 		if _, err := os.Stat(getIntegrationDir() + certName); errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
 			return fmt.Errorf("caddy integration test certificates (%s) not found", certName)
 		}
 	}

-	if isCaddyAdminRunning() != nil {
+	if isCaddyAdminRunning(tc) != nil {
 		// setup the init config file, and set the cleanup afterwards
 		f, err := os.CreateTemp("", "")
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		t.Cleanup(func() {
+		tc.t.Cleanup(func() {
 			os.Remove(f.Name())
 		})
-		if _, err := f.WriteString(initConfig); err != nil {
+		if _, err := f.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf(initConfig, tc.config.AdminPort)); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

@@ -271,23 +292,23 @@ func validateTestPrerequisites(t testing.TB) error {
 		}()

 		// wait for caddy to start serving the initial config
-		for retries := 10; retries > 0 && isCaddyAdminRunning() != nil; retries-- {
+		for retries := 10; retries > 0 && isCaddyAdminRunning(tc) != nil; retries-- {
 			time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
 		}
 	}

 	// one more time to return the error
-	return isCaddyAdminRunning()
+	return isCaddyAdminRunning(tc)
 }

-func isCaddyAdminRunning() error {
+func isCaddyAdminRunning(tc *Tester) error {
 	// assert that caddy is running
 	client := &http.Client{
-		Timeout: Default.LoadRequestTimeout,
+		Timeout: tc.config.LoadRequestTimeout,
 	}
-	resp, err := client.Get(fmt.Sprintf("http://localhost:%d/config/", Default.AdminPort))
+	resp, err := client.Get(fmt.Sprintf("http://localhost:%d/config/", tc.config.AdminPort))
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("caddy integration test caddy server not running. Expected to be listening on localhost:%d", Default.AdminPort)
+		return fmt.Errorf("caddy integration test caddy server not running. Expected to be listening on localhost:%d", tc.config.AdminPort)
 	}
 	resp.Body.Close()

@@ -84,7 +84,6 @@ func TestLoadUnorderedJSON(t *testing.T) {
 				"servers": {
 					"s_server": {
 						"listen": [
-							":9443",
 							":9080"
 						],
 						"routes": [
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/elliptic"
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"fmt"
+	"log/slog"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
@@ -13,10 +14,11 @@ import (

 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2"
 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/caddytest"
-	"github.com/mholt/acmez/v2"
-	"github.com/mholt/acmez/v2/acme"
+	"github.com/mholt/acmez/v3"
+	"github.com/mholt/acmez/v3/acme"
 	smallstepacme "github.com/smallstep/certificates/acme"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"go.uber.org/zap/exp/zapslog"
 )

 const acmeChallengePort = 9081
@@ -48,7 +50,7 @@ func TestACMEServerWithDefaults(t *testing.T) {
 		Client: &acme.Client{
 			Directory:  "https://acme.localhost:9443/acme/local/directory",
 			HTTPClient: tester.Client,
-			Logger:     logger,
+			Logger:     slog.New(zapslog.NewHandler(logger.Core())),
 		},
 		ChallengeSolvers: map[string]acmez.Solver{
 			acme.ChallengeTypeHTTP01: &naiveHTTPSolver{logger: logger},
@@ -117,7 +119,7 @@ func TestACMEServerWithMismatchedChallenges(t *testing.T) {
 		Client: &acme.Client{
 			Directory:  "https://acme.localhost:9443/acme/local/directory",
 			HTTPClient: tester.Client,
-			Logger:     logger,
+			Logger:     slog.New(zapslog.NewHandler(logger.Core())),
 		},
 		ChallengeSolvers: map[string]acmez.Solver{
 			acme.ChallengeTypeHTTP01: &naiveHTTPSolver{logger: logger},
@@ -5,13 +5,15 @@ import (
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
 	"crypto/elliptic"
 	"crypto/rand"
+	"log/slog"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/caddytest"
-	"github.com/mholt/acmez/v2"
-	"github.com/mholt/acmez/v2/acme"
+	"github.com/mholt/acmez/v3"
+	"github.com/mholt/acmez/v3/acme"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"go.uber.org/zap/exp/zapslog"
 )

 func TestACMEServerDirectory(t *testing.T) {
@@ -76,7 +78,7 @@ func TestACMEServerAllowPolicy(t *testing.T) {
 		Client: &acme.Client{
 			Directory:  "https://acme.localhost:9443/acme/local/directory",
 			HTTPClient: tester.Client,
-			Logger:     logger,
+			Logger:     slog.New(zapslog.NewHandler(logger.Core())),
 		},
 		ChallengeSolvers: map[string]acmez.Solver{
 			acme.ChallengeTypeHTTP01: &naiveHTTPSolver{logger: logger},
@@ -165,7 +167,7 @@ func TestACMEServerDenyPolicy(t *testing.T) {
 		Client: &acme.Client{
 			Directory:  "https://acme.localhost:9443/acme/local/directory",
 			HTTPClient: tester.Client,
-			Logger:     logger,
+			Logger:     slog.New(zapslog.NewHandler(logger.Core())),
 		},
 		ChallengeSolvers: map[string]acmez.Solver{
 			acme.ChallengeTypeHTTP01: &naiveHTTPSolver{logger: logger},
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+{
+	pki {
+		ca internal {
+			name "Internal"
+			root_cn "Internal Root Cert"
+			intermediate_cn "Internal Intermediate Cert"
+		}
+	}
+}
+acme.example.com {
+	acme_server {
+		ca internal
+		sign_with_root
+	}
+}
+
+----------
+{
+	"apps": {
+		"http": {
+			"servers": {
+				"srv0": {
+					"listen": [
+						":443"
+					],
+					"routes": [
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"acme.example.com"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"ca": "internal",
+													"handler": "acme_server",
+													"sign_with_root": true
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						}
+					]
+				}
+			}
+		},
+		"pki": {
+			"certificate_authorities": {
+				"internal": {
+					"name": "Internal",
+					"root_common_name": "Internal Root Cert",
+					"intermediate_common_name": "Internal Intermediate Cert"
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+{
+	auto_https prefer_wildcard
+}
+
+*.example.com {
+	tls {
+		dns mock
+	}
+	respond "fallback"
+}
+
+foo.example.com {
+	respond "foo"
+}
+----------
+{
+	"apps": {
+		"http": {
+			"servers": {
+				"srv0": {
+					"listen": [
+						":443"
+					],
+					"routes": [
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"foo.example.com"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"body": "foo",
+													"handler": "static_response"
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						},
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"*.example.com"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"body": "fallback",
+													"handler": "static_response"
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						}
+					],
+					"automatic_https": {
+						"skip_certificates": [
+							"foo.example.com"
+						],
+						"prefer_wildcard": true
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		},
+		"tls": {
+			"automation": {
+				"policies": [
+					{
+						"subjects": [
+							"*.example.com"
+						],
+						"issuers": [
+							{
+								"challenges": {
+									"dns": {
+										"provider": {
+											"name": "mock"
+										}
+									}
+								},
+								"module": "acme"
+							}
+						]
+					}
+				]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+{
+	auto_https prefer_wildcard
+}
+
+# Covers two domains
+*.one.example.com {
+	tls {
+		dns mock
+	}
+	respond "one fallback"
+}
+
+# Is covered, should not get its own AP
+foo.one.example.com {
+	respond "foo one"
+}
+
+# This one has its own tls config so it doesn't get covered (escape hatch)
+bar.one.example.com {
+	respond "bar one"
+	tls bar@bar.com
+}
+
+# Covers nothing but AP gets consolidated with the first
+*.two.example.com {
+	tls {
+		dns mock
+	}
+	respond "two fallback"
+}
+
+# Is HTTP so it should not cover
+http://*.three.example.com {
+	respond "three fallback"
+}
+
+# Has no wildcard coverage so it gets an AP
+foo.three.example.com {
+	respond "foo three"
+}
+----------
+{
+	"apps": {
+		"http": {
+			"servers": {
+				"srv0": {
+					"listen": [
+						":443"
+					],
+					"routes": [
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"foo.three.example.com"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"body": "foo three",
+													"handler": "static_response"
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						},
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"foo.one.example.com"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"body": "foo one",
+													"handler": "static_response"
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						},
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"bar.one.example.com"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"body": "bar one",
+													"handler": "static_response"
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						},
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"*.one.example.com"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"body": "one fallback",
+													"handler": "static_response"
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						},
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"*.two.example.com"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"body": "two fallback",
+													"handler": "static_response"
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						}
+					],
+					"automatic_https": {
+						"skip_certificates": [
+							"foo.one.example.com",
+							"bar.one.example.com"
+						],
+						"prefer_wildcard": true
+					}
+				},
+				"srv1": {
+					"listen": [
+						":80"
+					],
+					"routes": [
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"*.three.example.com"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"body": "three fallback",
+													"handler": "static_response"
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						}
+					],
+					"automatic_https": {
+						"prefer_wildcard": true
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		},
+		"tls": {
+			"automation": {
+				"policies": [
+					{
+						"subjects": [
+							"foo.three.example.com"
+						]
+					},
+					{
+						"subjects": [
+							"bar.one.example.com"
+						],
+						"issuers": [
+							{
+								"email": "bar@bar.com",
+								"module": "acme"
+							},
+							{
+								"ca": "https://acme.zerossl.com/v2/DV90",
+								"email": "bar@bar.com",
+								"module": "acme"
+							}
+						]
+					},
+					{
+						"subjects": [
+							"*.one.example.com",
+							"*.two.example.com"
+						],
+						"issuers": [
+							{
+								"challenges": {
+									"dns": {
+										"provider": {
+											"name": "mock"
+										}
+									}
+								},
+								"module": "acme"
+							}
+						]
+					}
+				]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+{
+	auto_https disable_redirects
+	admin off
+}
+
+http://localhost {
+	bind fd/{env.CADDY_HTTP_FD} {
+		protocols h1
+	}
+	log
+	respond "Hello, HTTP!"
+}
+
+https://localhost {
+	bind fd/{env.CADDY_HTTPS_FD} {
+		protocols h1 h2
+	}
+	bind fdgram/{env.CADDY_HTTP3_FD} {
+		protocols h3
+	}
+	log
+	respond "Hello, HTTPS!"
+}
+----------
+{
+	"admin": {
+		"disabled": true
+	},
+	"apps": {
+		"http": {
+			"servers": {
+				"srv0": {
+					"listen": [
+						"fd/{env.CADDY_HTTPS_FD}",
+						"fdgram/{env.CADDY_HTTP3_FD}"
+					],
+					"routes": [
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"localhost"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"body": "Hello, HTTPS!",
+													"handler": "static_response"
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						}
+					],
+					"automatic_https": {
+						"disable_redirects": true
+					},
+					"logs": {
+						"logger_names": {
+							"localhost": [
+								""
+							]
+						}
+					},
+					"listen_protocols": [
+						[
+							"h1",
+							"h2"
+						],
+						[
+							"h3"
+						]
+					]
+				},
+				"srv1": {
+					"automatic_https": {
+						"disable_redirects": true
+					}
+				},
+				"srv2": {
+					"listen": [
+						"fd/{env.CADDY_HTTP_FD}"
+					],
+					"routes": [
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"localhost"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"body": "Hello, HTTP!",
+													"handler": "static_response"
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						}
+					],
+					"automatic_https": {
+						"disable_redirects": true,
+						"skip": [
+							"localhost"
+						]
+					},
+					"logs": {
+						"logger_names": {
+							"localhost": [
+								""
+							]
+						}
+					},
+					"listen_protocols": [
+						[
+							"h1"
+						]
+					]
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ encode {
 	zstd
 	gzip 5
 }
+
+encode
 ----------
 {
 	"apps": {
@@ -76,6 +78,17 @@ encode {
 										"zstd",
 										"gzip"
 									]
+								},
+								{
+									"encodings": {
+										"gzip": {},
+										"zstd": {}
+									},
+									"handler": "encode",
+									"prefer": [
+										"zstd",
+										"gzip"
+									]
 								}
 							]
 						}
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+:80
+
+file_server {
+	browse {
+		file_limit 4000
+	}
+}
+----------
+{
+	"apps": {
+		"http": {
+			"servers": {
+				"srv0": {
+					"listen": [
+						":80"
+					],
+					"routes": [
+						{
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"browse": {
+										"file_limit": 4000
+									},
+									"handler": "file_server",
+									"hide": [
+										"./Caddyfile"
+									]
+								}
+							]
+						}
+					]
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@
 file_server {
 	precompressed zstd br gzip
 }
+
+file_server {
+	precompressed
+}
 ----------
 {
 	"apps": {
@@ -30,6 +34,22 @@ file_server {
 										"br",
 										"gzip"
 									]
+								},
+								{
+									"handler": "file_server",
+									"hide": [
+										"./Caddyfile"
+									],
+									"precompressed": {
+										"br": {},
+										"gzip": {},
+										"zstd": {}
+									},
+									"precompressed_order": [
+										"br",
+										"zstd",
+										"gzip"
+									]
 								}
 							]
 						}
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+:80
+
+file_server {
+	browse {
+		sort size desc
+	}
+}
+----------
+{
+	"apps": {
+		"http": {
+			"servers": {
+				"srv0": {
+					"listen": [
+						":80"
+					],
+					"routes": [
+						{
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"browse": {
+										"sort": [
+											"size",
+											"desc"
+										]
+									},
+									"handler": "file_server",
+									"hide": [
+										"./Caddyfile"
+									]
+								}
+							]
+						}
+					]
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 app.example.com {
 	forward_auth authelia:9091 {
-		uri /api/verify?rd=https://authelia.example.com
+		uri /api/authz/forward-auth
 		copy_headers Remote-User Remote-Groups Remote-Name Remote-Email
 	}

@@ -39,6 +39,13 @@ app.example.com {
 																]
 															},
 															"routes": [
+																{
+																	"handle": [
+																		{
+																			"handler": "vars"
+																		}
+																	]
+																},
 																{
 																	"handle": [
 																		{
@@ -47,19 +54,104 @@ app.example.com {
 																				"set": {
 																					"Remote-Email": [
 																						"{http.reverse_proxy.header.Remote-Email}"
-																					],
+																					]
+																				}
+																			}
+																		}
+																	],
+																	"match": [
+																		{
+																			"not": [
+																				{
+																					"vars": {
+																						"{http.reverse_proxy.header.Remote-Email}": [
+																							""
+																						]
+																					}
+																				}
+																			]
+																		}
+																	]
+																},
+																{
+																	"handle": [
+																		{
+																			"handler": "headers",
+																			"request": {
+																				"set": {
 																					"Remote-Groups": [
 																						"{http.reverse_proxy.header.Remote-Groups}"
-																					],
+																					]
+																				}
+																			}
+																		}
+																	],
+																	"match": [
+																		{
+																			"not": [
+																				{
+																					"vars": {
+																						"{http.reverse_proxy.header.Remote-Groups}": [
+																							""
+																						]
+																					}
+																				}
+																			]
+																		}
+																	]
+																},
+																{
+																	"handle": [
+																		{
+																			"handler": "headers",
+																			"request": {
+																				"set": {
 																					"Remote-Name": [
 																						"{http.reverse_proxy.header.Remote-Name}"
-																					],
+																					]
+																				}
+																			}
+																		}
+																	],
+																	"match": [
+																		{
+																			"not": [
+																				{
+																					"vars": {
+																						"{http.reverse_proxy.header.Remote-Name}": [
+																							""
+																						]
+																					}
+																				}
+																			]
+																		}
+																	]
+																},
+																{
+																	"handle": [
+																		{
+																			"handler": "headers",
+																			"request": {
+																				"set": {
 																					"Remote-User": [
 																						"{http.reverse_proxy.header.Remote-User}"
 																					]
 																				}
 																			}
 																		}
+																	],
+																	"match": [
+																		{
+																			"not": [
+																				{
+																					"vars": {
+																						"{http.reverse_proxy.header.Remote-User}": [
+																							""
+																						]
+																					}
+																				}
+																			]
+																		}
 																	]
 																}
 															]
@@ -80,7 +172,7 @@ app.example.com {
 													},
 													"rewrite": {
 														"method": "GET",
-														"uri": "/api/verify?rd=https://authelia.example.com"
+														"uri": "/api/authz/forward-auth"
 													},
 													"upstreams": [
 														{
@@ -28,6 +28,13 @@ forward_auth localhost:9000 {
 												]
 											},
 											"routes": [
+												{
+													"handle": [
+														{
+															"handler": "vars"
+														}
+													]
+												},
 												{
 													"handle": [
 														{
@@ -36,22 +43,131 @@ forward_auth localhost:9000 {
 																"set": {
 																	"1": [
 																		"{http.reverse_proxy.header.A}"
-																	],
-																	"3": [
-																		"{http.reverse_proxy.header.C}"
-																	],
-																	"5": [
-																		"{http.reverse_proxy.header.E}"
-																	],
+																	]
+																}
+															}
+														}
+													],
+													"match": [
+														{
+															"not": [
+																{
+																	"vars": {
+																		"{http.reverse_proxy.header.A}": [
+																			""
+																		]
+																	}
+																}
+															]
+														}
+													]
+												},
+												{
+													"handle": [
+														{
+															"handler": "headers",
+															"request": {
+																"set": {
 																	"B": [
 																		"{http.reverse_proxy.header.B}"
-																	],
+																	]
+																}
+															}
+														}
+													],
+													"match": [
+														{
+															"not": [
+																{
+																	"vars": {
+																		"{http.reverse_proxy.header.B}": [
+																			""
+																		]
+																	}
+																}
+															]
+														}
+													]
+												},
+												{
+													"handle": [
+														{
+															"handler": "headers",
+															"request": {
+																"set": {
+																	"3": [
+																		"{http.reverse_proxy.header.C}"
+																	]
+																}
+															}
+														}
+													],
+													"match": [
+														{
+															"not": [
+																{
+																	"vars": {
+																		"{http.reverse_proxy.header.C}": [
+																			""
+																		]
+																	}
+																}
+															]
+														}
+													]
+												},
+												{
+													"handle": [
+														{
+															"handler": "headers",
+															"request": {
+																"set": {
 																	"D": [
 																		"{http.reverse_proxy.header.D}"
 																	]
 																}
 															}
 														}
+													],
+													"match": [
+														{
+															"not": [
+																{
+																	"vars": {
+																		"{http.reverse_proxy.header.D}": [
+																			""
+																		]
+																	}
+																}
+															]
+														}
+													]
+												},
+												{
+													"handle": [
+														{
+															"handler": "headers",
+															"request": {
+																"set": {
+																	"5": [
+																		"{http.reverse_proxy.header.E}"
+																	]
+																}
+															}
+														}
+													],
+													"match": [
+														{
+															"not": [
+																{
+																	"vars": {
+																		"{http.reverse_proxy.header.E}": [
+																			""
+																		]
+																	}
+																}
+															]
+														}
 													]
 												}
 											]
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 	storage file_system {
 		root /data
 	}
+	storage_check off
+	storage_clean_interval off
 	acme_ca https://example.com
 	acme_ca_root /path/to/ca.crt
 	ocsp_stapling off
@@ -17,8 +19,6 @@
 	admin off
 	on_demand_tls {
 		ask https://example.com
-		interval 30s
-		burst 20
 	}
 	local_certs
 	key_type ed25519
@@ -72,14 +72,12 @@
 					"permission": {
 						"endpoint": "https://example.com",
 						"module": "http"
-					},
-					"rate_limit": {
-						"interval": 30000000000,
-						"burst": 20
 					}
 				}
 			},
-			"disable_ocsp_stapling": true
+			"disable_ocsp_stapling": true,
+			"disable_storage_check": true,
+			"disable_storage_clean": true
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 	admin off
 	on_demand_tls {
 		ask https://example.com
-		interval 30s
-		burst 20
 	}
 	storage_clean_interval 7d
 	renew_interval 1d
@@ -89,10 +87,6 @@
 					"permission": {
 						"endpoint": "https://example.com",
 						"module": "http"
-					},
-					"rate_limit": {
-						"interval": 30000000000,
-						"burst": 20
 					}
 				},
 				"ocsp_interval": 172800000000000,
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 	}
 	on_demand_tls {
 		ask https://example.com
-		interval 30s
-		burst 20
 	}
 	local_certs
 	key_type ed25519
@@ -74,10 +72,6 @@
 					"permission": {
 						"endpoint": "https://example.com",
 						"module": "http"
-					},
-					"rate_limit": {
-						"interval": 30000000000,
-						"burst": 20
 					}
 				}
 			}
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+{
+	log {
+		sampling {
+			interval 300
+			first 50
+			thereafter 40
+		}
+	}
+}
+----------
+{
+	"logging": {
+		"logs": {
+			"default": {
+				"sampling": {
+					"interval": 300,
+					"first": 50,
+					"thereafter": 40
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -12,10 +12,14 @@
 	@images path /images/*
 	header @images {
 		Cache-Control "public, max-age=3600, stale-while-revalidate=86400"
+		match {
+			status 200
+		}
 	}
 	header {
 		+Link "Foo"
 		+Link "Bar"
+		match status 200
 	}
 	header >Set Defer
 	header >Replace Deferred Replacement
@@ -42,6 +46,11 @@
 								{
 									"handler": "headers",
 									"response": {
+										"require": {
+											"status_code": [
+												200
+											]
+										},
 										"set": {
 											"Cache-Control": [
 												"public, max-age=3600, stale-while-revalidate=86400"
@@ -136,6 +145,11 @@
 												"Foo",
 												"Bar"
 											]
+										},
+										"require": {
+											"status_code": [
+												200
+											]
 										}
 									}
 								},
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 example.com {
-    respond <<EOF
+	respond <<EOF
    <html>
      <head><title>Foo</title>
      <body>Foo</body>
    </html>
    EOF 200
 }
+
 ----------
 {
 	"apps": {
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+(snippet) {
+	header {
+		{block}
+	}
+}
+
+example.com {
+	import snippet {
+		foo bar
+	}
+}
+----------
+{
+	"apps": {
+		"http": {
+			"servers": {
+				"srv0": {
+					"listen": [
+						":443"
+					],
+					"routes": [
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"example.com"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"handler": "headers",
+													"response": {
+														"set": {
+															"Foo": [
+																"bar"
+															]
+														}
+													}
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						}
+					]
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+(snippet) {
+	{block}
+}
+
+example.com {
+	import snippet {
+		header foo bar
+	}
+}
+----------
+{
+	"apps": {
+		"http": {
+			"servers": {
+				"srv0": {
+					"listen": [
+						":443"
+					],
+					"routes": [
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"example.com"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"handler": "headers",
+													"response": {
+														"set": {
+															"Foo": [
+																"bar"
+															]
+														}
+													}
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						}
+					]
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+(snippet) {
+	header {
+		{blocks.foo}
+	}
+	header {
+		{blocks.bar}
+	}
+}
+
+example.com {
+	import snippet {
+		foo {
+			foo a
+		}
+		bar {
+			bar b
+		}
+	}
+}
+----------
+{
+	"apps": {
+		"http": {
+			"servers": {
+				"srv0": {
+					"listen": [
+						":443"
+					],
+					"routes": [
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"example.com"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"handler": "headers",
+													"response": {
+														"set": {
+															"Foo": [
+																"a"
+															]
+														}
+													}
+												},
+												{
+													"handler": "headers",
+													"response": {
+														"set": {
+															"Bar": [
+																"b"
+															]
+														}
+													}
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						}
+					]
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+(snippet) {
+	header {
+		{blocks.bar}
+	}
+	import sub_snippet {
+		bar {
+			{blocks.foo}
+		}
+	}
+}
+(sub_snippet) {
+	header {
+		{blocks.bar}
+	}
+}
+example.com {
+	import snippet {
+		foo {
+			foo a
+		}
+		bar {
+			bar b
+		}
+	}
+}
+----------
+{
+	"apps": {
+		"http": {
+			"servers": {
+				"srv0": {
+					"listen": [
+						":443"
+					],
+					"routes": [
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"example.com"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"handler": "headers",
+													"response": {
+														"set": {
+															"Bar": [
+																"b"
+															]
+														}
+													}
+												},
+												{
+													"handler": "headers",
+													"response": {
+														"set": {
+															"Foo": [
+																"a"
+															]
+														}
+													}
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						}
+					]
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+:80 {
+	log {
+		sampling {
+			interval 300
+			first 50
+			thereafter 40
+		}
+	}
+}
+----------
+{
+	"logging": {
+		"logs": {
+			"default": {
+				"exclude": [
+					"http.log.access.log0"
+				]
+			},
+			"log0": {
+				"sampling": {
+					"interval": 300,
+					"first": 50,
+					"thereafter": 40
+				},
+				"include": [
+					"http.log.access.log0"
+				]
+			}
+		}
+	},
+	"apps": {
+		"http": {
+			"servers": {
+				"srv0": {
+					"listen": [
+						":80"
+					],
+					"logs": {
+						"default_logger_name": "log0"
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 example.com

-map {host}             {my_placeholder}  {magic_number} {
+map {host} {my_placeholder} {magic_number} {
 	# Should output boolean "true" and an integer
-	example.com        true              3
+	example.com true 3

 	# Should output a string and null
-	foo.example.com    "string value"
+	foo.example.com "string value"

 	# Should output two strings (quoted int)
-	(.*)\.example.com  "${1} subdomain"  "5"
+	(.*)\.example.com "${1} subdomain" "5"

 	# Should output null and a string (quoted int)
-	~.*\.net$          -                 `7`
+	~.*\.net$ - `7`

 	# Should output a float and the string "false"
-	~.*\.xyz$          123.456           "false"
+	~.*\.xyz$ 123.456 "false"

 	# Should output two strings, second being escaped quote
-	default            "unknown domain"  \"""
+	default "unknown domain" \"""
 }

 vars foo bar
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ vars {
 	ghi 2.3
 	jkl "mn op"
 }
+
 ----------
 {
 	"apps": {
@@ -46,6 +46,18 @@

 	@matcher12 client_ip private_ranges
 	respond @matcher12 "client_ip matcher with private ranges"
+
+	@matcher13 {
+		remote_ip 1.1.1.1
+		remote_ip 2.2.2.2
+	}
+	respond @matcher13 "remote_ip merged"
+
+	@matcher14 {
+		client_ip 1.1.1.1
+		client_ip 2.2.2.2
+	}
+	respond @matcher14 "client_ip merged"
 }
 ----------
 {
@@ -279,6 +291,42 @@
 									"handler": "static_response"
 								}
 							]
+						},
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"remote_ip": {
+										"ranges": [
+											"1.1.1.1",
+											"2.2.2.2"
+										]
+									}
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"body": "remote_ip merged",
+									"handler": "static_response"
+								}
+							]
+						},
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"client_ip": {
+										"ranges": [
+											"1.1.1.1",
+											"2.2.2.2"
+										]
+									}
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"body": "client_ip merged",
+									"handler": "static_response"
+								}
+							]
 						}
 					]
 				}
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+{
+	metrics
+	servers :80 {
+		metrics {
+			per_host
+		}
+	}
+}
+:80 {
+	respond "Hello"
+}
+
+----------
+{
+	"apps": {
+		"http": {
+			"servers": {
+				"srv0": {
+					"listen": [
+						":80"
+					],
+					"routes": [
+						{
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"body": "Hello",
+									"handler": "static_response"
+								}
+							]
+						}
+					]
+				}
+			},
+			"metrics": {
+				"per_host": true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+{
+	servers :80 {
+		metrics {
+			per_host
+		}
+	}
+}
+:80 {
+	respond "Hello"
+}
+----------
+{
+	"apps": {
+		"http": {
+			"servers": {
+				"srv0": {
+					"listen": [
+						":80"
+					],
+					"routes": [
+						{
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"body": "Hello",
+									"handler": "static_response"
+								}
+							]
+						}
+					]
+				}
+			},
+			"metrics": {
+				"per_host": true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ route {
 		}
 		not path */
 	}
-	redir @canonicalPath {http.request.orig_uri.path}/ 308
+	redir @canonicalPath {orig_path}/{orig_?query} 308

 	# If the requested file does not exist, try index files
 	@indexFiles {
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ route {
 			split_path .php
 		}
 	}
-	rewrite @indexFiles {http.matchers.file.relative}
+	rewrite @indexFiles {file_match.relative}

 	# Proxy PHP files to the FastCGI responder
 	@phpFiles {
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ route {
 													"handler": "static_response",
 													"headers": {
 														"Location": [
-															"{http.request.orig_uri.path}/"
+															"{http.request.orig_uri.path}/{http.request.orig_uri.prefixed_query}"
 														]
 													},
 													"status_code": 308
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 									"handler": "static_response",
 									"headers": {
 										"Location": [
-											"{http.request.orig_uri.path}/"
+											"{http.request.orig_uri.path}/{http.request.orig_uri.prefixed_query}"
 										]
 									},
 									"status_code": 308
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@
 											"{http.request.uri.path}/index.php",
 											"index.php"
 										],
+										"try_policy": "first_exist_fallback",
 										"split_path": [
 											".php"
 										]
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ php_fastcgi @test localhost:9000
 																	"handler": "static_response",
 																	"headers": {
 																		"Location": [
-																			"{http.request.orig_uri.path}/"
+																			"{http.request.orig_uri.path}/{http.request.orig_uri.prefixed_query}"
 																		]
 																	},
 																	"status_code": 308
@@ -73,7 +73,8 @@ php_fastcgi @test localhost:9000
 																			"{http.request.uri.path}",
 																			"{http.request.uri.path}/index.php",
 																			"index.php"
-																		]
+																		],
+																		"try_policy": "first_exist_fallback"
 																	}
 																}
 															]
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ php_fastcgi localhost:9000 {
 									"handler": "static_response",
 									"headers": {
 										"Location": [
-											"{http.request.orig_uri.path}/"
+											"{http.request.orig_uri.path}/{http.request.orig_uri.prefixed_query}"
 										]
 									},
 									"status_code": 308
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ php_fastcgi localhost:9000 {
 											"{http.request.uri.path}/index.php5",
 											"index.php5"
 										],
+										"try_policy": "first_exist_fallback",
 										"split_path": [
 											".php",
 											".php5"
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ php_fastcgi localhost:9000 {
 									"handler": "static_response",
 									"headers": {
 										"Location": [
-											"{http.request.orig_uri.path}/"
+											"{http.request.orig_uri.path}/{http.request.orig_uri.prefixed_query}"
 										]
 									},
 									"status_code": 308
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+:8884
+
+php_fastcgi localhost:9000 {
+	# some php_fastcgi-specific subdirectives
+	split .php .php5
+	env VAR1 value1
+	env VAR2 value2
+	root /var/www
+	try_files {path} index.php
+	dial_timeout 3s
+	read_timeout 10s
+	write_timeout 20s
+
+	# passed through to reverse_proxy (directive order doesn't matter!)
+	lb_policy random
+}
+----------
+{
+	"apps": {
+		"http": {
+			"servers": {
+				"srv0": {
+					"listen": [
+						":8884"
+					],
+					"routes": [
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"file": {
+										"try_files": [
+											"{http.request.uri.path}",
+											"index.php"
+										],
+										"try_policy": "first_exist_fallback",
+										"split_path": [
+											".php",
+											".php5"
+										]
+									}
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "rewrite",
+									"uri": "{http.matchers.file.relative}"
+								}
+							]
+						},
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"path": [
+										"*.php",
+										"*.php5"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "reverse_proxy",
+									"load_balancing": {
+										"selection_policy": {
+											"policy": "random"
+										}
+									},
+									"transport": {
+										"dial_timeout": 3000000000,
+										"env": {
+											"VAR1": "value1",
+											"VAR2": "value2"
+										},
+										"protocol": "fastcgi",
+										"read_timeout": 10000000000,
+										"root": "/var/www",
+										"split_path": [
+											".php",
+											".php5"
+										],
+										"write_timeout": 20000000000
+									},
+									"upstreams": [
+										{
+											"dial": "localhost:9000"
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							]
+						}
+					]
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+:8884
+
+reverse_proxy 127.0.0.1:65535 {
+	health_uri /health
+	health_method HEAD
+}
+----------
+{
+	"apps": {
+		"http": {
+			"servers": {
+				"srv0": {
+					"listen": [
+						":8884"
+					],
+					"routes": [
+						{
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "reverse_proxy",
+									"health_checks": {
+										"active": {
+											"method": "HEAD",
+											"uri": "/health"
+										}
+									},
+									"upstreams": [
+										{
+											"dial": "127.0.0.1:65535"
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							]
+						}
+					]
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+:8884
+
+reverse_proxy 127.0.0.1:65535 {
+	health_uri /health
+	health_request_body "test body"
+}
+----------
+{
+	"apps": {
+		"http": {
+			"servers": {
+				"srv0": {
+					"listen": [
+						":8884"
+					],
+					"routes": [
+						{
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "reverse_proxy",
+									"health_checks": {
+										"active": {
+											"body": "test body",
+											"uri": "/health"
+										}
+									},
+									"upstreams": [
+										{
+											"dial": "127.0.0.1:65535"
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							]
+						}
+					]
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+https://example.com {
+	reverse_proxy http://localhost:54321 {
+		transport http {
+			local_address 192.168.0.1
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+----------
+{
+	"apps": {
+		"http": {
+			"servers": {
+				"srv0": {
+					"listen": [
+						":443"
+					],
+					"routes": [
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"example.com"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"handler": "reverse_proxy",
+													"transport": {
+														"local_address": "192.168.0.1",
+														"protocol": "http"
+													},
+													"upstreams": [
+														{
+															"dial": "localhost:54321"
+														}
+													]
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						}
+					]
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+automated1.example.com {
+	tls force_automate
+	respond "Automated!"
+}
+
+automated2.example.com {
+	tls force_automate
+	respond "Automated!"
+}
+
+shadowed.example.com {
+	respond "Shadowed!"
+}
+
+*.example.com {
+	tls cert.pem key.pem
+	respond "Wildcard!"
+}
+----------
+{
+	"apps": {
+		"http": {
+			"servers": {
+				"srv0": {
+					"listen": [
+						":443"
+					],
+					"routes": [
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"automated1.example.com"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"body": "Automated!",
+													"handler": "static_response"
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						},
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"automated2.example.com"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"body": "Automated!",
+													"handler": "static_response"
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						},
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"shadowed.example.com"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"body": "Shadowed!",
+													"handler": "static_response"
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						},
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"*.example.com"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"body": "Wildcard!",
+													"handler": "static_response"
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						}
+					],
+					"tls_connection_policies": [
+						{
+							"match": {
+								"sni": [
+									"automated1.example.com"
+								]
+							}
+						},
+						{
+							"match": {
+								"sni": [
+									"automated2.example.com"
+								]
+							}
+						},
+						{
+							"match": {
+								"sni": [
+									"*.example.com"
+								]
+							},
+							"certificate_selection": {
+								"any_tag": [
+									"cert0"
+								]
+							}
+						},
+						{}
+					]
+				}
+			}
+		},
+		"tls": {
+			"certificates": {
+				"automate": [
+					"automated1.example.com",
+					"automated2.example.com"
+				],
+				"load_files": [
+					{
+						"certificate": "cert.pem",
+						"key": "key.pem",
+						"tags": [
+							"cert0"
+						]
+					}
+				]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+subdomain.example.com {
+	respond "Subdomain!"
+}
+
+*.example.com {
+	tls cert.pem key.pem
+	respond "Wildcard!"
+}
+----------
+{
+	"apps": {
+		"http": {
+			"servers": {
+				"srv0": {
+					"listen": [
+						":443"
+					],
+					"routes": [
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"subdomain.example.com"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"body": "Subdomain!",
+													"handler": "static_response"
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						},
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"*.example.com"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"body": "Wildcard!",
+													"handler": "static_response"
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						}
+					],
+					"tls_connection_policies": [
+						{
+							"match": {
+								"sni": [
+									"*.example.com"
+								]
+							},
+							"certificate_selection": {
+								"any_tag": [
+									"cert0"
+								]
+							}
+						},
+						{}
+					]
+				}
+			}
+		},
+		"tls": {
+			"certificates": {
+				"load_files": [
+					{
+						"certificate": "cert.pem",
+						"key": "key.pem",
+						"tags": [
+							"cert0"
+						]
+					}
+				]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+*.example.com {
+	tls foo@example.com {
+		dns mock
+	}
+
+	@foo host foo.example.com
+	handle @foo {
+		respond "Foo!"
+	}
+
+	@bar host bar.example.com
+	handle @bar {
+		respond "Bar!"
+	}
+
+	# Fallback for otherwise unhandled domains
+	handle {
+		abort
+	}
+}
+----------
+{
+	"apps": {
+		"http": {
+			"servers": {
+				"srv0": {
+					"listen": [
+						":443"
+					],
+					"routes": [
+						{
+							"match": [
+								{
+									"host": [
+										"*.example.com"
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"handle": [
+								{
+									"handler": "subroute",
+									"routes": [
+										{
+											"group": "group3",
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"handler": "subroute",
+													"routes": [
+														{
+															"handle": [
+																{
+																	"body": "Foo!",
+																	"handler": "static_response"
+																}
+															]
+														}
+													]
+												}
+											],
+											"match": [
+												{
+													"host": [
+														"foo.example.com"
+													]
+												}
+											]
+										},
+										{
+											"group": "group3",
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"handler": "subroute",
+													"routes": [
+														{
+															"handle": [
+																{
+																	"body": "Bar!",
+																	"handler": "static_response"
+																}
+															]
+														}
+													]
+												}
+											],
+											"match": [
+												{
+													"host": [
+														"bar.example.com"
+													]
+												}
+											]
+										},
+										{
+											"group": "group3",
+											"handle": [
+												{
+													"handler": "subroute",
+													"routes": [
+														{
+															"handle": [
+																{
+																	"abort": true,
+																	"handler": "static_response"
+																}
+															]
+														}
+													]
+												}
+											]
+										}
+									]
+								}
+							],
+							"terminal": true
+						}
+					]
+				}
+			}
+		},
+		"tls": {
+			"automation": {
+				"policies": [
+					{
+						"subjects": [
+							"*.example.com"
+						],
+						"issuers": [
+							{
+								"challenges": {
+									"dns": {
+										"provider": {
+											"name": "mock"
+										}
+									}
+								},
+								"email": "foo@example.com",
+								"module": "acme"
+							},
+							{
+								"ca": "https://acme.zerossl.com/v2/DV90",
+								"challenges": {
+									"dns": {
+										"provider": {
+											"name": "mock"
+										}
+									}
+								},
+								"email": "foo@example.com",
+								"module": "acme"
+							}
+						]
+					}
+				]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -18,17 +18,23 @@ func TestIntercept(t *testing.T) {
 	
 		localhost:9080 {
 			respond /intercept "I'm a teapot" 408
+			header /intercept To-Intercept ok
 			respond /no-intercept "I'm not a teapot"

 			intercept {
 				@teapot status 408
 				handle_response @teapot {
+					header /intercept intercepted {resp.header.To-Intercept}
 					respond /intercept "I'm a combined coffee/tea pot that is temporarily out of coffee" 503
 				}
 			}	
 		}
 		`, "caddyfile")

-	tester.AssertGetResponse("http://localhost:9080/intercept", 503, "I'm a combined coffee/tea pot that is temporarily out of coffee")
+	r, _ := tester.AssertGetResponse("http://localhost:9080/intercept", 503, "I'm a combined coffee/tea pot that is temporarily out of coffee")
+	if r.Header.Get("intercepted") != "ok" {
+		t.Fatalf(`header "intercepted" value is not "ok": %s`, r.Header.Get("intercepted"))
+	}
+
 	tester.AssertGetResponse("http://localhost:9080/no-intercept", 200, "I'm not a teapot")
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+package integration
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2"
+	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/caddyconfig/caddyfile"
+	"github.com/caddyserver/certmagic"
+	"github.com/libdns/libdns"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	caddy.RegisterModule(MockDNSProvider{})
+}
+
+// MockDNSProvider is a mock DNS provider, for testing config with DNS modules.
+type MockDNSProvider struct{}
+
+// CaddyModule returns the Caddy module information.
+func (MockDNSProvider) CaddyModule() caddy.ModuleInfo {
+	return caddy.ModuleInfo{
+		ID:  "dns.providers.mock",
+		New: func() caddy.Module { return new(MockDNSProvider) },
+	}
+}
+
+// Provision sets up the module.
+func (MockDNSProvider) Provision(ctx caddy.Context) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalCaddyfile sets up the module from Caddyfile tokens.
+func (MockDNSProvider) UnmarshalCaddyfile(d *caddyfile.Dispenser) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// AppendRecords appends DNS records to the zone.
+func (MockDNSProvider) AppendRecords(ctx context.Context, zone string, recs []libdns.Record) ([]libdns.Record, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// DeleteRecords deletes DNS records from the zone.
+func (MockDNSProvider) DeleteRecords(ctx context.Context, zone string, recs []libdns.Record) ([]libdns.Record, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// GetRecords gets DNS records from the zone.
+func (MockDNSProvider) GetRecords(ctx context.Context, zone string) ([]libdns.Record, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// SetRecords sets DNS records in the zone.
+func (MockDNSProvider) SetRecords(ctx context.Context, zone string, recs []libdns.Record) ([]libdns.Record, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// Interface guard
+var _ caddyfile.Unmarshaler = (*MockDNSProvider)(nil)
+var _ certmagic.DNSProvider = (*MockDNSProvider)(nil)
+var _ caddy.Provisioner = (*MockDNSProvider)(nil)
+var _ caddy.Module = (*MockDNSProvider)(nil)
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+foo
+
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+foo
@@ -8,9 +8,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2"
 )

-var rootCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use: "caddy",
-	Long: `Caddy is an extensible server platform written in Go.
+var defaultFactory = newRootCommandFactory(func() *cobra.Command {
+	return &cobra.Command{
+		Use: "caddy",
+		Long: `Caddy is an extensible server platform written in Go.

 At its core, Caddy merely manages configuration. Modules are plugged
 in statically at compile-time to provide useful functionality. Caddy's
@@ -91,23 +92,26 @@ package installers: https://caddyserver.com/docs/install
 Instructions for running Caddy in production are also available:
 https://caddyserver.com/docs/running
 `,
-	Example: `  $ caddy run
+		Example: `  $ caddy run
  $ caddy run --config caddy.json
  $ caddy reload --config caddy.json
  $ caddy stop`,

-	// kind of annoying to have all the help text printed out if
-	// caddy has an error provisioning its modules, for instance...
-	SilenceUsage: true,
-	Version:      onlyVersionText(),
-}
+		// kind of annoying to have all the help text printed out if
+		// caddy has an error provisioning its modules, for instance...
+		SilenceUsage: true,
+		Version:      onlyVersionText(),
+	}
+})

 const fullDocsFooter = `Full documentation is available at:
 https://caddyserver.com/docs/command-line`

 func init() {
-	rootCmd.SetVersionTemplate("{{.Version}}\n")
-	rootCmd.SetHelpTemplate(rootCmd.HelpTemplate() + "\n" + fullDocsFooter + "\n")
+	defaultFactory.Use(func(rootCmd *cobra.Command) {
+		rootCmd.SetVersionTemplate("{{.Version}}\n")
+		rootCmd.SetHelpTemplate(rootCmd.HelpTemplate() + "\n" + fullDocsFooter + "\n")
+	})
 }

 func onlyVersionText() string {
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package caddycmd
+
+import (
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+type rootCommandFactory struct {
+	constructor func() *cobra.Command
+	options     []func(*cobra.Command)
+}
+
+func newRootCommandFactory(fn func() *cobra.Command) *rootCommandFactory {
+	return &rootCommandFactory{
+		constructor: fn,
+	}
+}
+
+func (f *rootCommandFactory) Use(fn func(cmd *cobra.Command)) {
+	f.options = append(f.options, fn)
+}
+
+func (f *rootCommandFactory) Build() *cobra.Command {
+	o := f.constructor()
+	for _, v := range f.options {
+		v(o)
+	}
+	return o
+}
@@ -74,6 +74,10 @@ func cmdStart(fl Flags) (int, error) {
 	// sure by giving it some random bytes and having it echo
 	// them back to us)
 	cmd := exec.Command(os.Args[0], "run", "--pingback", ln.Addr().String())
+	// we should be able to run caddy in relative paths
+	if errors.Is(cmd.Err, exec.ErrDot) {
+		cmd.Err = nil
+	}
 	if configFlag != "" {
 		cmd.Args = append(cmd.Args, "--config", configFlag)
 	}
@@ -556,10 +560,15 @@ func cmdValidateConfig(fl Flags) (int, error) {

 func cmdFmt(fl Flags) (int, error) {
 	configFile := fl.Arg(0)
-	if configFile == "" {
-		configFile = "Caddyfile"
+	configFlag := fl.String("config")
+	if (len(fl.Args()) > 1) || (configFlag != "" && configFile != "") {
+		return caddy.ExitCodeFailedStartup, fmt.Errorf("fmt does not support multiple files %s %s", configFlag, strings.Join(fl.Args(), " "))
+	}
+	if configFile == "" && configFlag == "" {
+		configFile = "Caddyfile"
+	} else if configFile == "" {
+		configFile = configFlag
 	}
-
 	// as a special case, read from stdin if the file name is "-"
 	if configFile == "-" {
 		input, err := io.ReadAll(os.Stdin)
@@ -656,6 +665,8 @@ func AdminAPIRequest(adminAddr, method, uri string, headers http.Header, body io
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		parsedAddr.Host = addr
+	} else if parsedAddr.IsFdNetwork() {
+		origin = "http://127.0.0.1"
 	}

 	// form the request
@@ -663,13 +674,13 @@ func AdminAPIRequest(adminAddr, method, uri string, headers http.Header, body io
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("making request: %v", err)
 	}
-	if parsedAddr.IsUnixNetwork() {
+	if parsedAddr.IsUnixNetwork() || parsedAddr.IsFdNetwork() {
 		// We used to conform to RFC 2616 Section 14.26 which requires
 		// an empty host header when there is no host, as is the case
-		// with unix sockets. However, Go required a Host value so we
-		// used a hack of a space character as the host (it would see
-		// the Host was non-empty, then trim the space later). As of
-		// Go 1.20.6 (July 2023), this hack no longer works. See:
+		// with unix sockets and socket fds. However, Go required a
+		// Host value so we used a hack of a space character as the host
+		// (it would see the Host was non-empty, then trim the space later).
+		// As of Go 1.20.6 (July 2023), this hack no longer works. See:
 		// https://github.com/golang/go/issues/60374
 		// See also the discussion here:
 		// https://github.com/golang/go/issues/61431
@@ -710,7 +721,7 @@ func AdminAPIRequest(adminAddr, method, uri string, headers http.Header, body io

 	// if it didn't work, let the user know
 	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
-		respBody, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 1024*10))
+		respBody, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 1024*1024*2))
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("HTTP %d: reading error message: %v", resp.StatusCode, err)
 		}
@@ -388,6 +388,7 @@ When reading from stdin, the --overwrite flag has no effect: the result
 is always printed to stdout.
 `,
 		CobraFunc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
+			cmd.Flags().StringP("config", "c", "", "Configuration file")
 			cmd.Flags().BoolP("overwrite", "w", false, "Overwrite the input file with the results")
 			cmd.Flags().BoolP("diff", "d", false, "Print the differences between the input file and the formatted output")
 			cmd.RunE = WrapCommandFuncForCobra(cmdFmt)
@@ -409,12 +410,13 @@ latest versions. EXPERIMENTAL: May be changed or removed.

 	RegisterCommand(Command{
 		Name:  "add-package",
-		Usage: "<packages...>",
+		Usage: "<package[@version]...>",
 		Short: "Adds Caddy packages (EXPERIMENTAL)",
 		Long: `
 Downloads an updated Caddy binary with the specified packages (module/plugin)
-added. Retains existing packages. Returns an error if the any of packages are
-already included. EXPERIMENTAL: May be changed or removed.
+added, with an optional version specified (e.g., "package@version"). Retains
+existing packages. Returns an error if any of the specified packages are already
+included. EXPERIMENTAL: May be changed or removed.
 `,
 		CobraFunc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 			cmd.Flags().BoolP("keep-backup", "k", false, "Keep the backed up binary, instead of deleting it")
@@ -438,43 +440,44 @@ EXPERIMENTAL: May be changed or removed.
 		},
 	})

-	RegisterCommand(Command{
-		Name:  "manpage",
-		Usage: "--directory <path>",
-		Short: "Generates the manual pages for Caddy commands",
-		Long: `
+	defaultFactory.Use(func(rootCmd *cobra.Command) {
+		rootCmd.AddCommand(caddyCmdToCobra(Command{
+			Name:  "manpage",
+			Usage: "--directory <path>",
+			Short: "Generates the manual pages for Caddy commands",
+			Long: `
 Generates the manual pages for Caddy commands into the designated directory
 tagged into section 8 (System Administration).

 The manual page files are generated into the directory specified by the
 argument of --directory. If the directory does not exist, it will be created.
 `,
-		CobraFunc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
-			cmd.Flags().StringP("directory", "o", "", "The output directory where the manpages are generated")
-			cmd.RunE = WrapCommandFuncForCobra(func(fl Flags) (int, error) {
-				dir := strings.TrimSpace(fl.String("directory"))
-				if dir == "" {
-					return caddy.ExitCodeFailedQuit, fmt.Errorf("designated output directory and specified section are required")
-				}
-				if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0o755); err != nil {
-					return caddy.ExitCodeFailedQuit, err
-				}
-				if err := doc.GenManTree(rootCmd, &doc.GenManHeader{
-					Title:   "Caddy",
-					Section: "8", // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_page#Manual_sections
-				}, dir); err != nil {
-					return caddy.ExitCodeFailedQuit, err
-				}
-				return caddy.ExitCodeSuccess, nil
-			})
-		},
-	})
+			CobraFunc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
+				cmd.Flags().StringP("directory", "o", "", "The output directory where the manpages are generated")
+				cmd.RunE = WrapCommandFuncForCobra(func(fl Flags) (int, error) {
+					dir := strings.TrimSpace(fl.String("directory"))
+					if dir == "" {
+						return caddy.ExitCodeFailedQuit, fmt.Errorf("designated output directory and specified section are required")
+					}
+					if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0o755); err != nil {
+						return caddy.ExitCodeFailedQuit, err
+					}
+					if err := doc.GenManTree(rootCmd, &doc.GenManHeader{
+						Title:   "Caddy",
+						Section: "8", // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_page#Manual_sections
+					}, dir); err != nil {
+						return caddy.ExitCodeFailedQuit, err
+					}
+					return caddy.ExitCodeSuccess, nil
+				})
+			},
+		}))

-	// source: https://github.com/spf13/cobra/blob/main/shell_completions.md
-	rootCmd.AddCommand(&cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "completion [bash|zsh|fish|powershell]",
-		Short: "Generate completion script",
-		Long: fmt.Sprintf(`To load completions:
+		// source: https://github.com/spf13/cobra/blob/main/shell_completions.md
+		rootCmd.AddCommand(&cobra.Command{
+			Use:   "completion [bash|zsh|fish|powershell]",
+			Short: "Generate completion script",
+			Long: fmt.Sprintf(`To load completions:

 	Bash:

@@ -513,23 +516,24 @@ argument of --directory. If the directory does not exist, it will be created.
 	  PS> %[1]s completion powershell > %[1]s.ps1
 	  # and source this file from your PowerShell profile.
 	`, rootCmd.Root().Name()),
-		DisableFlagsInUseLine: true,
-		ValidArgs:             []string{"bash", "zsh", "fish", "powershell"},
-		Args:                  cobra.MatchAll(cobra.ExactArgs(1), cobra.OnlyValidArgs),
-		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			switch args[0] {
-			case "bash":
-				return cmd.Root().GenBashCompletion(os.Stdout)
-			case "zsh":
-				return cmd.Root().GenZshCompletion(os.Stdout)
-			case "fish":
-				return cmd.Root().GenFishCompletion(os.Stdout, true)
-			case "powershell":
-				return cmd.Root().GenPowerShellCompletionWithDesc(os.Stdout)
-			default:
-				return fmt.Errorf("unrecognized shell: %s", args[0])
-			}
-		},
+			DisableFlagsInUseLine: true,
+			ValidArgs:             []string{"bash", "zsh", "fish", "powershell"},
+			Args:                  cobra.MatchAll(cobra.ExactArgs(1), cobra.OnlyValidArgs),
+			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+				switch args[0] {
+				case "bash":
+					return cmd.Root().GenBashCompletion(os.Stdout)
+				case "zsh":
+					return cmd.Root().GenZshCompletion(os.Stdout)
+				case "fish":
+					return cmd.Root().GenFishCompletion(os.Stdout, true)
+				case "powershell":
+					return cmd.Root().GenPowerShellCompletionWithDesc(os.Stdout)
+				default:
+					return fmt.Errorf("unrecognized shell: %s", args[0])
+				}
+			},
+		})
 	})
 }

@@ -563,7 +567,9 @@ func RegisterCommand(cmd Command) {
 	if !commandNameRegex.MatchString(cmd.Name) {
 		panic("invalid command name")
 	}
-	rootCmd.AddCommand(caddyCmdToCobra(cmd))
+	defaultFactory.Use(func(rootCmd *cobra.Command) {
+		rootCmd.AddCommand(caddyCmdToCobra(cmd))
+	})
 }

 var commandNameRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^[a-z0-9]$|^([a-z0-9]+-?[a-z0-9]*)+[a-z0-9]$`)
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"io/fs"
 	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -33,10 +34,12 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/KimMachineGun/automemlimit/memlimit"
 	"github.com/caddyserver/certmagic"
 	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
 	"go.uber.org/automaxprocs/maxprocs"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"go.uber.org/zap/exp/zapslog"

 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2"
 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/caddyconfig"
@@ -66,13 +69,31 @@ func Main() {
 		os.Exit(caddy.ExitCodeFailedStartup)
 	}

-	undo, err := maxprocs.Set()
+	logger := caddy.Log()
+
+	// Configure the maximum number of CPUs to use to match the Linux container quota (if any)
+	// See https://pkg.go.dev/runtime#GOMAXPROCS
+	undo, err := maxprocs.Set(maxprocs.Logger(logger.Sugar().Infof))
 	defer undo()
 	if err != nil {
 		caddy.Log().Warn("failed to set GOMAXPROCS", zap.Error(err))
 	}

-	if err := rootCmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+	// Configure the maximum memory to use to match the Linux container quota (if any) or system memory
+	// See https://pkg.go.dev/runtime/debug#SetMemoryLimit
+	_, _ = memlimit.SetGoMemLimitWithOpts(
+		memlimit.WithLogger(
+			slog.New(zapslog.NewHandler(logger.Core())),
+		),
+		memlimit.WithProvider(
+			memlimit.ApplyFallback(
+				memlimit.FromCgroup,
+				memlimit.FromSystem,
+			),
+		),
+	)
+
+	if err := defaultFactory.Build().Execute(); err != nil {
 		var exitError *exitError
 		if errors.As(err, &exitError) {
 			os.Exit(exitError.ExitCode)
@@ -107,6 +128,40 @@ func LoadConfig(configFile, adapterName string) ([]byte, string, error) {
 	return loadConfigWithLogger(caddy.Log(), configFile, adapterName)
 }

+func isCaddyfile(configFile, adapterName string) (bool, error) {
+	if adapterName == "caddyfile" {
+		return true, nil
+	}
+
+	// as a special case, if a config file starts with "caddyfile" or
+	// has a ".caddyfile" extension, and no adapter is specified, and
+	// no adapter module name matches the extension, assume
+	// caddyfile adapter for convenience
+	baseConfig := strings.ToLower(filepath.Base(configFile))
+	baseConfigExt := filepath.Ext(baseConfig)
+	startsOrEndsInCaddyfile := strings.HasPrefix(baseConfig, "caddyfile") || strings.HasSuffix(baseConfig, ".caddyfile")
+
+	if baseConfigExt == ".json" {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	// If the adapter is not specified,
+	// the config file starts with "caddyfile",
+	// the config file has an extension,
+	// and isn't a JSON file (e.g. Caddyfile.yaml),
+	// then we don't know what the config format is.
+	if adapterName == "" && startsOrEndsInCaddyfile {
+		return true, nil
+	}
+
+	// adapter is not empty,
+	// adapter is not "caddyfile",
+	// extension is not ".json",
+	// extension is not ".caddyfile"
+	// file does not start with "Caddyfile"
+	return false, nil
+}
+
 func loadConfigWithLogger(logger *zap.Logger, configFile, adapterName string) ([]byte, string, error) {
 	// if no logger is provided, use a nop logger
 	// just so we don't have to check for nil
@@ -157,18 +212,10 @@ func loadConfigWithLogger(logger *zap.Logger, configFile, adapterName string) ([
 		}
 	}

-	// as a special case, if a config file starts with "caddyfile" or
-	// has a ".caddyfile" extension, and no adapter is specified, and
-	// no adapter module name matches the extension, assume
-	// caddyfile adapter for convenience
-	baseConfig := strings.ToLower(filepath.Base(configFile))
-	baseConfigExt := filepath.Ext(baseConfig)
-	if (strings.HasPrefix(baseConfig, "caddyfile") ||
-		strings.HasSuffix(baseConfig, ".caddyfile")) &&
-		(len(baseConfigExt) == 0 || caddyconfig.GetAdapter(baseConfigExt[1:]) == nil) &&
-		baseConfigExt != ".json" &&
-		adapterName == "" {
+	if yes, err := isCaddyfile(configFile, adapterName); yes {
 		adapterName = "caddyfile"
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return nil, "", err
 	}

 	// load config adapter
@@ -168,3 +168,113 @@ here"
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func Test_isCaddyfile(t *testing.T) {
+	type args struct {
+		configFile  string
+		adapterName string
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		args    args
+		want    bool
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "bare Caddyfile without adapter",
+			args: args{
+				configFile:  "Caddyfile",
+				adapterName: "",
+			},
+			want:    true,
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "local Caddyfile without adapter",
+			args: args{
+				configFile:  "./Caddyfile",
+				adapterName: "",
+			},
+			want:    true,
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "local caddyfile with adapter",
+			args: args{
+				configFile:  "./Caddyfile",
+				adapterName: "caddyfile",
+			},
+			want:    true,
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "ends with .caddyfile with adapter",
+			args: args{
+				configFile:  "./conf.caddyfile",
+				adapterName: "caddyfile",
+			},
+			want:    true,
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "ends with .caddyfile without adapter",
+			args: args{
+				configFile:  "./conf.caddyfile",
+				adapterName: "",
+			},
+			want:    true,
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "config is Caddyfile.yaml with adapter",
+			args: args{
+				configFile:  "./Caddyfile.yaml",
+				adapterName: "yaml",
+			},
+			want:    false,
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+
+			name: "json is not caddyfile but not error",
+			args: args{
+				configFile:  "./Caddyfile.json",
+				adapterName: "",
+			},
+			want:    false,
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+
+			name: "prefix of Caddyfile and ./ with any extension is Caddyfile",
+			args: args{
+				configFile:  "./Caddyfile.prd",
+				adapterName: "",
+			},
+			want:    true,
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+
+			name: "prefix of Caddyfile without ./ with any extension is Caddyfile",
+			args: args{
+				configFile:  "Caddyfile.prd",
+				adapterName: "",
+			},
+			want:    true,
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got, err := isCaddyfile(tt.args.configFile, tt.args.adapterName)
+			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+				t.Errorf("isCaddyfile() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+				return
+			}
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("isCaddyfile() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
@@ -46,6 +46,25 @@ func cmdUpgrade(fl Flags) (int, error) {
 	return upgradeBuild(pluginPkgs, fl)
 }

+func splitModule(arg string) (module, version string, err error) {
+	const versionSplit = "@"
+
+	// accommodate module paths that have @ in them, but we can only tolerate that if there's also
+	// a version, otherwise we don't know if it's a version separator or part of the file path
+	lastVersionSplit := strings.LastIndex(arg, versionSplit)
+	if lastVersionSplit < 0 {
+		module = arg
+	} else {
+		module, version = arg[:lastVersionSplit], arg[lastVersionSplit+1:]
+	}
+
+	if module == "" {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("module name is required")
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
 func cmdAddPackage(fl Flags) (int, error) {
 	if len(fl.Args()) == 0 {
 		return caddy.ExitCodeFailedStartup, fmt.Errorf("at least one package name must be specified")
@@ -60,10 +79,15 @@ func cmdAddPackage(fl Flags) (int, error) {
 	}

 	for _, arg := range fl.Args() {
-		if _, ok := pluginPkgs[arg]; ok {
+		module, version, err := splitModule(arg)
+		if err != nil {
+			return caddy.ExitCodeFailedStartup, fmt.Errorf("invalid module name: %v", err)
+		}
+		// only allow a version to be specified if it's different from the existing version
+		if _, ok := pluginPkgs[module]; ok && !(version != "" && pluginPkgs[module].Version != version) {
 			return caddy.ExitCodeFailedStartup, fmt.Errorf("package is already added")
 		}
-		pluginPkgs[arg] = struct{}{}
+		pluginPkgs[module] = pluginPackage{Version: version, Path: module}
 	}

 	return upgradeBuild(pluginPkgs, fl)
@@ -83,7 +107,11 @@ func cmdRemovePackage(fl Flags) (int, error) {
 	}

 	for _, arg := range fl.Args() {
-		if _, ok := pluginPkgs[arg]; !ok {
+		module, _, err := splitModule(arg)
+		if err != nil {
+			return caddy.ExitCodeFailedStartup, fmt.Errorf("invalid module name: %v", err)
+		}
+		if _, ok := pluginPkgs[module]; !ok {
 			// package does not exist
 			return caddy.ExitCodeFailedStartup, fmt.Errorf("package is not added")
 		}
@@ -93,7 +121,7 @@ func cmdRemovePackage(fl Flags) (int, error) {
 	return upgradeBuild(pluginPkgs, fl)
 }

-func upgradeBuild(pluginPkgs map[string]struct{}, fl Flags) (int, error) {
+func upgradeBuild(pluginPkgs map[string]pluginPackage, fl Flags) (int, error) {
 	l := caddy.Log()

 	thisExecPath, err := os.Executable()
@@ -120,8 +148,8 @@ func upgradeBuild(pluginPkgs map[string]struct{}, fl Flags) (int, error) {
 		"os":   {runtime.GOOS},
 		"arch": {runtime.GOARCH},
 	}
-	for pkg := range pluginPkgs {
-		qs.Add("p", pkg)
+	for _, pkgInfo := range pluginPkgs {
+		qs.Add("p", pkgInfo.String())
 	}

 	// initiate the build
@@ -276,14 +304,14 @@ func downloadBuild(qs url.Values) (*http.Response, error) {
 	return resp, nil
 }

-func getPluginPackages(modules []moduleInfo) (map[string]struct{}, error) {
-	pluginPkgs := make(map[string]struct{})
+func getPluginPackages(modules []moduleInfo) (map[string]pluginPackage, error) {
+	pluginPkgs := make(map[string]pluginPackage)
 	for _, mod := range modules {
 		if mod.goModule.Replace != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot auto-upgrade when Go module has been replaced: %s => %s",
 				mod.goModule.Path, mod.goModule.Replace.Path)
 		}
-		pluginPkgs[mod.goModule.Path] = struct{}{}
+		pluginPkgs[mod.goModule.Path] = pluginPackage{Version: mod.goModule.Version, Path: mod.goModule.Path}
 	}
 	return pluginPkgs, nil
 }
@@ -312,3 +340,15 @@ func writeCaddyBinary(path string, body *io.ReadCloser, fileInfo os.FileInfo) er
 }

 const downloadPath = "https://caddyserver.com/api/download"
+
+type pluginPackage struct {
+	Version string
+	Path    string
+}
+
+func (p pluginPackage) String() string {
+	if p.Version == "" {
+		return p.Path
+	}
+	return p.Path + "@" + p.Version
+}
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"io/fs"
 	"os"

 	"github.com/caddyserver/certmagic"
@@ -190,12 +191,20 @@ func cmdExportStorage(fl Flags) (int, error) {
 	for _, k := range keys {
 		info, err := stor.Stat(ctx, k)
 		if err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
+				caddy.Log().Warn(fmt.Sprintf("key: %s removed while export is in-progress", k))
+				continue
+			}
 			return caddy.ExitCodeFailedQuit, err
 		}

 		if info.IsTerminal {
 			v, err := stor.Load(ctx, k)
 			if err != nil {
+				if errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
+					caddy.Log().Warn(fmt.Sprintf("key: %s removed while export is in-progress", k))
+					continue
+				}
 				return caddy.ExitCodeFailedQuit, err
 			}

@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ import (
 	"reflect"

 	"github.com/caddyserver/certmagic"
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/collectors"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 	"go.uber.org/zap/exp/zapslog"

@@ -47,6 +49,7 @@ type Context struct {
 	ancestry        []Module
 	cleanupFuncs    []func()                // invoked at every config unload
 	exitFuncs       []func(context.Context) // invoked at config unload ONLY IF the process is exiting (EXPERIMENTAL)
+	metricsRegistry *prometheus.Registry
 }

 // NewContext provides a new context derived from the given
@@ -58,7 +61,7 @@ type Context struct {
 // modules which are loaded will be properly unloaded.
 // See standard library context package's documentation.
 func NewContext(ctx Context) (Context, context.CancelFunc) {
-	newCtx := Context{moduleInstances: make(map[string][]Module), cfg: ctx.cfg}
+	newCtx := Context{moduleInstances: make(map[string][]Module), cfg: ctx.cfg, metricsRegistry: prometheus.NewPedanticRegistry()}
 	c, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx.Context)
 	wrappedCancel := func() {
 		cancel()
@@ -79,6 +82,7 @@ func NewContext(ctx Context) (Context, context.CancelFunc) {
 		}
 	}
 	newCtx.Context = c
+	newCtx.initMetrics()
 	return newCtx, wrappedCancel
 }

@@ -97,6 +101,24 @@ func (ctx *Context) Filesystems() FileSystems {
 	return ctx.cfg.filesystems
 }

+// Returns the active metrics registry for the context
+// EXPERIMENTAL: This API is subject to change.
+func (ctx *Context) GetMetricsRegistry() *prometheus.Registry {
+	return ctx.metricsRegistry
+}
+
+func (ctx *Context) initMetrics() {
+	ctx.metricsRegistry.MustRegister(
+		collectors.NewBuildInfoCollector(),
+		collectors.NewProcessCollector(collectors.ProcessCollectorOpts{}),
+		collectors.NewGoCollector(),
+		adminMetrics.requestCount,
+		adminMetrics.requestErrors,
+		globalMetrics.configSuccess,
+		globalMetrics.configSuccessTime,
+	)
+}
+
 // OnExit executes f when the process exits gracefully.
 // The function is only executed if the process is gracefully
 // shut down while this context is active.
@@ -363,6 +385,17 @@ func (ctx Context) LoadModuleByID(id string, rawMsg json.RawMessage) (any, error
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("module value cannot be null")
 	}

+	// if this is an app module, keep a reference to it,
+	// since submodules may need to reference it during
+	// provisioning (even though the parent app module
+	// may not be fully provisioned yet; this is the case
+	// with the tls app's automation policies, which may
+	// refer to the tls app to check if a global DNS
+	// module has been configured for DNS challenges)
+	if appModule, ok := val.(App); ok {
+		ctx.cfg.apps[id] = appModule
+	}
+
 	ctx.ancestry = append(ctx.ancestry, val)

 	if prov, ok := val.(Provisioner); ok {
@@ -449,26 +482,32 @@ func (ctx Context) App(name string) (any, error) {
 	if appRaw != nil {
 		ctx.cfg.AppsRaw[name] = nil // allow GC to deallocate
 	}
-	ctx.cfg.apps[name] = modVal.(App)
 	return modVal, nil
 }

 // AppIfConfigured is like App, but it returns an error if the
 // app has not been configured. This is useful when the app is
-// required and its absence is a configuration error, or when
+// required and its absence is a configuration error; or when
 // the app is optional and you don't want to instantiate a
-// new one that hasn't been explicitly configured.
+// new one that hasn't been explicitly configured. If the app
+// is not in the configuration, the error wraps ErrNotConfigured.
 func (ctx Context) AppIfConfigured(name string) (any, error) {
+	if ctx.cfg == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("app module %s: %w", name, ErrNotConfigured)
+	}
 	if app, ok := ctx.cfg.apps[name]; ok {
 		return app, nil
 	}
 	appRaw := ctx.cfg.AppsRaw[name]
 	if appRaw == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("app module %s is not configured", name)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("app module %s: %w", name, ErrNotConfigured)
 	}
 	return ctx.App(name)
 }

+// ErrNotConfigured indicates a module is not configured.
+var ErrNotConfigured = fmt.Errorf("module not configured")
+
 // Storage returns the configured Caddy storage implementation.
 func (ctx Context) Storage() certmagic.Storage {
 	return ctx.cfg.storage
@@ -528,12 +567,8 @@ func (ctx Context) Slogger() *slog.Logger {
 	if mod == nil {
 		return slog.New(zapslog.NewHandler(Log().Core(), nil))
 	}
-
-	return slog.New(zapslog.NewHandler(
-		ctx.cfg.Logging.Logger(mod).Core(),
-		&zapslog.HandlerOptions{
-			LoggerName: string(mod.CaddyModule().ID),
-		},
+	return slog.New(zapslog.NewHandler(ctx.cfg.Logging.Logger(mod).Core(),
+		zapslog.WithName(string(mod.CaddyModule().ID)),
 	))
 }

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// Copyright 2015 Matthew Holt and The Caddy Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//go:build !windows
+
+package caddy
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+)
+
+// FastAbs is an optimized version of filepath.Abs for Unix systems,
+// since we don't expect the working directory to ever change once
+// Caddy is running. Avoid the os.Getwd() syscall overhead.
+// It's overall the same as stdlib's implementation, the difference
+// being cached working directory.
+func FastAbs(path string) (string, error) {
+	if filepath.IsAbs(path) {
+		return filepath.Clean(path), nil
+	}
+	if wderr != nil {
+		return "", wderr
+	}
+	return filepath.Join(wd, path), nil
+}
+
+var wd, wderr = os.Getwd()
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// Copyright 2015 Matthew Holt and The Caddy Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package caddy
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+)
+
+// FastAbs can't be optimized on Windows because there
+// are special file paths that require the use of syscall.FullPath
+// to handle correctly.
+// Just call stdlib's implementation which uses that function.
+func FastAbs(path string) (string, error) {
+	return filepath.Abs(path)
+}
@@ -1,3 +1,17 @@
+// Copyright 2015 Matthew Holt and The Caddy Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
 package caddy

 import "io/fs"
@@ -1,110 +1,112 @@
 module github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2

-go 1.21.0
-
-toolchain go1.22.2
+go 1.24

 require (
-	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.3.2
-	github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3 v3.2.3
-	github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2 v2.13.0
+	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.4.0
+	github.com/KimMachineGun/automemlimit v0.7.1
+	github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3 v3.3.0
+	github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2 v2.15.0
 	github.com/aryann/difflib v0.0.0-20210328193216-ff5ff6dc229b
-	github.com/caddyserver/certmagic v0.21.2
+	github.com/caddyserver/certmagic v0.22.0
 	github.com/caddyserver/zerossl v0.1.3
+	github.com/cloudflare/circl v1.6.0
 	github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.1
-	github.com/go-chi/chi/v5 v5.0.12
-	github.com/google/cel-go v0.20.1
+	github.com/go-chi/chi/v5 v5.2.1
+	github.com/google/cel-go v0.24.1
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0
-	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.8
-	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.7
-	github.com/mholt/acmez/v2 v2.0.1
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.0
+	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.10
+	github.com/mholt/acmez/v3 v3.1.0
 	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.19.1
-	github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.44.0
+	github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.50.0
 	github.com/smallstep/certificates v0.26.1
 	github.com/smallstep/nosql v0.6.1
 	github.com/smallstep/truststore v0.13.0
-	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.8.0
-	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0
-	github.com/tailscale/tscert v0.0.0-20240517230440-bbccfbf48933
-	github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.7.1
+	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.9.1
+	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.6
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
+	github.com/tailscale/tscert v0.0.0-20240608151842-d3f834017e53
+	github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.7.8
 	github.com/yuin/goldmark-highlighting/v2 v2.0.0-20230729083705-37449abec8cc
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.49.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.56.0
 	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/autoprop v0.42.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.24.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.21.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.21.0
-	go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.5.3
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.31.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.31.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.31.0
+	go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.6.0
 	go.uber.org/zap v1.27.0
-	go.uber.org/zap/exp v0.2.0
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.23.0
-	golang.org/x/crypto/x509roots/fallback v0.0.0-20240507223354-67b13616a595
-	golang.org/x/net v0.25.0
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.7.0
-	golang.org/x/term v0.20.0
-	golang.org/x/time v0.5.0
+	go.uber.org/zap/exp v0.3.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.36.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto/x509roots/fallback v0.0.0-20250305170421-49bf5b80c810
+	golang.org/x/net v0.37.0
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.12.0
+	golang.org/x/term v0.30.0
+	golang.org/x/time v0.11.0
 	gopkg.in/natefinch/lumberjack.v2 v2.2.1
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
 )

 require (
+	cel.dev/expr v0.19.1 // indirect
+	dario.cat/mergo v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/antlr4-go/antlr/v4 v4.13.0 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/francoispqt/gojay v1.2.13 // indirect
 	github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2 v2.6.0 // indirect
-	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v3 v3.0.3 // indirect
+	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v3 v3.0.4 // indirect
 	github.com/go-kit/log v0.2.1 // indirect
-	github.com/golang/glog v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/google/certificate-transparency-go v1.1.8-0.20240110162603-74a5dd331745 // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-tpm v0.9.0 // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-tspi v0.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20231212022811-ec68065c825e // indirect
-	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.18.0 // indirect
+	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.22.0 // indirect
 	github.com/onsi/ginkgo/v2 v2.13.2 // indirect
+	github.com/pbnjay/memory v0.0.0-20210728143218-7b4eea64cf58 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.4.0 // indirect
+	github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.5.1 // indirect
 	github.com/smallstep/go-attestation v0.4.4-0.20240109183208-413678f90935 // indirect
 	github.com/smallstep/pkcs7 v0.0.0-20231024181729-3b98ecc1ca81 // indirect
 	github.com/smallstep/scep v0.0.0-20231024192529-aee96d7ad34d // indirect
 	github.com/x448/float16 v0.8.4 // indirect
-	github.com/zeebo/blake3 v0.2.3 // indirect
+	github.com/zeebo/blake3 v0.2.4 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/aws v1.17.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/b3 v1.17.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/jaeger v1.17.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/ot v1.17.0 // indirect
-	go.uber.org/mock v0.4.0 // indirect
+	go.uber.org/mock v0.5.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20240506185415-9bf2ced13842 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240506185236-b8a5c65736ae // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240429193739-8cf5692501f6 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20241007155032-5fefd90f89a9 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20241007155032-5fefd90f89a9 // indirect
 )

 require (
 	filippo.io/edwards25519 v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/AndreasBriese/bbloom v0.0.0-20190825152654-46b345b51c96 // indirect
 	github.com/Masterminds/goutils v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
-	github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.2.1 // indirect
+	github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash v1.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.2.0
+	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0
 	github.com/chzyer/readline v1.5.1 // indirect
-	github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.3 // indirect
+	github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.6 // indirect
 	github.com/dgraph-io/badger v1.6.2 // indirect
 	github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v2 v2.2007.4 // indirect
-	github.com/dgraph-io/ristretto v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/dgraph-io/ristretto v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/dgryski/go-farm v0.0.0-20200201041132-a6ae2369ad13 // indirect
-	github.com/dlclark/regexp2 v1.11.0 // indirect
+	github.com/dlclark/regexp2 v1.11.4 // indirect
 	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 // indirect
 	github.com/go-kit/kit v0.13.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logfmt/logfmt v0.6.0 // indirect
-	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.1 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.2 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.7.1 // indirect
 	github.com/go-task/slim-sprig v0.0.0-20230315185526-52ccab3ef572 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.4 // indirect
-	github.com/huandu/xstrings v1.3.3 // indirect
-	github.com/imdario/mergo v0.3.12 // indirect
+	github.com/huandu/xstrings v1.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/chunkreader/v2 v2.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgconn v1.14.3 // indirect
@@ -114,43 +116,43 @@ require (
 	github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20221227161230-091c0ba34f0a // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgtype v1.14.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgx/v4 v4.18.3 // indirect
-	github.com/libdns/libdns v0.2.2 // indirect
+	github.com/libdns/libdns v0.2.3
 	github.com/manifoldco/promptui v0.9.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 // indirect
 	github.com/mgutz/ansi v0.0.0-20200706080929-d51e80ef957d // indirect
-	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.59 // indirect
+	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.63 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/copystructure v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/go-ps v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/reflectwalk v1.0.2 // indirect
-	github.com/pires/go-proxyproto v0.7.0
+	github.com/pires/go-proxyproto v0.7.1-0.20240628150027-b718e7ce4964
 	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.5.0
 	github.com/prometheus/common v0.48.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.12.0 // indirect
 	github.com/rs/xid v1.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/shopspring/decimal v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/shopspring/decimal v1.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/shurcooL/sanitized_anchor_name v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3 // indirect
 	github.com/slackhq/nebula v1.6.1 // indirect
-	github.com/spf13/cast v1.4.1 // indirect
+	github.com/spf13/cast v1.7.0 // indirect
 	github.com/stoewer/go-strcase v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/urfave/cli v1.22.14 // indirect
 	go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.3.9 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.21.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.24.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.24.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.0.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.31.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.31.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.31.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.3.1 // indirect
 	go.step.sm/cli-utils v0.9.0 // indirect
 	go.step.sm/crypto v0.45.0
 	go.step.sm/linkedca v0.20.1 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/multierr v1.11.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.17.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.20.0
-	golang.org/x/text v0.15.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.21.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.63.2 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.1 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.24.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.31.0
+	golang.org/x/text v0.23.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.31.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.67.1 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.35.1 // indirect
 	howett.net/plist v1.0.0 // indirect
 )
@@ -1,43 +1,60 @@
+cel.dev/expr v0.19.1 h1:NciYrtDRIR0lNCnH1LFJegdjspNx9fI59O7TWcua/W4=
+cel.dev/expr v0.19.1/go.mod h1:MrpN08Q+lEBs+bGYdLxxHkZoUSsCp0nSKTs0nTymJgw=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.26.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.31.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.34.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.37.0/go.mod h1:TS1dMSSfndXH133OKGwekG838Om/cQT0BUHV3HcBgoo=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.112.1 h1:uJSeirPke5UNZHIb4SxfZklVSiWWVqW4oXlETwZziwM=
 cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.4.1 h1:Z7YNIhlWRtrnKlZke7z3GMqzvuYzdc2z98F9D1NV5Hg=
 cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.4.1/go.mod h1:QVBuVEKpCn4Zp58hzRGvL0tjRGU0YqdRTdCHM1IHnro=
 cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.2 h1:+TTV8aXpjeChS9M+aTtN/TjdQnzJvmzKFt//oWu7HX4=
 cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.2/go.mod h1:wcYjgpZI9+Yu7LyYBg4pqSiaRkfEK3GQcpb7C/uyF1Q=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.24.0 h1:phWcR2eWzRJaL/kOiJwfFsPs4BaKq1j6vnpZrc1YlVg=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.3.0 h1:Tz+eQXMEqDIKRsmY3cHTL6FVaynIjX2QxYC4trgAKZc=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.3.0/go.mod h1:zFmK7XCadkQkj6TtorcaGlCW1hT1fIilQDwofLpJ20k=
+cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.23.3 h1:6sVlXXBmbd7jNX0Ipq0trII3e4n1/MsADLK6a+aiVlk=
+cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.5.0 h1:Zr0eK8JbFv6+Wi4ilXAR8FJ3wyNdpxHKJNPos6LTZOY=
+cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.5.0/go.mod h1:aHnloV2TPI38yx4s9+wAZhHykWvVCfu7hQbF+9CWoiY=
 cloud.google.com/go/iam v1.1.8 h1:r7umDwhj+BQyz0ScZMp4QrGXjSTI3ZINnpgU2nlB/K0=
 cloud.google.com/go/iam v1.1.8/go.mod h1:GvE6lyMmfxXauzNq8NbgJbeVQNspG+tcdL/W8QO1+zE=
 cloud.google.com/go/kms v1.16.0 h1:1yZsRPhmargZOmY+fVAh8IKiR9HzCb0U1zsxb5g2nRY=
 cloud.google.com/go/kms v1.16.0/go.mod h1:olQUXy2Xud+1GzYfiBO9N0RhjsJk5IJLU6n/ethLXVc=
 cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.5.7 h1:WLbHekDbjK1fVFD3ibpFFVoyizlLRl73I7YKuAKilhU=
 cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.5.7/go.mod h1:8GClkudohy1Fxm3owmBGid8W0pSgodEMwEAztp38Xng=
+dario.cat/mergo v1.0.1 h1:Ra4+bf83h2ztPIQYNP99R6m+Y7KfnARDfID+a+vLl4s=
+dario.cat/mergo v1.0.1/go.mod h1:uNxQE+84aUszobStD9th8a29P2fMDhsBdgRYvZOxGmk=
+dmitri.shuralyov.com/app/changes v0.0.0-20180602232624-0a106ad413e3/go.mod h1:Yl+fi1br7+Rr3LqpNJf1/uxUdtRUV+Tnj0o93V2B9MU=
+dmitri.shuralyov.com/html/belt v0.0.0-20180602232347-f7d459c86be0/go.mod h1:JLBrvjyP0v+ecvNYvCpyZgu5/xkfAUhi6wJj28eUfSU=
+dmitri.shuralyov.com/service/change v0.0.0-20181023043359-a85b471d5412/go.mod h1:a1inKt/atXimZ4Mv927x+r7UpyzRUf4emIoiiSC2TN4=
+dmitri.shuralyov.com/state v0.0.0-20180228185332-28bcc343414c/go.mod h1:0PRwlb0D6DFvNNtx+9ybjezNCa8XF0xaYcETyp6rHWU=
 filippo.io/edwards25519 v1.1.0 h1:FNf4tywRC1HmFuKW5xopWpigGjJKiJSV0Cqo0cJWDaA=
 filippo.io/edwards25519 v1.1.0/go.mod h1:BxyFTGdWcka3PhytdK4V28tE5sGfRvvvRV7EaN4VDT4=
+git.apache.org/thrift.git v0.0.0-20180902110319-2566ecd5d999/go.mod h1:fPE2ZNJGynbRyZ4dJvy6G277gSllfV2HJqblrnkyeyg=
 github.com/AndreasBriese/bbloom v0.0.0-20190825152654-46b345b51c96 h1:cTp8I5+VIoKjsnZuH8vjyaysT/ses3EvZeaV/1UkF2M=
 github.com/AndreasBriese/bbloom v0.0.0-20190825152654-46b345b51c96/go.mod h1:bOvUY6CB00SOBii9/FifXqc0awNKxLFCL/+pkDPuyl8=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03qcyfWMU=
-github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.3.2 h1:o7IhLm0Msx3BaB+n3Ag7L8EVlByGnpq14C4YWiu/gL8=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.3.2/go.mod h1:CxXYINrC8qIiEnFrOxCa7Jy5BFHlXnUU2pbicEuybxQ=
+github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.4.0 h1:kuoIxZQy2WRRk1pttg9asf+WVv6tWQuBNVmK8+nqPr0=
+github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.4.0/go.mod h1:ukJfTF/6rtPPRCnwkur4qwRxa8vTRFBF0uk2lLoLwho=
+github.com/KimMachineGun/automemlimit v0.7.1 h1:QcG/0iCOLChjfUweIMC3YL5Xy9C3VBeNmCZHrZfJMBw=
+github.com/KimMachineGun/automemlimit v0.7.1/go.mod h1:QZxpHaGOQoYvFhv/r4u3U0JTC2ZcOwbSr11UZF46UBM=
 github.com/Masterminds/goutils v1.1.1 h1:5nUrii3FMTL5diU80unEVvNevw1nH4+ZV4DSLVJLSYI=
 github.com/Masterminds/goutils v1.1.1/go.mod h1:8cTjp+g8YejhMuvIA5y2vz3BpJxksy863GQaJW2MFNU=
 github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.1.1/go.mod h1:VPu/7SZ7ePZ3QOrcuXROw5FAcLl4a0cBrbBpGY/8hQs=
-github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.2.0 h1:3MEsd0SM6jqZojhjLWWeBY+Kcjy9i6MQAeY7YgDP83g=
-github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.2.0/go.mod h1:qvl/7zhW3nngYb5+80sSMF+FG2BjYrf8m9wsX0PNOMQ=
-github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3 v3.2.3 h1:eL2fZNezLomi0uOLqjQoN6BfsDD+fyLtgbJMAj9n6YA=
-github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3 v3.2.3/go.mod h1:rXcFaZ2zZbLRJv/xSysmlgIM1u11eBaRMhvYXJNkGuM=
+github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.3.0 h1:B8LGeaivUe71a5qox1ICM/JLl0NqZSW5CHyL+hmvYS0=
+github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.3.0/go.mod h1:4V+yj/TJE1HU9XfppCwVMZq3I84lprf4nC11bSS5beM=
+github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3 v3.3.0 h1:mQh0Yrg1XPo6vjYXgtf5OtijNAKJRNcTdOOGZe3tPhs=
+github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3 v3.3.0/go.mod h1:Zy1iXRYNqNLUolqCpL4uhk6SHUMAOSCzdgBfDb35Lz0=
 github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.0 h1:slsWYD/zyx7lCXoZVlvQrj0hPTM1HI4+v1sIda2yDvg=
 github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.0/go.mod h1:cTAf44im0RAYeL23bpB+fzCyDH2MJiz2BO69KH/soAE=
 github.com/OneOfOne/xxhash v1.2.2 h1:KMrpdQIwFcEqXDklaen+P1axHaj9BSKzvpUUfnHldSE=
 github.com/OneOfOne/xxhash v1.2.2/go.mod h1:HSdplMjZKSmBqAxg5vPj2TmRDmfkzw+cTzAElWljhcU=
-github.com/alecthomas/assert/v2 v2.6.0 h1:o3WJwILtexrEUk3cUVal3oiQY2tfgr/FHWiz/v2n4FU=
-github.com/alecthomas/assert/v2 v2.6.0/go.mod h1:Bze95FyfUr7x34QZrjL+XP+0qgp/zg8yS+TtBj1WA3k=
+github.com/alecthomas/assert/v2 v2.11.0 h1:2Q9r3ki8+JYXvGsDyBXwH3LcJ+WK5D0gc5E8vS6K3D0=
+github.com/alecthomas/assert/v2 v2.11.0/go.mod h1:Bze95FyfUr7x34QZrjL+XP+0qgp/zg8yS+TtBj1WA3k=
 github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2 v2.2.0/go.mod h1:vf4zrexSH54oEjJ7EdB65tGNHmH3pGZmVkgTP5RHvAs=
-github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2 v2.13.0 h1:VP72+99Fb2zEcYM0MeaWJmV+xQvz5v5cxRHd+ooU1lI=
-github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2 v2.13.0/go.mod h1:BUGjjsD+ndS6eX37YgTchSEG+Jg9Jv1GiZs9sqPqztk=
+github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2 v2.15.0 h1:LxXTQHFoYrstG2nnV9y2X5O94sOBzf0CIUpSTbpxvMc=
+github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2 v2.15.0/go.mod h1:gUhVLrPDXPtp/f+L1jo9xepo9gL4eLwRuGAunSZMkio=
 github.com/alecthomas/repr v0.0.0-20220113201626-b1b626ac65ae/go.mod h1:2kn6fqh/zIyPLmm3ugklbEi5hg5wS435eygvNfaDQL8=
 github.com/alecthomas/repr v0.4.0 h1:GhI2A8MACjfegCPVq9f1FLvIBS+DrQ2KQBFZP1iFzXc=
 github.com/alecthomas/repr v0.4.0/go.mod h1:Fr0507jx4eOXV7AlPV6AVZLYrLIuIeSOWtW57eE/O/4=
+github.com/anmitsu/go-shlex v0.0.0-20161002113705-648efa622239/go.mod h1:2FmKhYUyUczH0OGQWaF5ceTx0UBShxjsH6f8oGKYe2c=
 github.com/antlr4-go/antlr/v4 v4.13.0 h1:lxCg3LAv+EUK6t1i0y1V6/SLeUi0eKEKdhQAlS8TVTI=
 github.com/antlr4-go/antlr/v4 v4.13.0/go.mod h1:pfChB/xh/Unjila75QW7+VU4TSnWnnk9UTnmpPaOR2g=
 github.com/armon/consul-api v0.0.0-20180202201655-eb2c6b5be1b6/go.mod h1:grANhF5doyWs3UAsr3K4I6qtAmlQcZDesFNEHPZAzj8=
@@ -71,19 +88,21 @@ github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.28.7 h1:et3Ta53gotFR4ERLXXHIHl/Uuk1q
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.28.7/go.mod h1:FZf1/nKNEkHdGGJP/cI2MoIMquumuRK6ol3QQJNDxmw=
 github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.20.2 h1:tbp628ireGtzcHDDmLT/6ADHidqnwgF57XOXZe6tp4Q=
 github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.20.2/go.mod h1:krry+ya/rV9RDcV/Q16kpu6ypI4K2czasz0NC3qS14E=
+github.com/beorn7/perks v0.0.0-20180321164747-3a771d992973/go.mod h1:Dwedo/Wpr24TaqPxmxbtue+5NUziq4I4S80YR8gNf3Q=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 h1:VlbKKnNfV8bJzeqoa4cOKqO6bYr3WgKZxO8Z16+hsOM=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1/go.mod h1:G2ZrVWU2WbWT9wwq4/hrbKbnv/1ERSJQ0ibhJ6rlkpw=
-github.com/caddyserver/certmagic v0.21.2 h1:O18LtaYBGDooyy257cYePnhp4lPfz6TaJELil6Q1fDg=
-github.com/caddyserver/certmagic v0.21.2/go.mod h1:Zq6pklO9nVRl3DIFUw9gVUfXKdpc/0qwTUAQMBlfgtI=
+github.com/bradfitz/go-smtpd v0.0.0-20170404230938-deb6d6237625/go.mod h1:HYsPBTaaSFSlLx/70C2HPIMNZpVV8+vt/A+FMnYP11g=
+github.com/buger/jsonparser v0.0.0-20181115193947-bf1c66bbce23/go.mod h1:bbYlZJ7hK1yFx9hf58LP0zeX7UjIGs20ufpu3evjr+s=
+github.com/caddyserver/certmagic v0.22.0 h1:hi2skv2jouUw9uQUEyYSTTmqPZPHgf61dOANSIVCLOw=
+github.com/caddyserver/certmagic v0.22.0/go.mod h1:Vc0msarAPhOagbDc/SU6M2zbzdwVuZ0lkTh2EqtH4vs=
 github.com/caddyserver/zerossl v0.1.3 h1:onS+pxp3M8HnHpN5MMbOMyNjmTheJyWRaZYwn+YTAyA=
 github.com/caddyserver/zerossl v0.1.3/go.mod h1:CxA0acn7oEGO6//4rtrRjYgEoa4MFw/XofZnrYwGqG4=
-github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.2.1 h1:y4OZtCnogmCPw98Zjyt5a6+QwPLGkiQsYW5oUqylYbM=
-github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.2.1/go.mod h1:Y3VNntkOUPxTVeUxJ/G5vcM//AlwfmyYozVcomhLiZE=
+github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.3.0 h1:MyRJ/UdXutAwSAT+s3wNd7MfTIcy71VQueUuFK343L8=
+github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.3.0/go.mod h1:Y3VNntkOUPxTVeUxJ/G5vcM//AlwfmyYozVcomhLiZE=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash v1.1.0 h1:a6HrQnmkObjyL+Gs60czilIUGqrzKutQD6XZog3p+ko=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash v1.1.0/go.mod h1:XrSqR1VqqWfGrhpAt58auRo0WTKS1nRRg3ghfAqPWnc=
-github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.1.1/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
-github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.2.0 h1:DC2CZ1Ep5Y4k3ZQ899DldepgrayRUGE6BBZ/cd9Cj44=
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@@ -114,27 +137,35 @@ github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v2 v2.2007.4 h1:TRWBQg8UrlUhaFdco01nO2uXwzKS7zd+HVdw
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@@ -146,8 +177,8 @@ github.com/go-logfmt/logfmt v0.5.1/go.mod h1:WYhtIu8zTZfxdn5+rREduYbwxfcBr/Vr6KE
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 go.opencensus.io v0.24.0/go.mod h1:vNK8G9p7aAivkbmorf4v+7Hgx+Zs0yY+0fOtgBfjQKo=
 go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.49.0 h1:4Pp6oUg3+e/6M4C0A/3kJ2VYa++dsWVTtGgLVj5xtHg=
 go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.49.0/go.mod h1:Mjt1i1INqiaoZOMGR1RIUJN+i3ChKoFRqzrRQhlkbs0=
-go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.49.0 h1:jq9TW8u3so/bN+JPT166wjOI6/vQPF6Xe7nMNIltagk=
-go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.49.0/go.mod h1:p8pYQP+m5XfbZm9fxtSKAbM6oIllS7s2AfxrChvc7iw=
+go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.56.0 h1:UP6IpuHFkUgOQL9FFQFrZ+5LiwhhYRbi7VZSIx6Nj5s=
+go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.56.0/go.mod h1:qxuZLtbq5QDtdeSHsS7bcf6EH6uO6jUAgk764zd3rhM=
 go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/autoprop v0.42.0 h1:s2RzYOAqHVgG23q8fPWYChobUoZM6rJZ98EnylJr66w=
 go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/autoprop v0.42.0/go.mod h1:Mv/tWNtZn+NbALDb2XcItP0OM3lWWZjAfSroINxfW+Y=
 go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/aws v1.17.0 h1:IX8d7l2uRw61BlmZBOTQFaK+y22j6vytMVTs9wFrO+c=
@@ -454,20 +541,20 @@ go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/jaeger v1.17.0 h1:Zbpbmwav32Ea5jSotpmkWE
 go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/jaeger v1.17.0/go.mod h1:tcTUAlmO8nuInPDSBVfG+CP6Mzjy5+gNV4mPxMbL0IA=
 go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/ot v1.17.0 h1:ufo2Vsz8l76eI47jFjuVyjyB3Ae2DmfiCV/o6Vc8ii0=
 go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/ot v1.17.0/go.mod h1:SbKPj5XGp8K/sGm05XblaIABgMgw2jDczP8gGeuaVLk=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.24.0 h1:0LAOdjNmQeSTzGBzduGe/rU4tZhMwL5rWgtp9Ku5Jfo=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.24.0/go.mod h1:W7b9Ozg4nkF5tWI5zsXkaKKDjdVjpD4oAt9Qi/MArHo=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.21.0 h1:cl5P5/GIfFh4t6xyruOgJP5QiA1pw4fYYdv6nc6CBWw=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.21.0/go.mod h1:zgBdWWAu7oEEMC06MMKc5NLbA/1YDXV1sMpSqEeLQLg=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.21.0 h1:tIqheXEFWAZ7O8A7m+J0aPTmpJN3YQ7qetUAdkkkKpk=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.21.0/go.mod h1:nUeKExfxAQVbiVFn32YXpXZZHZ61Cc3s3Rn1pDBGAb0=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.24.0 h1:6EhoGWWK28x1fbpA4tYTOWBkPefTDQnb8WSGXlc88kI=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.24.0/go.mod h1:VYhLe1rFfxuTXLgj4CBiyz+9WYBA8pNGJgDcSFRKBco=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.21.0 h1:FTt8qirL1EysG6sTQRZ5TokkU8d0ugCj8htOgThZXQ8=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.21.0/go.mod h1:Nna6Yv7PWTdgJHVRD9hIYywQBRx7pbox6nwBnZIxl/E=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.24.0 h1:CsKnnL4dUAr/0llH9FKuc698G04IrpWV0MQA/Y1YELI=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.24.0/go.mod h1:HPc3Xr/cOApsBI154IU0OI0HJexz+aw5uPdbs3UCjNU=
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+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.31.0/go.mod h1:B5Ki776z/MBnVha1Nzwp5arlzBbE3+1jk+pGmaP5HME=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.31.0 h1:FFeLy03iVTXP6ffeN2iXrxfGsZGCjVx0/4KlizjyBwU=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.31.0/go.mod h1:TMu73/k1CP8nBUpDLc71Wj/Kf7ZS9FK5b53VapRsP9o=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.31.0 h1:FSErL0ATQAmYHUIzSezZibnyVlft1ybhy4ozRPcF2fE=
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+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.31.0 h1:xLY3abVHYZ5HSfOg3l2E5LUj2Cwva5Y7yGxnSW9H5Gk=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.31.0/go.mod h1:TfRbMdhvxIIr/B2N2LQW2S5v9m3gOQ/08KsbbO5BPT0=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.31.0 h1:ffjsj1aRouKewfr85U2aGagJ46+MvodynlQ1HYdmJys=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.31.0/go.mod h1:TXZkRk7SM2ZQLtR6eoAWQFIHPvzQ06FJAsO1tJg480A=
+go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.3.1 h1:TrMUixzpM0yuc/znrFTP9MMRh8trP93mkCiDVeXrui0=
+go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.3.1/go.mod h1:0X1WI4de4ZsLrrJNLAQbFeLCm3T7yBkR0XqQ7niQU+8=
 go.step.sm/cli-utils v0.9.0 h1:55jYcsQbnArNqepZyAwcato6Zy2MoZDRkWW+jF+aPfQ=
 go.step.sm/cli-utils v0.9.0/go.mod h1:Y/CRoWl1FVR9j+7PnAewufAwKmBOTzR6l9+7EYGAnp8=
 go.step.sm/crypto v0.45.0 h1:Z0WYAaaOYrJmKP9sJkPW+6wy3pgN3Ija8ek/D4serjc=
@@ -478,12 +565,12 @@ go.uber.org/atomic v1.3.2/go.mod h1:gD2HeocX3+yG+ygLZcrzQJaqmWj9AIm7n08wl/qW/PE=
 go.uber.org/atomic v1.4.0/go.mod h1:gD2HeocX3+yG+ygLZcrzQJaqmWj9AIm7n08wl/qW/PE=
 go.uber.org/atomic v1.5.0/go.mod h1:sABNBOSYdrvTF6hTgEIbc7YasKWGhgEQZyfxyTvoXHQ=
 go.uber.org/atomic v1.6.0/go.mod h1:sABNBOSYdrvTF6hTgEIbc7YasKWGhgEQZyfxyTvoXHQ=
-go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.5.3 h1:kWazyxZUrS3Gs4qUpbwo5kEIMGe/DAvi5Z4tl2NW4j8=
-go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.5.3/go.mod h1:eRbA25aqJrxAbsLO0xy5jVwPt7FQnRgjW+efnwa1WM0=
+go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.6.0 h1:O3y2/QNTOdbF+e/dpXNNW7Rx2hZ4sTIPyybbxyNqTUs=
+go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.6.0/go.mod h1:ifeIMSnPZuznNm6jmdzmU3/bfk01Fe2fotchwEFJ8r8=
 go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0 h1:2K3zAYmnTNqV73imy9J1T3WC+gmCePx2hEGkimedGto=
 go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0/go.mod h1:CoHD4mav9JJNrW/WLlf7HGZPjdw8EucARQHekz1X6bE=
-go.uber.org/mock v0.4.0 h1:VcM4ZOtdbR4f6VXfiOpwpVJDL6lCReaZ6mw31wqh7KU=
-go.uber.org/mock v0.4.0/go.mod h1:a6FSlNadKUHUa9IP5Vyt1zh4fC7uAwxMutEAscFbkZc=
+go.uber.org/mock v0.5.0 h1:KAMbZvZPyBPWgD14IrIQ38QCyjwpvVVV6K/bHl1IwQU=
+go.uber.org/mock v0.5.0/go.mod h1:ge71pBPLYDk7QIi1LupWxdAykm7KIEFchiOqd6z7qMM=
 go.uber.org/multierr v1.1.0/go.mod h1:wR5kodmAFQ0UK8QlbwjlSNy0Z68gJhDJUG5sjR94q/0=
 go.uber.org/multierr v1.3.0/go.mod h1:VgVr7evmIr6uPjLBxg28wmKNXyqE9akIJ5XnfpiKl+4=
 go.uber.org/multierr v1.5.0/go.mod h1:FeouvMocqHpRaaGuG9EjoKcStLC43Zu/fmqdUMPcKYU=
@@ -495,10 +582,14 @@ go.uber.org/zap v1.10.0/go.mod h1:vwi/ZaCAaUcBkycHslxD9B2zi4UTXhF60s6SWpuDF0Q=
 go.uber.org/zap v1.13.0/go.mod h1:zwrFLgMcdUuIBviXEYEH1YKNaOBnKXsx2IPda5bBwHM=
 go.uber.org/zap v1.27.0 h1:aJMhYGrd5QSmlpLMr2MftRKl7t8J8PTZPA732ud/XR8=
 go.uber.org/zap v1.27.0/go.mod h1:GB2qFLM7cTU87MWRP2mPIjqfIDnGu+VIO4V/SdhGo2E=
-go.uber.org/zap/exp v0.2.0 h1:FtGenNNeCATRB3CmB/yEUnjEFeJWpB/pMcy7e2bKPYs=
-go.uber.org/zap/exp v0.2.0/go.mod h1:t0gqAIdh1MfKv9EwN/dLwfZnJxe9ITAZN78HEWPFWDQ=
+go.uber.org/zap/exp v0.3.0 h1:6JYzdifzYkGmTdRR59oYH+Ng7k49H9qVpWwNSsGJj3U=
+go.uber.org/zap/exp v0.3.0/go.mod h1:5I384qq7XGxYyByIhHm6jg5CHkGY0nsTfbDLgDDlgJQ=
+go4.org v0.0.0-20180809161055-417644f6feb5/go.mod h1:MkTOUMDaeVYJUOUsaDXIhWPZYa1yOyC1qaOBpL57BhE=
+golang.org/x/build v0.0.0-20190111050920-041ab4dc3f9d/go.mod h1:OWs+y06UdEOHN4y+MfF/py+xQ/tYqIWW03b70/CG9Rw=
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 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20181203042331-505ab145d0a9/go.mod h1:6SG95UA2DQfeDnfUPMdvaQW0Q7yPrPDi9nlGo2tz2b4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
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 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190411191339-88737f569e3a/go.mod h1:WFFai1msRO1wXaEeE5yQxYXgSfI8pQAWXbQop6sCtWE=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190510104115-cbcb75029529/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
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@@ -508,44 +599,67 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20201203163018-be400aefbc4c/go.mod h1:jdWPYTVW3xRLrWP
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210616213533-5ff15b29337e/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210711020723-a769d52b0f97/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210921155107-089bfa567519/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.3.0/go.mod h1:hebNnKkNXi2UzZN1eVRvBB7co0a+JxK6XbPiWVs/3J4=
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-golang.org/x/crypto v0.23.0 h1:dIJU/v2J8Mdglj/8rJ6UUOM3Zc9zLZxVZwwxMooUSAI=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.23.0/go.mod h1:CKFgDieR+mRhux2Lsu27y0fO304Db0wZe70UKqHu0v8=
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@@ -554,7 +668,6 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190813064441-fde4db37ae7a/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7w
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-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240506185236-b8a5c65736ae h1:AH34z6WAGVNkllnKs5raNq3yRq93VnjBG6rpfub/jYk=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240506185236-b8a5c65736ae/go.mod h1:FfiGhwUm6CJviekPrc0oJ+7h29e+DmWU6UtjX0ZvI7Y=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240429193739-8cf5692501f6 h1:DujSIu+2tC9Ht0aPNA7jgj23Iq8Ewi5sgkQ++wdvonE=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240429193739-8cf5692501f6/go.mod h1:WtryC6hu0hhx87FDGxWCDptyssuo68sk10vYjF+T9fY=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.63.2 h1:MUeiw1B2maTVZthpU5xvASfTh3LDbxHd6IJ6QQVU+xM=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.63.2/go.mod h1:WAX/8DgncnokcFUldAxq7GeB5DXHDbMF+lLvDomNkRA=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.1 h1:9ddQBjfCyZPOHPUiPxpYESBLc+T8P3E+Vo4IbKZgFWg=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.1/go.mod h1:c6P6GXX6sHbq/GpV6MGZEdwhWPcYBgnhAHhKbcUYpos=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20241007155032-5fefd90f89a9 h1:T6rh4haD3GVYsgEfWExoCZA2o2FmbNyKpTuAxbEFPTg=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20241007155032-5fefd90f89a9/go.mod h1:wp2WsuBYj6j8wUdo3ToZsdxxixbvQNAHqVJrTgi5E5M=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20241007155032-5fefd90f89a9 h1:QCqS/PdaHTSWGvupk2F/ehwHtGc0/GYkT+3GAcR1CCc=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20241007155032-5fefd90f89a9/go.mod h1:GX3210XPVPUjJbTUbvwI8f2IpZDMZuPJWDzDuebbviI=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.14.0/go.mod h1:yo6s7OP7yaDglbqo1J04qKzAhqBH6lvTonzMVmEdcZw=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.16.0/go.mod h1:0JHn/cJsOMiMfNA9+DeHDlAU7KAAB5GDlYFpa9MZMio=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.17.0/go.mod h1:6QZJwpn2B+Zp71q/5VxRsJ6NXXVCE5NRUHRo+f3cWCs=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.19.0/go.mod h1:mqu4LbDTu4XGKhr4mRzUsmM4RtVoemTSY81AxZiDr8c=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.67.1 h1:zWnc1Vrcno+lHZCOofnIMvycFcc0QRGIzm9dhnDX68E=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.67.1/go.mod h1:1gLDyUQU7CTLJI90u3nXZ9ekeghjeM7pTDZlqFNg2AA=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.35.1 h1:m3LfL6/Ca+fqnjnlqQXNpFPABW1UD7mjh8KO2mKFytA=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.35.1/go.mod h1:9fA7Ob0pmnwhb644+1+CVWFRbNajQ6iRojtC/QF5bRE=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
@@ -629,16 +762,22 @@ gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c h1:Hei/4ADfdWqJk1ZMxUNpqntN
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c/go.mod h1:JHkPIbrfpd72SG/EVd6muEfDQjcINNoR0C8j2r3qZ4Q=
 gopkg.in/errgo.v2 v2.1.0/go.mod h1:hNsd1EY+bozCKY1Ytp96fpM3vjJbqLJn88ws8XvfDNI=
 gopkg.in/inconshreveable/log15.v2 v2.0.0-20180818164646-67afb5ed74ec/go.mod h1:aPpfJ7XW+gOuirDoZ8gHhLh3kZ1B08FtV2bbmy7Jv3s=
+gopkg.in/inf.v0 v0.9.1/go.mod h1:cWUDdTG/fYaXco+Dcufb5Vnc6Gp2YChqWtbxRZE0mXw=
 gopkg.in/natefinch/lumberjack.v2 v2.2.1 h1:bBRl1b0OH9s/DuPhuXpNl+VtCaJXFZ5/uEFST95x9zc=
 gopkg.in/natefinch/lumberjack.v2 v2.2.1/go.mod h1:YD8tP3GAjkrDg1eZH7EGmyESg/lsYskCTPBJVb9jqSc=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v1 v1.0.0-20140924161607-9f9df34309c0/go.mod h1:WDnlLJ4WF5VGsH/HVa3CI79GS0ol3YnhVnKP89i0kNg=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.1/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 h1:D8xgwECY7CYvx+Y2n4sBz93Jn9JRvxdiyyo8CTfuKaY=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0/go.mod h1:RDklbk79AGWmwhnvt/jBztapEOGDOx6ZbXqjP6csGnQ=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
+grpc.go4.org v0.0.0-20170609214715-11d0a25b4919/go.mod h1:77eQGdRu53HpSqPFJFmuJdjuHRquDANNeA4x7B8WQ9o=
+honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20180728063816-88497007e858/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
+honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190102054323-c2f93a96b099/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
+honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190106161140-3f1c8253044a/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
 honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.1-2019.2.3/go.mod h1:a3bituU0lyd329TUQxRnasdCoJDkEUEAqEt0JzvZhAg=
 howett.net/plist v1.0.0 h1:7CrbWYbPPO/PyNy38b2EB/+gYbjCe2DXBxgtOOZbSQM=
 howett.net/plist v1.0.0/go.mod h1:lqaXoTrLY4hg8tnEzNru53gicrbv7rrk+2xJA/7hw9g=
+sourcegraph.com/sourcegraph/go-diff v0.5.0/go.mod h1:kuch7UrkMzY0X+p9CRK03kfuPQ2zzQcaEFbx8wA8rck=
+sourcegraph.com/sqs/pbtypes v0.0.0-20180604144634-d3ebe8f20ae4/go.mod h1:ketZ/q3QxT9HOBeFhu6RdvsftgpsbFHBF5Cas6cDKZ0=
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package internal
+
+// PrivateRangesCIDR returns a list of private CIDR range
+// strings, which can be used as a configuration shortcut.
+func PrivateRangesCIDR() []string {
+	return []string{
+		"192.168.0.0/16",
+		"172.16.0.0/12",
+		"10.0.0.0/8",
+		"127.0.0.1/8",
+		"fd00::/8",
+		"::1",
+	}
+}
@@ -18,7 +18,11 @@ package caddy

 import (
 	"context"
+	"fmt"
 	"net"
+	"os"
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
@@ -26,15 +30,54 @@ import (
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 )

-func reuseUnixSocket(network, addr string) (any, error) {
+func reuseUnixSocket(_, _ string) (any, error) {
 	return nil, nil
 }

 func listenReusable(ctx context.Context, lnKey string, network, address string, config net.ListenConfig) (any, error) {
-	switch network {
-	case "udp", "udp4", "udp6", "unixgram":
+	var socketFile *os.File
+
+	fd := slices.Contains([]string{"fd", "fdgram"}, network)
+	if fd {
+		socketFd, err := strconv.ParseUint(address, 0, strconv.IntSize)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid file descriptor: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		func() {
+			socketFilesMu.Lock()
+			defer socketFilesMu.Unlock()
+
+			socketFdWide := uintptr(socketFd)
+			var ok bool
+
+			socketFile, ok = socketFiles[socketFdWide]
+
+			if !ok {
+				socketFile = os.NewFile(socketFdWide, lnKey)
+				if socketFile != nil {
+					socketFiles[socketFdWide] = socketFile
+				}
+			}
+		}()
+
+		if socketFile == nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid socket file descriptor: %d", socketFd)
+		}
+	}
+
+	datagram := slices.Contains([]string{"udp", "udp4", "udp6", "unixgram", "fdgram"}, network)
+	if datagram {
 		sharedPc, _, err := listenerPool.LoadOrNew(lnKey, func() (Destructor, error) {
-			pc, err := config.ListenPacket(ctx, network, address)
+			var (
+				pc  net.PacketConn
+				err error
+			)
+			if fd {
+				pc, err = net.FilePacketConn(socketFile)
+			} else {
+				pc, err = config.ListenPacket(ctx, network, address)
+			}
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
@@ -44,20 +87,27 @@ func listenReusable(ctx context.Context, lnKey string, network, address string,
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		return &fakeClosePacketConn{sharedPacketConn: sharedPc.(*sharedPacketConn)}, nil
+	}

-	default:
-		sharedLn, _, err := listenerPool.LoadOrNew(lnKey, func() (Destructor, error) {
-			ln, err := config.Listen(ctx, network, address)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-			return &sharedListener{Listener: ln, key: lnKey}, nil
-		})
+	sharedLn, _, err := listenerPool.LoadOrNew(lnKey, func() (Destructor, error) {
+		var (
+			ln  net.Listener
+			err error
+		)
+		if fd {
+			ln, err = net.FileListener(socketFile)
+		} else {
+			ln, err = config.Listen(ctx, network, address)
+		}
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		return &fakeCloseListener{sharedListener: sharedLn.(*sharedListener), keepAlivePeriod: config.KeepAlive}, nil
+		return &sharedListener{Listener: ln, key: lnKey}, nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
+	return &fakeCloseListener{sharedListener: sharedLn.(*sharedListener), keepAlivePeriod: config.KeepAlive}, nil
 }

 // fakeCloseListener is a private wrapper over a listener that
@@ -260,3 +310,9 @@ var (
 		Unwrap() net.PacketConn
 	}) = (*fakeClosePacketConn)(nil)
 )
+
+// socketFiles is a fd -> *os.File map used to make a FileListener/FilePacketConn from a socket file descriptor.
+var socketFiles = map[uintptr]*os.File{}
+
+// socketFilesMu synchronizes socketFiles insertions
+var socketFilesMu sync.Mutex
@@ -22,10 +22,14 @@ package caddy
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"io/fs"
 	"net"
 	"os"
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"syscall"

@@ -34,12 +38,9 @@ import (
 )

 // reuseUnixSocket copies and reuses the unix domain socket (UDS) if we already
-// have it open; if not, unlink it so we can have it. No-op if not a unix network.
+// have it open; if not, unlink it so we can have it.
+// No-op if not a unix network.
 func reuseUnixSocket(network, addr string) (any, error) {
-	if !IsUnixNetwork(network) {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-
 	socketKey := listenerKey(network, addr)

 	socket, exists := unixSockets[socketKey]
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ func reuseUnixSocket(network, addr string) (any, error) {
 				return nil, err
 			}
 			atomic.AddInt32(unixSocket.count, 1)
-			unixSockets[socketKey] = &unixConn{pc.(*net.UnixConn), addr, socketKey, unixSocket.count}
+			unixSockets[socketKey] = &unixConn{pc.(*net.UnixConn), socketKey, unixSocket.count}
 		}

 		return unixSockets[socketKey], nil
@@ -89,56 +90,107 @@ func reuseUnixSocket(network, addr string) (any, error) {
 	return nil, nil
 }

+// listenReusable creates a new listener for the given network and address, and adds it to listenerPool.
 func listenReusable(ctx context.Context, lnKey string, network, address string, config net.ListenConfig) (any, error) {
-	// wrap any Control function set by the user so we can also add our reusePort control without clobbering theirs
-	oldControl := config.Control
-	config.Control = func(network, address string, c syscall.RawConn) error {
-		if oldControl != nil {
-			if err := oldControl(network, address, c); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-		return reusePort(network, address, c)
-	}
-
 	// even though SO_REUSEPORT lets us bind the socket multiple times,
 	// we still put it in the listenerPool so we can count how many
 	// configs are using this socket; necessary to ensure we can know
 	// whether to enforce shutdown delays, for example (see #5393).
-	var ln io.Closer
-	var err error
-	switch network {
-	case "udp", "udp4", "udp6", "unixgram":
-		ln, err = config.ListenPacket(ctx, network, address)
-	default:
-		ln, err = config.Listen(ctx, network, address)
+	var (
+		ln         io.Closer
+		err        error
+		socketFile *os.File
+	)
+
+	fd := slices.Contains([]string{"fd", "fdgram"}, network)
+	if fd {
+		socketFd, err := strconv.ParseUint(address, 0, strconv.IntSize)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid file descriptor: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		func() {
+			socketFilesMu.Lock()
+			defer socketFilesMu.Unlock()
+
+			socketFdWide := uintptr(socketFd)
+			var ok bool
+
+			socketFile, ok = socketFiles[socketFdWide]
+
+			if !ok {
+				socketFile = os.NewFile(socketFdWide, lnKey)
+				if socketFile != nil {
+					socketFiles[socketFdWide] = socketFile
+				}
+			}
+		}()
+
+		if socketFile == nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid socket file descriptor: %d", socketFd)
+		}
+	} else {
+		// wrap any Control function set by the user so we can also add our reusePort control without clobbering theirs
+		oldControl := config.Control
+		config.Control = func(network, address string, c syscall.RawConn) error {
+			if oldControl != nil {
+				if err := oldControl(network, address, c); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+			return reusePort(network, address, c)
+		}
 	}
+
+	datagram := slices.Contains([]string{"udp", "udp4", "udp6", "unixgram", "fdgram"}, network)
+	if datagram {
+		if fd {
+			ln, err = net.FilePacketConn(socketFile)
+		} else {
+			ln, err = config.ListenPacket(ctx, network, address)
+		}
+	} else {
+		if fd {
+			ln, err = net.FileListener(socketFile)
+		} else {
+			ln, err = config.Listen(ctx, network, address)
+		}
+	}
+
 	if err == nil {
 		listenerPool.LoadOrStore(lnKey, nil)
 	}

-	// if new listener is a unix socket, make sure we can reuse it later
-	// (we do our own "unlink on close" -- not required, but more tidy)
-	one := int32(1)
-	if unix, ok := ln.(*net.UnixListener); ok {
-		unix.SetUnlinkOnClose(false)
-		ln = &unixListener{unix, lnKey, &one}
-		unixSockets[lnKey] = ln.(*unixListener)
-	}
-
-	// TODO: Not 100% sure this is necessary, but we do this for net.UnixListener in listen_unix.go, so...
-	if unix, ok := ln.(*net.UnixConn); ok {
-		ln = &unixConn{unix, address, lnKey, &one}
-		unixSockets[lnKey] = ln.(*unixConn)
-	}
-
-	// lightly wrap the listener so that when it is closed,
-	// we can decrement the usage pool counter
-	switch specificLn := ln.(type) {
-	case net.Listener:
-		return deleteListener{specificLn, lnKey}, err
-	case net.PacketConn:
-		return deletePacketConn{specificLn, lnKey}, err
+	if datagram {
+		if !fd {
+			// TODO: Not 100% sure this is necessary, but we do this for net.UnixListener, so...
+			if unix, ok := ln.(*net.UnixConn); ok {
+				one := int32(1)
+				ln = &unixConn{unix, lnKey, &one}
+				unixSockets[lnKey] = ln.(*unixConn)
+			}
+		}
+		// lightly wrap the connection so that when it is closed,
+		// we can decrement the usage pool counter
+		if specificLn, ok := ln.(net.PacketConn); ok {
+			ln = deletePacketConn{specificLn, lnKey}
+		}
+	} else {
+		if !fd {
+			// if new listener is a unix socket, make sure we can reuse it later
+			// (we do our own "unlink on close" -- not required, but more tidy)
+			if unix, ok := ln.(*net.UnixListener); ok {
+				unix.SetUnlinkOnClose(false)
+				one := int32(1)
+				ln = &unixListener{unix, lnKey, &one}
+				unixSockets[lnKey] = ln.(*unixListener)
+			}
+		}
+		// lightly wrap the listener so that when it is closed,
+		// we can decrement the usage pool counter
+		if specificLn, ok := ln.(net.Listener); ok {
+			ln = deleteListener{specificLn, lnKey}
+		}
 	}

 	// other types, I guess we just return them directly
@@ -170,12 +222,18 @@ type unixListener struct {
 func (uln *unixListener) Close() error {
 	newCount := atomic.AddInt32(uln.count, -1)
 	if newCount == 0 {
+		file, err := uln.File()
+		var name string
+		if err == nil {
+			name = file.Name()
+		}
 		defer func() {
-			addr := uln.Addr().String()
 			unixSocketsMu.Lock()
 			delete(unixSockets, uln.mapKey)
 			unixSocketsMu.Unlock()
-			_ = syscall.Unlink(addr)
+			if err == nil {
+				_ = syscall.Unlink(name)
+			}
 		}()
 	}
 	return uln.UnixListener.Close()
@@ -183,19 +241,25 @@ func (uln *unixListener) Close() error {

 type unixConn struct {
 	*net.UnixConn
-	filename string
-	mapKey   string
-	count    *int32 // accessed atomically
+	mapKey string
+	count  *int32 // accessed atomically
 }

 func (uc *unixConn) Close() error {
 	newCount := atomic.AddInt32(uc.count, -1)
 	if newCount == 0 {
+		file, err := uc.File()
+		var name string
+		if err == nil {
+			name = file.Name()
+		}
 		defer func() {
 			unixSocketsMu.Lock()
 			delete(unixSockets, uc.mapKey)
 			unixSocketsMu.Unlock()
-			_ = syscall.Unlink(uc.filename)
+			if err == nil {
+				_ = syscall.Unlink(name)
+			}
 		}()
 	}
 	return uc.UnixConn.Close()
@@ -211,6 +275,12 @@ var unixSockets = make(map[string]interface {
 	File() (*os.File, error)
 })

+// socketFiles is a fd -> *os.File map used to make a FileListener/FilePacketConn from a socket file descriptor.
+var socketFiles = map[uintptr]*os.File{}
+
+// socketFilesMu synchronizes socketFiles insertions
+var socketFilesMu sync.Mutex
+
 // deleteListener is a type that simply deletes itself
 // from the listenerPool when it closes. It is used
 // solely for the purpose of reference counting (i.e.
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import (

 	"github.com/quic-go/quic-go"
 	"github.com/quic-go/quic-go/http3"
+	"github.com/quic-go/quic-go/qlog"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 	"golang.org/x/time/rate"

@@ -57,11 +58,9 @@ type NetworkAddress struct {
 	EndPort   uint
 }

-// ListenAll calls Listen() for all addresses represented by this struct, i.e. all ports in the range.
+// ListenAll calls Listen for all addresses represented by this struct, i.e. all ports in the range.
 // (If the address doesn't use ports or has 1 port only, then only 1 listener will be created.)
 // It returns an error if any listener failed to bind, and closes any listeners opened up to that point.
-//
-// TODO: Experimental API: subject to change or removal.
 func (na NetworkAddress) ListenAll(ctx context.Context, config net.ListenConfig) ([]any, error) {
 	var listeners []any
 	var err error
@@ -107,7 +106,8 @@ func (na NetworkAddress) ListenAll(ctx context.Context, config net.ListenConfig)
 // portOffset to the start port. (For network types that do not use ports, the
 // portOffset is ignored.)
 //
-// The provided ListenConfig is used to create the listener. Its Control function,
+// First Listen checks if a plugin can provide a listener from this address. Otherwise,
+// the provided ListenConfig is used to create the listener. Its Control function,
 // if set, may be wrapped by an internally-used Control function. The provided
 // context may be used to cancel long operations early. The context is not used
 // to close the listener after it has been created.
@@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ func (na NetworkAddress) ListenAll(ctx context.Context, config net.ListenConfig)
 // Unix sockets will be unlinked before being created, to ensure we can bind to
 // it even if the previous program using it exited uncleanly; it will also be
 // unlinked upon a graceful exit (or when a new config does not use that socket).
-//
-// TODO: Experimental API: subject to change or removal.
+// Listen synchronizes binds to unix domain sockets to avoid race conditions
+// while an existing socket is unlinked.
 func (na NetworkAddress) Listen(ctx context.Context, portOffset uint, config net.ListenConfig) (any, error) {
 	if na.IsUnixNetwork() {
 		unixSocketsMu.Lock()
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ func (na NetworkAddress) Listen(ctx context.Context, portOffset uint, config net
 	}

 	// check to see if plugin provides listener
-	if ln, err := getListenerFromPlugin(ctx, na.Network, na.JoinHostPort(portOffset), config); ln != nil || err != nil {
+	if ln, err := getListenerFromPlugin(ctx, na.Network, na.Host, na.port(), portOffset, config); ln != nil || err != nil {
 		return ln, err
 	}

@@ -149,54 +149,53 @@ func (na NetworkAddress) Listen(ctx context.Context, portOffset uint, config net

 func (na NetworkAddress) listen(ctx context.Context, portOffset uint, config net.ListenConfig) (any, error) {
 	var (
-		ln                   any
-		err                  error
-		address              string
-		unixFileMode         fs.FileMode
-		isAbstractUnixSocket bool
+		ln           any
+		err          error
+		address      string
+		unixFileMode fs.FileMode
 	)

 	// split unix socket addr early so lnKey
 	// is independent of permissions bits
 	if na.IsUnixNetwork() {
-		var err error
 		address, unixFileMode, err = internal.SplitUnixSocketPermissionsBits(na.Host)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		isAbstractUnixSocket = strings.HasPrefix(address, "@")
+	} else if na.IsFdNetwork() {
+		address = na.Host
 	} else {
 		address = na.JoinHostPort(portOffset)
 	}

-	// if this is a unix socket, see if we already have it open,
-	// force socket permissions on it and return early
-	if socket, err := reuseUnixSocket(na.Network, address); socket != nil || err != nil {
-		if !isAbstractUnixSocket {
-			if err := os.Chmod(address, unixFileMode); err != nil {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to set permissions (%s) on %s: %v", unixFileMode, address, err)
-			}
-		}
-		return socket, err
-	}
-
-	lnKey := listenerKey(na.Network, address)
-
 	if strings.HasPrefix(na.Network, "ip") {
 		ln, err = config.ListenPacket(ctx, na.Network, address)
 	} else {
-		ln, err = listenReusable(ctx, lnKey, na.Network, address, config)
+		if na.IsUnixNetwork() {
+			// if this is a unix socket, see if we already have it open
+			ln, err = reuseUnixSocket(na.Network, address)
+		}
+
+		if ln == nil && err == nil {
+			// otherwise, create a new listener
+			lnKey := listenerKey(na.Network, address)
+			ln, err = listenReusable(ctx, lnKey, na.Network, address, config)
+		}
 	}
+
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+
 	if ln == nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported network type: %s", na.Network)
 	}

 	if IsUnixNetwork(na.Network) {
+		isAbstractUnixSocket := strings.HasPrefix(address, "@")
 		if !isAbstractUnixSocket {
-			if err := os.Chmod(address, unixFileMode); err != nil {
+			err = os.Chmod(address, unixFileMode)
+			if err != nil {
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to set permissions (%s) on %s: %v", unixFileMode, address, err)
 			}
 		}
@@ -211,18 +210,22 @@ func (na NetworkAddress) IsUnixNetwork() bool {
 	return IsUnixNetwork(na.Network)
 }

+// IsUnixNetwork returns true if na.Network is
+// fd or fdgram.
+func (na NetworkAddress) IsFdNetwork() bool {
+	return IsFdNetwork(na.Network)
+}
+
 // JoinHostPort is like net.JoinHostPort, but where the port
 // is StartPort + offset.
 func (na NetworkAddress) JoinHostPort(offset uint) string {
-	if na.IsUnixNetwork() {
+	if na.IsUnixNetwork() || na.IsFdNetwork() {
 		return na.Host
 	}
-	return net.JoinHostPort(na.Host, strconv.Itoa(int(na.StartPort+offset)))
+	return net.JoinHostPort(na.Host, strconv.FormatUint(uint64(na.StartPort+offset), 10))
 }

 // Expand returns one NetworkAddress for each port in the port range.
-//
-// This is EXPERIMENTAL and subject to change or removal.
 func (na NetworkAddress) Expand() []NetworkAddress {
 	size := na.PortRangeSize()
 	addrs := make([]NetworkAddress, size)
@@ -253,7 +256,7 @@ func (na NetworkAddress) PortRangeSize() uint {
 }

 func (na NetworkAddress) isLoopback() bool {
-	if na.IsUnixNetwork() {
+	if na.IsUnixNetwork() || na.IsFdNetwork() {
 		return true
 	}
 	if na.Host == "localhost" {
@@ -297,6 +300,11 @@ func IsUnixNetwork(netw string) bool {
 	return strings.HasPrefix(netw, "unix")
 }

+// IsFdNetwork returns true if the netw is a fd network.
+func IsFdNetwork(netw string) bool {
+	return strings.HasPrefix(netw, "fd")
+}
+
 // ParseNetworkAddress parses addr into its individual
 // components. The input string is expected to be of
 // the form "network/host:port-range" where any part is
@@ -327,6 +335,12 @@ func ParseNetworkAddressWithDefaults(addr, defaultNetwork string, defaultPort ui
 			Host:    host,
 		}, err
 	}
+	if IsFdNetwork(network) {
+		return NetworkAddress{
+			Network: network,
+			Host:    host,
+		}, nil
+	}
 	var start, end uint64
 	if port == "" {
 		start = uint64(defaultPort)
@@ -366,25 +380,28 @@ func SplitNetworkAddress(a string) (network, host, port string, err error) {
 	if slashFound {
 		network = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(beforeSlash))
 		a = afterSlash
+		if IsUnixNetwork(network) || IsFdNetwork(network) {
+			host = a
+			return
+		}
 	}
-	if IsUnixNetwork(network) {
-		host = a
-		return
-	}
+
 	host, port, err = net.SplitHostPort(a)
-	if err == nil || a == "" {
-		return
-	}
-	// in general, if there was an error, it was likely "missing port",
-	// so try adding a bogus port to take advantage of standard library's
-	// robust parser, then strip the artificial port before returning
-	// (don't overwrite original error though; might still be relevant)
-	var err2 error
-	host, port, err2 = net.SplitHostPort(a + ":0")
-	if err2 == nil {
-		err = nil
+	firstErr := err
+
+	if err != nil {
+		// in general, if there was an error, it was likely "missing port",
+		// so try removing square brackets around an IPv6 host, adding a bogus
+		// port to take advantage of standard library's robust parser, then
+		// strip the artificial port.
+		host, _, err = net.SplitHostPort(net.JoinHostPort(strings.Trim(a, "[]"), "0"))
 		port = ""
 	}
+
+	if err != nil {
+		err = errors.Join(firstErr, err)
+	}
+
 	return
 }

@@ -398,7 +415,7 @@ func JoinNetworkAddress(network, host, port string) string {
 	if network != "" {
 		a = network + "/"
 	}
-	if (host != "" && port == "") || IsUnixNetwork(network) {
+	if (host != "" && port == "") || IsUnixNetwork(network) || IsFdNetwork(network) {
 		a += host
 	} else if port != "" {
 		a += net.JoinHostPort(host, port)
@@ -406,9 +423,11 @@ func JoinNetworkAddress(network, host, port string) string {
 	return a
 }

-// ListenQUIC returns a quic.EarlyListener suitable for use in a Caddy module.
-// The network will be transformed into a QUIC-compatible type (if unix, then
-// unixgram will be used; otherwise, udp will be used).
+// ListenQUIC returns a http3.QUICEarlyListener suitable for use in a Caddy module.
+//
+// The network will be transformed into a QUIC-compatible type if the same address can be used with
+// different networks. Currently this just means that for tcp, udp will be used with the same
+// address instead.
 //
 // NOTE: This API is EXPERIMENTAL and may be changed or removed.
 func (na NetworkAddress) ListenQUIC(ctx context.Context, portOffset uint, config net.ListenConfig, tlsConf *tls.Config) (http3.QUICEarlyListener, error) {
@@ -443,7 +462,13 @@ func (na NetworkAddress) ListenQUIC(ctx context.Context, portOffset uint, config
 			Conn:                h3ln,
 			VerifySourceAddress: func(addr net.Addr) bool { return !limiter.Allow() },
 		}
-		earlyLn, err := tr.ListenEarly(http3.ConfigureTLSConfig(quicTlsConfig), &quic.Config{Allow0RTT: true})
+		earlyLn, err := tr.ListenEarly(
+			http3.ConfigureTLSConfig(quicTlsConfig),
+			&quic.Config{
+				Allow0RTT: true,
+				Tracer:    qlog.DefaultConnectionTracer,
+			},
+		)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -616,7 +641,8 @@ func RegisterNetwork(network string, getListener ListenerFunc) {
 	if network == "tcp" || network == "tcp4" || network == "tcp6" ||
 		network == "udp" || network == "udp4" || network == "udp6" ||
 		network == "unix" || network == "unixpacket" || network == "unixgram" ||
-		strings.HasPrefix("ip:", network) || strings.HasPrefix("ip4:", network) || strings.HasPrefix("ip6:", network) {
+		strings.HasPrefix("ip:", network) || strings.HasPrefix("ip4:", network) || strings.HasPrefix("ip6:", network) ||
+		network == "fd" || network == "fdgram" {
 		panic("network type " + network + " is reserved")
 	}

@@ -632,11 +658,11 @@ var unixSocketsMu sync.Mutex
 // getListenerFromPlugin returns a listener on the given network and address
 // if a plugin has registered the network name. It may return (nil, nil) if
 // no plugin can provide a listener.
-func getListenerFromPlugin(ctx context.Context, network, addr string, config net.ListenConfig) (any, error) {
+func getListenerFromPlugin(ctx context.Context, network, host, port string, portOffset uint, config net.ListenConfig) (any, error) {
 	// get listener from plugin if network type is registered
 	if getListener, ok := networkTypes[network]; ok {
 		Log().Debug("getting listener from plugin", zap.String("network", network))
-		return getListener(ctx, network, addr, config)
+		return getListener(ctx, network, host, port, portOffset, config)
 	}

 	return nil, nil
@@ -650,7 +676,7 @@ func listenerKey(network, addr string) string {
 // The listeners must be capable of overlapping: with Caddy, new configs are loaded
 // before old ones are unloaded, so listeners may overlap briefly if the configs
 // both need the same listener. EXPERIMENTAL and subject to change.
-type ListenerFunc func(ctx context.Context, network, addr string, cfg net.ListenConfig) (any, error)
+type ListenerFunc func(ctx context.Context, network, host, portRange string, portOffset uint, cfg net.ListenConfig) (any, error)

 var networkTypes = map[string]ListenerFunc{}

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ func TestSplitNetworkAddress(t *testing.T) {
 	}{
 		{
 			input:     "",
-			expectErr: true,
+			expectHost: "",
 		},
 		{
 			input:      "foo",
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func TestSplitNetworkAddress(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			input:     "::",
-			expectErr: true,
+			expectHost: "::",
 		},
 		{
 			input:      "[::]",
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ func TestSplitNetworkAddress(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			input:         "udp/",
 			expectNetwork: "udp",
-			expectErr:     true,
+			expectHost:    "",
 		},
 		{
 			input:         "unix//foo/bar",
@@ -185,7 +185,8 @@ func TestParseNetworkAddress(t *testing.T) {
 	}{
 		{
 			input:     "",
-			expectErr: true,
+			expectAddr: NetworkAddress{
+			},
 		},
 		{
 			input:          ":",
@@ -311,7 +312,8 @@ func TestParseNetworkAddressWithDefaults(t *testing.T) {
 	}{
 		{
 			input:     "",
-			expectErr: true,
+			expectAddr: NetworkAddress{
+			},
 		},
 		{
 			input:          ":",
@@ -292,6 +292,10 @@ type BaseLog struct {
 	// The encoder is how the log entries are formatted or encoded.
 	EncoderRaw json.RawMessage `json:"encoder,omitempty" caddy:"namespace=caddy.logging.encoders inline_key=format"`

+	// Tees entries through a zap.Core module which can extract
+	// log entry metadata and fields for further processing.
+	CoreRaw json.RawMessage `json:"core,omitempty" caddy:"namespace=caddy.logging.cores inline_key=module"`
+
 	// Level is the minimum level to emit, and is inclusive.
 	// Possible levels: DEBUG, INFO, WARN, ERROR, PANIC, and FATAL
 	Level string `json:"level,omitempty"`
@@ -366,6 +370,14 @@ func (cl *BaseLog) provisionCommon(ctx Context, logging *Logging) error {
 		cl.encoder = newDefaultProductionLogEncoder(cl.writerOpener)
 	}
 	cl.buildCore()
+	if cl.CoreRaw != nil {
+		mod, err := ctx.LoadModule(cl, "CoreRaw")
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("loading log core module: %v", err)
+		}
+		core := mod.(zapcore.Core)
+		cl.core = zapcore.NewTee(cl.core, core)
+	}
 	return nil
 }

@@ -4,30 +4,33 @@ import (
 	"net/http"

 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
-	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/collectors"
-	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promauto"

 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/internal/metrics"
 )

 // define and register the metrics used in this package.
 func init() {
-	prometheus.MustRegister(collectors.NewBuildInfoCollector())
-
 	const ns, sub = "caddy", "admin"
-
-	adminMetrics.requestCount = promauto.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+	adminMetrics.requestCount = prometheus.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
 		Namespace: ns,
 		Subsystem: sub,
 		Name:      "http_requests_total",
 		Help:      "Counter of requests made to the Admin API's HTTP endpoints.",
 	}, []string{"handler", "path", "code", "method"})
-	adminMetrics.requestErrors = promauto.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+	adminMetrics.requestErrors = prometheus.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
 		Namespace: ns,
 		Subsystem: sub,
 		Name:      "http_request_errors_total",
 		Help:      "Number of requests resulting in middleware errors.",
 	}, []string{"handler", "path", "method"})
+	globalMetrics.configSuccess = prometheus.NewGauge(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
+		Name: "caddy_config_last_reload_successful",
+		Help: "Whether the last configuration reload attempt was successful.",
+	})
+	globalMetrics.configSuccessTime = prometheus.NewGauge(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
+		Name: "caddy_config_last_reload_success_timestamp_seconds",
+		Help: "Timestamp of the last successful configuration reload.",
+	})
 }

 // adminMetrics is a collection of metrics that can be tracked for the admin API.
@@ -36,6 +39,12 @@ var adminMetrics = struct {
 	requestErrors *prometheus.CounterVec
 }{}

+// globalMetrics is a collection of metrics that can be tracked for Caddy global state
+var globalMetrics = struct {
+	configSuccess     prometheus.Gauge
+	configSuccessTime prometheus.Gauge
+}{}
+
 // Similar to promhttp.InstrumentHandlerCounter, but upper-cases method names
 // instead of lower-casing them.
 //
@@ -124,18 +124,19 @@ func (app *App) Provision(ctx caddy.Context) error {
 	app.subscriptions = make(map[string]map[caddy.ModuleID][]Handler)

 	for _, sub := range app.Subscriptions {
-		if sub.HandlersRaw != nil {
-			handlersIface, err := ctx.LoadModule(sub, "HandlersRaw")
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("loading event subscriber modules: %v", err)
-			}
-			for _, h := range handlersIface.([]any) {
-				sub.Handlers = append(sub.Handlers, h.(Handler))
-			}
-			if len(sub.Handlers) == 0 {
-				// pointless to bind without any handlers
-				return fmt.Errorf("no handlers defined")
-			}
+		if sub.HandlersRaw == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		handlersIface, err := ctx.LoadModule(sub, "HandlersRaw")
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("loading event subscriber modules: %v", err)
+		}
+		for _, h := range handlersIface.([]any) {
+			sub.Handlers = append(sub.Handlers, h.(Handler))
+		}
+		if len(sub.Handlers) == 0 {
+			// pointless to bind without any handlers
+			return fmt.Errorf("no handlers defined")
 		}
 	}

@@ -261,7 +262,7 @@ func (app *App) Emit(ctx caddy.Context, eventName string, data map[string]any) E
 		return nil, false
 	})

-	logger = logger.With(zap.Any("data", e.Data))
+	logger = logger.WithLazy(zap.Any("data", e.Data))

 	logger.Debug("event")

@@ -355,6 +356,11 @@ type Event struct {
 	origin caddy.Module
 }

+func (e Event) ID() uuid.UUID        { return e.id }
+func (e Event) Timestamp() time.Time { return e.ts }
+func (e Event) Name() string         { return e.name }
+func (e Event) Origin() caddy.Module { return e.origin }
+
 // CloudEvent exports event e as a structure that, when
 // serialized as JSON, is compatible with the
 // CloudEvents spec.
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ func (xs *Filesystems) Provision(ctx caddy.Context) error {
 		ctx.Filesystems().Register(f.Key, f.fileSystem)
 		// remember to unregister the module when we are done
 		xs.defers = append(xs.defers, func() {
-			ctx.Logger().Debug("registering fs", zap.String("fs", f.Key))
+			ctx.Logger().Debug("unregistering fs", zap.String("fs", f.Key))
 			ctx.Filesystems().Unregister(f.Key)
 		})
 	}
@@ -15,9 +15,11 @@
 package caddyhttp

 import (
+	"cmp"
 	"context"
 	"crypto/tls"
 	"fmt"
+	"maps"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"strconv"
@@ -141,6 +143,10 @@ type App struct {
 	// affect functionality.
 	Servers map[string]*Server `json:"servers,omitempty"`

+	// If set, metrics observations will be enabled.
+	// This setting is EXPERIMENTAL and subject to change.
+	Metrics *Metrics `json:"metrics,omitempty"`
+
 	ctx    caddy.Context
 	logger *zap.Logger
 	tlsApp *caddytls.TLS
@@ -183,6 +189,10 @@ func (app *App) Provision(ctx caddy.Context) error {
 		return err
 	}

+	if app.Metrics != nil {
+		app.Metrics.init = sync.Once{}
+		app.Metrics.httpMetrics = &httpMetrics{}
+	}
 	// prepare each server
 	oldContext := ctx.Context
 	for srvName, srv := range app.Servers {
@@ -195,6 +205,15 @@ func (app *App) Provision(ctx caddy.Context) error {
 		srv.errorLogger = app.logger.Named("log.error")
 		srv.shutdownAtMu = new(sync.RWMutex)

+		if srv.Metrics != nil {
+			srv.logger.Warn("per-server 'metrics' is deprecated; use 'metrics' in the root 'http' app instead")
+			app.Metrics = cmp.Or[*Metrics](app.Metrics, &Metrics{
+				init:        sync.Once{},
+				httpMetrics: &httpMetrics{},
+			})
+			app.Metrics.PerHost = app.Metrics.PerHost || srv.Metrics.PerHost
+		}
+
 		// only enable access logs if configured
 		if srv.Logs != nil {
 			srv.accessLogger = app.logger.Named("log.access")
@@ -203,17 +222,75 @@ func (app *App) Provision(ctx caddy.Context) error {
 			}
 		}

-		// the Go standard library does not let us serve only HTTP/2 using
-		// http.Server; we would probably need to write our own server
-		if !srv.protocol("h1") && (srv.protocol("h2") || srv.protocol("h2c")) {
-			return fmt.Errorf("server %s: cannot enable HTTP/2 or H2C without enabling HTTP/1.1; add h1 to protocols or remove h2/h2c", srvName)
-		}
-
 		// if no protocols configured explicitly, enable all except h2c
 		if len(srv.Protocols) == 0 {
 			srv.Protocols = []string{"h1", "h2", "h3"}
 		}

+		srvProtocolsUnique := map[string]struct{}{}
+		for _, srvProtocol := range srv.Protocols {
+			srvProtocolsUnique[srvProtocol] = struct{}{}
+		}
+		_, h1ok := srvProtocolsUnique["h1"]
+		_, h2ok := srvProtocolsUnique["h2"]
+		_, h2cok := srvProtocolsUnique["h2c"]
+
+		// the Go standard library does not let us serve only HTTP/2 using
+		// http.Server; we would probably need to write our own server
+		if !h1ok && (h2ok || h2cok) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("server %s: cannot enable HTTP/2 or H2C without enabling HTTP/1.1; add h1 to protocols or remove h2/h2c", srvName)
+		}
+
+		if srv.ListenProtocols != nil {
+			if len(srv.ListenProtocols) != len(srv.Listen) {
+				return fmt.Errorf("server %s: listener protocols count does not match address count: %d != %d",
+					srvName, len(srv.ListenProtocols), len(srv.Listen))
+			}
+
+			for i, lnProtocols := range srv.ListenProtocols {
+				if lnProtocols != nil {
+					// populate empty listen protocols with server protocols
+					lnProtocolsDefault := false
+					var lnProtocolsInclude []string
+					srvProtocolsInclude := maps.Clone(srvProtocolsUnique)
+
+					// keep existing listener protocols unless they are empty
+					for _, lnProtocol := range lnProtocols {
+						if lnProtocol == "" {
+							lnProtocolsDefault = true
+						} else {
+							lnProtocolsInclude = append(lnProtocolsInclude, lnProtocol)
+							delete(srvProtocolsInclude, lnProtocol)
+						}
+					}
+
+					// append server protocols to listener protocols if any listener protocols were empty
+					if lnProtocolsDefault {
+						for _, srvProtocol := range srv.Protocols {
+							if _, ok := srvProtocolsInclude[srvProtocol]; ok {
+								lnProtocolsInclude = append(lnProtocolsInclude, srvProtocol)
+							}
+						}
+					}
+
+					lnProtocolsIncludeUnique := map[string]struct{}{}
+					for _, lnProtocol := range lnProtocolsInclude {
+						lnProtocolsIncludeUnique[lnProtocol] = struct{}{}
+					}
+					_, h1ok := lnProtocolsIncludeUnique["h1"]
+					_, h2ok := lnProtocolsIncludeUnique["h2"]
+					_, h2cok := lnProtocolsIncludeUnique["h2c"]
+
+					// check if any listener protocols contain h2 or h2c without h1
+					if !h1ok && (h2ok || h2cok) {
+						return fmt.Errorf("server %s, listener %d: cannot enable HTTP/2 or H2C without enabling HTTP/1.1; add h1 to protocols or remove h2/h2c", srvName, i)
+					}
+
+					srv.ListenProtocols[i] = lnProtocolsInclude
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
 		// if not explicitly configured by the user, disallow TLS
 		// client auth bypass (domain fronting) which could
 		// otherwise be exploited by sending an unprotected SNI
@@ -283,12 +360,11 @@ func (app *App) Provision(ctx caddy.Context) error {
 				srv.listenerWrappers = append([]caddy.ListenerWrapper{new(tlsPlaceholderWrapper)}, srv.listenerWrappers...)
 			}
 		}
-
 		// pre-compile the primary handler chain, and be sure to wrap it in our
 		// route handler so that important security checks are done, etc.
 		primaryRoute := emptyHandler
 		if srv.Routes != nil {
-			err := srv.Routes.ProvisionHandlers(ctx, srv.Metrics)
+			err := srv.Routes.ProvisionHandlers(ctx, app.Metrics)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("server %s: setting up route handlers: %v", srvName, err)
 			}
@@ -307,7 +383,7 @@ func (app *App) Provision(ctx caddy.Context) error {

 		// provision the named routes (they get compiled at runtime)
 		for name, route := range srv.NamedRoutes {
-			err := route.Provision(ctx, srv.Metrics)
+			err := route.Provision(ctx, app.Metrics)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("server %s: setting up named route '%s' handlers: %v", name, srvName, err)
 			}
@@ -325,6 +401,9 @@ func (app *App) Provision(ctx caddy.Context) error {
 		if srv.IdleTimeout == 0 {
 			srv.IdleTimeout = defaultIdleTimeout
 		}
+		if srv.ReadHeaderTimeout == 0 {
+			srv.ReadHeaderTimeout = defaultReadHeaderTimeout // see #6663
+		}
 	}
 	ctx.Context = oldContext
 	return nil
@@ -344,7 +423,7 @@ func (app *App) Validate() error {
 			// check that every address in the port range is unique to this server;
 			// we do not use <= here because PortRangeSize() adds 1 to EndPort for us
 			for i := uint(0); i < listenAddr.PortRangeSize(); i++ {
-				addr := caddy.JoinNetworkAddress(listenAddr.Network, listenAddr.Host, strconv.Itoa(int(listenAddr.StartPort+i)))
+				addr := caddy.JoinNetworkAddress(listenAddr.Network, listenAddr.Host, strconv.FormatUint(uint64(listenAddr.StartPort+i), 10))
 				if sn, ok := lnAddrs[addr]; ok {
 					return fmt.Errorf("server %s: listener address repeated: %s (already claimed by server '%s')", srvName, addr, sn)
 				}
@@ -422,99 +501,130 @@ func (app *App) Start() error {
 			srv.server.Handler = h2c.NewHandler(srv, h2server)
 		}

-		for _, lnAddr := range srv.Listen {
+		for lnIndex, lnAddr := range srv.Listen {
 			listenAddr, err := caddy.ParseNetworkAddress(lnAddr)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("%s: parsing listen address '%s': %v", srvName, lnAddr, err)
 			}
+
 			srv.addresses = append(srv.addresses, listenAddr)

-			for portOffset := uint(0); portOffset < listenAddr.PortRangeSize(); portOffset++ {
-				// create the listener for this socket
-				hostport := listenAddr.JoinHostPort(portOffset)
-				lnAny, err := listenAddr.Listen(app.ctx, portOffset, net.ListenConfig{KeepAlive: time.Duration(srv.KeepAliveInterval)})
-				if err != nil {
-					return fmt.Errorf("listening on %s: %v", listenAddr.At(portOffset), err)
-				}
-				ln := lnAny.(net.Listener)
+			protocols := srv.Protocols
+			if srv.ListenProtocols != nil && srv.ListenProtocols[lnIndex] != nil {
+				protocols = srv.ListenProtocols[lnIndex]
+			}

-				// wrap listener before TLS (up to the TLS placeholder wrapper)
-				var lnWrapperIdx int
-				for i, lnWrapper := range srv.listenerWrappers {
-					if _, ok := lnWrapper.(*tlsPlaceholderWrapper); ok {
-						lnWrapperIdx = i + 1 // mark the next wrapper's spot
-						break
-					}
-					ln = lnWrapper.WrapListener(ln)
-				}
+			protocolsUnique := map[string]struct{}{}
+			for _, protocol := range protocols {
+				protocolsUnique[protocol] = struct{}{}
+			}
+			_, h1ok := protocolsUnique["h1"]
+			_, h2ok := protocolsUnique["h2"]
+			_, h2cok := protocolsUnique["h2c"]
+			_, h3ok := protocolsUnique["h3"]
+
+			for portOffset := uint(0); portOffset < listenAddr.PortRangeSize(); portOffset++ {
+				hostport := listenAddr.JoinHostPort(portOffset)

 				// enable TLS if there is a policy and if this is not the HTTP port
 				useTLS := len(srv.TLSConnPolicies) > 0 && int(listenAddr.StartPort+portOffset) != app.httpPort()
-				if useTLS {
-					// create TLS listener - this enables and terminates TLS
-					ln = tls.NewListener(ln, tlsCfg)

-					// enable HTTP/3 if configured
-					if srv.protocol("h3") {
-						// Can't serve HTTP/3 on the same socket as HTTP/1 and 2 because it uses
-						// a different transport mechanism... which is fine, but the OS doesn't
-						// differentiate between a SOCK_STREAM file and a SOCK_DGRAM file; they
-						// are still one file on the system. So even though "unixpacket" and
-						// "unixgram" are different network types just as "tcp" and "udp" are,
-						// the OS will not let us use the same file as both STREAM and DGRAM.
-						if len(srv.Protocols) > 1 && listenAddr.IsUnixNetwork() {
-							app.logger.Warn("HTTP/3 disabled because Unix can't multiplex STREAM and DGRAM on same socket",
-								zap.String("file", hostport))
-							for i := range srv.Protocols {
-								if srv.Protocols[i] == "h3" {
-									srv.Protocols = append(srv.Protocols[:i], srv.Protocols[i+1:]...)
-									break
-								}
-							}
-						} else {
-							app.logger.Info("enabling HTTP/3 listener", zap.String("addr", hostport))
-							if err := srv.serveHTTP3(listenAddr.At(portOffset), tlsCfg); err != nil {
-								return err
-							}
+				if h1ok || h2ok && useTLS || h2cok {
+					// create the listener for this socket
+					lnAny, err := listenAddr.Listen(app.ctx, portOffset, net.ListenConfig{KeepAlive: time.Duration(srv.KeepAliveInterval)})
+					if err != nil {
+						return fmt.Errorf("listening on %s: %v", listenAddr.At(portOffset), err)
+					}
+					ln, ok := lnAny.(net.Listener)
+					if !ok {
+						return fmt.Errorf("network '%s' cannot handle HTTP/1 or HTTP/2 connections", listenAddr.Network)
+					}
+
+					// wrap listener before TLS (up to the TLS placeholder wrapper)
+					var lnWrapperIdx int
+					for i, lnWrapper := range srv.listenerWrappers {
+						if _, ok := lnWrapper.(*tlsPlaceholderWrapper); ok {
+							lnWrapperIdx = i + 1 // mark the next wrapper's spot
+							break
 						}
+						ln = lnWrapper.WrapListener(ln)
+					}
+
+					if useTLS {
+						// create TLS listener - this enables and terminates TLS
+						ln = tls.NewListener(ln, tlsCfg)
+					}
+
+					// finish wrapping listener where we left off before TLS
+					for i := lnWrapperIdx; i < len(srv.listenerWrappers); i++ {
+						ln = srv.listenerWrappers[i].WrapListener(ln)
+					}
+
+					// handle http2 if use tls listener wrapper
+					if h2ok {
+						http2lnWrapper := &http2Listener{
+							Listener: ln,
+							server:   srv.server,
+							h2server: h2server,
+						}
+						srv.h2listeners = append(srv.h2listeners, http2lnWrapper)
+						ln = http2lnWrapper
+					}
+
+					// if binding to port 0, the OS chooses a port for us;
+					// but the user won't know the port unless we print it
+					if !listenAddr.IsUnixNetwork() && !listenAddr.IsFdNetwork() && listenAddr.StartPort == 0 && listenAddr.EndPort == 0 {
+						app.logger.Info("port 0 listener",
+							zap.String("input_address", lnAddr),
+							zap.String("actual_address", ln.Addr().String()))
+					}
+
+					app.logger.Debug("starting server loop",
+						zap.String("address", ln.Addr().String()),
+						zap.Bool("tls", useTLS),
+						zap.Bool("http3", srv.h3server != nil))
+
+					srv.listeners = append(srv.listeners, ln)
+
+					// enable HTTP/1 if configured
+					if h1ok {
+						//nolint:errcheck
+						go srv.server.Serve(ln)
 					}
 				}

-				// finish wrapping listener where we left off before TLS
-				for i := lnWrapperIdx; i < len(srv.listenerWrappers); i++ {
-					ln = srv.listenerWrappers[i].WrapListener(ln)
+				if h2ok && !useTLS {
+					// Can only serve h2 with TLS enabled
+					app.logger.Warn("HTTP/2 skipped because it requires TLS",
+						zap.String("network", listenAddr.Network),
+						zap.String("addr", hostport))
 				}

-				// handle http2 if use tls listener wrapper
-				if useTLS {
-					http2lnWrapper := &http2Listener{
-						Listener: ln,
-						server:   srv.server,
-						h2server: h2server,
+				if h3ok {
+					// Can't serve HTTP/3 on the same socket as HTTP/1 and 2 because it uses
+					// a different transport mechanism... which is fine, but the OS doesn't
+					// differentiate between a SOCK_STREAM file and a SOCK_DGRAM file; they
+					// are still one file on the system. So even though "unixpacket" and
+					// "unixgram" are different network types just as "tcp" and "udp" are,
+					// the OS will not let us use the same file as both STREAM and DGRAM.
+					if listenAddr.IsUnixNetwork() {
+						app.logger.Warn("HTTP/3 disabled because Unix can't multiplex STREAM and DGRAM on same socket",
+							zap.String("file", hostport))
+						continue
 					}
-					srv.h2listeners = append(srv.h2listeners, http2lnWrapper)
-					ln = http2lnWrapper
-				}

-				// if binding to port 0, the OS chooses a port for us;
-				// but the user won't know the port unless we print it
-				if !listenAddr.IsUnixNetwork() && listenAddr.StartPort == 0 && listenAddr.EndPort == 0 {
-					app.logger.Info("port 0 listener",
-						zap.String("input_address", lnAddr),
-						zap.String("actual_address", ln.Addr().String()))
-				}
-
-				app.logger.Debug("starting server loop",
-					zap.String("address", ln.Addr().String()),
-					zap.Bool("tls", useTLS),
-					zap.Bool("http3", srv.h3server != nil))
-
-				srv.listeners = append(srv.listeners, ln)
-
-				// enable HTTP/1 if configured
-				if srv.protocol("h1") {
-					//nolint:errcheck
-					go srv.server.Serve(ln)
+					if useTLS {
+						// enable HTTP/3 if configured
+						app.logger.Info("enabling HTTP/3 listener", zap.String("addr", hostport))
+						if err := srv.serveHTTP3(listenAddr.At(portOffset), tlsCfg); err != nil {
+							return err
+						}
+					} else {
+						// Can only serve h3 with TLS enabled
+						app.logger.Warn("HTTP/3 skipped because it requires TLS",
+							zap.String("network", listenAddr.Network),
+							zap.String("addr", hostport))
+					}
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -607,16 +717,7 @@ func (app *App) Stop() error {
 			return
 		}

-		// First close h3server then close listeners unlike stdlib for several reasons:
-		// 1, udp has only a single socket, once closed, no more data can be read and
-		// written. In contrast, closing tcp listeners won't affect established connections.
-		// This have something to do with graceful shutdown when upstream implements it.
-		// 2, h3server will only close listeners it's registered (quic listeners). Closing
-		// listener first and these listeners maybe unregistered thus won't be closed. caddy
-		// distinguishes quic-listener and underlying datagram sockets.
-
-		// TODO: CloseGracefully, once implemented upstream (see https://github.com/quic-go/quic-go/issues/2103)
-		if err := server.h3server.Close(); err != nil {
+		if err := server.h3server.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
 			app.logger.Error("HTTP/3 server shutdown",
 				zap.Error(err),
 				zap.Strings("addresses", server.Listen))
@@ -684,11 +785,20 @@ func (app *App) httpsPort() int {
 	return app.HTTPSPort
 }

-// defaultIdleTimeout is the default HTTP server timeout
-// for closing idle connections; useful to avoid resource
-// exhaustion behind hungry CDNs, for example (we've had
-// several complaints without this).
-const defaultIdleTimeout = caddy.Duration(5 * time.Minute)
+const (
+	// defaultIdleTimeout is the default HTTP server timeout
+	// for closing idle connections; useful to avoid resource
+	// exhaustion behind hungry CDNs, for example (we've had
+	// several complaints without this).
+	defaultIdleTimeout = caddy.Duration(5 * time.Minute)
+
+	// defaultReadHeaderTimeout is the default timeout for
+	// reading HTTP headers from clients. Headers are generally
+	// small, often less than 1 KB, so it shouldn't take a
+	// long time even on legitimately slow connections or
+	// busy servers to read it.
+	defaultReadHeaderTimeout = caddy.Duration(time.Minute)
+)

 // Interface guards
 var (
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ package caddyhttp
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
+	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"

@@ -64,17 +65,12 @@ type AutoHTTPSConfig struct {
 	// enabled. To force automated certificate management
 	// regardless of loaded certificates, set this to true.
 	IgnoreLoadedCerts bool `json:"ignore_loaded_certificates,omitempty"`
-}

-// Skipped returns true if name is in skipSlice, which
-// should be either the Skip or SkipCerts field on ahc.
-func (ahc AutoHTTPSConfig) Skipped(name string, skipSlice []string) bool {
-	for _, n := range skipSlice {
-		if name == n {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
+	// If true, automatic HTTPS will prefer wildcard names
+	// and ignore non-wildcard names if both are available.
+	// This allows for writing a config with top-level host
+	// matchers without having those names produce certificates.
+	PreferWildcard bool `json:"prefer_wildcard,omitempty"`
 }

 // automaticHTTPSPhase1 provisions all route matchers, determines
@@ -158,7 +154,7 @@ func (app *App) automaticHTTPSPhase1(ctx caddy.Context, repl *caddy.Replacer) er
 								return fmt.Errorf("%s: route %d, matcher set %d, matcher %d, host matcher %d: %v",
 									srvName, routeIdx, matcherSetIdx, matcherIdx, hostMatcherIdx, err)
 							}
-							if !srv.AutoHTTPS.Skipped(d, srv.AutoHTTPS.Skip) {
+							if !slices.Contains(srv.AutoHTTPS.Skip, d) {
 								serverDomainSet[d] = struct{}{}
 							}
 						}
@@ -167,6 +163,27 @@ func (app *App) automaticHTTPSPhase1(ctx caddy.Context, repl *caddy.Replacer) er
 			}
 		}

+		if srv.AutoHTTPS.PreferWildcard {
+			wildcards := make(map[string]struct{})
+			for d := range serverDomainSet {
+				if strings.HasPrefix(d, "*.") {
+					wildcards[d[2:]] = struct{}{}
+				}
+			}
+			for d := range serverDomainSet {
+				if strings.HasPrefix(d, "*.") {
+					continue
+				}
+				base := d
+				if idx := strings.Index(d, "."); idx != -1 {
+					base = d[idx+1:]
+				}
+				if _, ok := wildcards[base]; ok {
+					delete(serverDomainSet, d)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
 		// nothing more to do here if there are no domains that qualify for
 		// automatic HTTPS and there are no explicit TLS connection policies:
 		// if there is at least one domain but no TLS conn policy (F&&T), we'll
@@ -188,12 +205,13 @@ func (app *App) automaticHTTPSPhase1(ctx caddy.Context, repl *caddy.Replacer) er
 		// for all the hostnames we found, filter them so we have
 		// a deduplicated list of names for which to obtain certs
 		// (only if cert management not disabled for this server)
+		var echDomains []string
 		if srv.AutoHTTPS.DisableCerts {
 			logger.Warn("skipping automated certificate management for server because it is disabled", zap.String("server_name", srvName))
 		} else {
 			for d := range serverDomainSet {
 				if certmagic.SubjectQualifiesForCert(d) &&
-					!srv.AutoHTTPS.Skipped(d, srv.AutoHTTPS.SkipCerts) {
+					!slices.Contains(srv.AutoHTTPS.SkipCerts, d) {
 					// if a certificate for this name is already loaded,
 					// don't obtain another one for it, unless we are
 					// supposed to ignore loaded certificates
@@ -214,10 +232,14 @@ func (app *App) automaticHTTPSPhase1(ctx caddy.Context, repl *caddy.Replacer) er
 					}

 					uniqueDomainsForCerts[d] = struct{}{}
+					echDomains = append(echDomains, d)
 				}
 			}
 		}

+		// let the TLS server know we have some hostnames that could be protected behind ECH
+		app.tlsApp.RegisterServerNames(echDomains)
+
 		// tell the server to use TLS if it is not already doing so
 		if srv.TLSConnPolicies == nil {
 			srv.TLSConnPolicies = caddytls.ConnectionPolicies{new(caddytls.ConnectionPolicy)}
@@ -303,11 +325,21 @@ uniqueDomainsLoop:
 			}
 		}

-		// if no automation policy exists for the name yet, we
-		// will associate it with an implicit one
+		// if no automation policy exists for the name yet, we will associate it with an implicit one;
+		// we handle tailscale domains specially, and we also separate out identifiers that need the
+		// internal issuer (self-signed certs); certmagic does not consider public IP addresses to be
+		// disqualified for public certs, because there are public CAs that will issue certs for IPs.
+		// However, with auto-HTTPS, many times there is no issuer explicitly defined, and the default
+		// issuers do not (currently, as of 2024) issue IP certificates; so assign all IP subjects to
+		// the internal issuer when there are no explicit automation policies
+		shouldUseInternal := func(ident string) bool {
+			usingDefaultIssuersAndIsIP := certmagic.SubjectIsIP(ident) &&
+				(app.tlsApp == nil || app.tlsApp.Automation == nil || len(app.tlsApp.Automation.Policies) == 0)
+			return !certmagic.SubjectQualifiesForPublicCert(d) || usingDefaultIssuersAndIsIP
+		}
 		if isTailscaleDomain(d) {
 			tailscale = append(tailscale, d)
-		} else if !certmagic.SubjectQualifiesForPublicCert(d) {
+		} else if shouldUseInternal(d) {
 			internal = append(internal, d)
 		}
 	}
@@ -742,7 +774,7 @@ func (app *App) automaticHTTPSPhase2() error {
 	)
 	err := app.tlsApp.Manage(app.allCertDomains)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("managing certificates for %v: %s", app.allCertDomains, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("managing certificates for %d domains: %s", len(app.allCertDomains), err)
 	}
 	app.allCertDomains = nil // no longer needed; allow GC to deallocate
 	return nil
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"net/http"

 	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"go.uber.org/zap/zapcore"

 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2"
 	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/modules/caddyhttp"
@@ -76,9 +77,9 @@ func (a Authentication) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, next c
 	for provName, prov := range a.Providers {
 		user, authed, err = prov.Authenticate(w, r)
 		if err != nil {
-			a.logger.Error("auth provider returned error",
-				zap.String("provider", provName),
-				zap.Error(err))
+			if c := a.logger.Check(zapcore.ErrorLevel, "auth provider returned error"); c != nil {
+				c.Write(zap.String("provider", provName), zap.Error(err))
+			}
 			continue
 		}
 		if authed {
@@ -36,10 +36,26 @@ func init() {
 // RequestMatcher is a type that can match to a request.
 // A route matcher MUST NOT modify the request, with the
 // only exception being its context.
+//
+// Deprecated: Matchers should now implement RequestMatcherWithError.
+// You may remove any interface guards for RequestMatcher
+// but keep your Match() methods for backwards compatibility.
 type RequestMatcher interface {
 	Match(*http.Request) bool
 }

+// RequestMatcherWithError is like RequestMatcher but can return an error.
+// An error during matching will abort the request middleware chain and
+// invoke the error middleware chain.
+//
+// This will eventually replace RequestMatcher. Matcher modules
+// should implement both interfaces, and once all modules have
+// been updated to use RequestMatcherWithError, the RequestMatcher
+// interface may eventually be dropped.
+type RequestMatcherWithError interface {
+	MatchWithError(*http.Request) (bool, error)
+}
+
 // Handler is like http.Handler except ServeHTTP may return an error.
 //
 // If any handler encounters an error, it should be returned for proper
@@ -239,7 +255,7 @@ func SanitizedPathJoin(root, reqPath string) string {
 	}

 	relPath := path.Clean("/" + reqPath)[1:] // clean path and trim the leading /
-	if !filepath.IsLocal(relPath) {
+	if relPath != "" && !filepath.IsLocal(relPath) {
 		// path is unsafe (see https://github.com/golang/go/issues/56336#issuecomment-1416214885)
 		return root
 	}
@@ -26,22 +26,28 @@ func TestSanitizedPathJoin(t *testing.T) {
 			inputPath: "/",
 			expect:    ".",
 		},
+		{
+			// fileserver.MatchFile passes an inputPath of "//" for some try_files values.
+			// See https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/issues/6352
+			inputPath: "//",
+			expect:    filepath.FromSlash("./"),
+		},
 		{
 			inputPath: "/foo",
 			expect:    "foo",
 		},
 		{
 			inputPath: "/foo/",
-			expect:    "foo" + separator,
+			expect:    filepath.FromSlash("foo/"),
 		},
 		{
 			inputPath: "/foo/bar",
-			expect:    filepath.Join("foo", "bar"),
+			expect:    filepath.FromSlash("foo/bar"),
 		},
 		{
 			inputRoot: "/a",
 			inputPath: "/foo/bar",
-			expect:    filepath.Join("/", "a", "foo", "bar"),
+			expect:    filepath.FromSlash("/a/foo/bar"),
 		},
 		{
 			inputPath: "/foo/../bar",
@@ -50,32 +56,34 @@ func TestSanitizedPathJoin(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			inputRoot: "/a/b",
 			inputPath: "/foo/../bar",
-			expect:    filepath.Join("/", "a", "b", "bar"),
+			expect:    filepath.FromSlash("/a/b/bar"),
 		},
 		{
 			inputRoot: "/a/b",
 			inputPath: "/..%2fbar",
-			expect:    filepath.Join("/", "a", "b", "bar"),
+			expect:    filepath.FromSlash("/a/b/bar"),
 		},
 		{
 			inputRoot: "/a/b",
 			inputPath: "/%2e%2e%2fbar",
-			expect:    filepath.Join("/", "a", "b", "bar"),
+			expect:    filepath.FromSlash("/a/b/bar"),
 		},
 		{
+			// inputPath fails the IsLocal test so only the root is returned,
+			// but with a trailing slash since one was included in inputPath
 			inputRoot: "/a/b",
 			inputPath: "/%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2f",
-			expect:    "/a/b", // inputPath fails the IsLocal test so only the root is returned
+			expect:    filepath.FromSlash("/a/b/"),
 		},
 		{
 			inputRoot: "/a/b",
 			inputPath: "/foo%2fbar",
-			expect:    filepath.Join("/", "a", "b", "foo", "bar"),
+			expect:    filepath.FromSlash("/a/b/foo/bar"),
 		},
 		{
 			inputRoot: "/a/b",
 			inputPath: "/foo%252fbar",
-			expect:    filepath.Join("/", "a", "b", "foo%2fbar"),
+			expect:    filepath.FromSlash("/a/b/foo%2fbar"),
 		},
 		{
 			inputRoot: "C:\\www",
@@ -86,13 +94,37 @@ func TestSanitizedPathJoin(t *testing.T) {
 			inputRoot:     "C:\\www",
 			inputPath:     "/D:\\foo\\bar",
 			expect:        filepath.Join("C:\\www", "D:\\foo\\bar"),
-			expectWindows: filepath.Join("C:\\www"), // inputPath fails IsLocal on Windows
+			expectWindows: "C:\\www", // inputPath fails IsLocal on Windows
+		},
+		{
+			inputRoot:     `C:\www`,
+			inputPath:     `/..\windows\win.ini`,
+			expect:        `C:\www/..\windows\win.ini`,
+			expectWindows: `C:\www`,
+		},
+		{
+			inputRoot:     `C:\www`,
+			inputPath:     `/..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\windows\win.ini`,
+			expect:        `C:\www/..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\windows\win.ini`,
+			expectWindows: `C:\www`,
+		},
+		{
+			inputRoot:     `C:\www`,
+			inputPath:     `/..%5cwindows%5cwin.ini`,
+			expect:        `C:\www/..\windows\win.ini`,
+			expectWindows: `C:\www`,
+		},
+		{
+			inputRoot:     `C:\www`,
+			inputPath:     `/..%5c..%5c..%5c..%5c..%5c..%5c..%5c..%5c..%5c..%5cwindows%5cwin.ini`,
+			expect:        `C:\www/..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\windows\win.ini`,
+			expectWindows: `C:\www`,
 		},
 		{
 			// https://github.com/golang/go/issues/56336#issuecomment-1416214885
 			inputRoot: "root",
 			inputPath: "/a/b/../../c",
-			expect:    filepath.Join("root", "c"),
+			expect:    filepath.FromSlash("root/c"),
 		},
 	} {
 		// we don't *need* to use an actual parsed URL, but it
@@ -126,6 +126,10 @@ func (m *MatchExpression) Provision(ctx caddy.Context) error {
 	// light (and possibly naïve) syntactic sugar
 	m.expandedExpr = placeholderRegexp.ReplaceAllString(m.Expr, placeholderExpansion)

+	// as a second pass, we'll strip the escape character from an escaped
+	// placeholder, so that it can be used as an input to other CEL functions
+	m.expandedExpr = escapedPlaceholderRegexp.ReplaceAllString(m.expandedExpr, escapedPlaceholderExpansion)
+
 	// our type adapter expands CEL's standard type support
 	m.ta = celTypeAdapter{}

@@ -159,14 +163,17 @@ func (m *MatchExpression) Provision(ctx caddy.Context) error {

 	// create the CEL environment
 	env, err := cel.NewEnv(
-		cel.Function(placeholderFuncName, cel.SingletonBinaryBinding(m.caddyPlaceholderFunc), cel.Overload(
-			placeholderFuncName+"_httpRequest_string",
+		cel.Function(CELPlaceholderFuncName, cel.SingletonBinaryBinding(m.caddyPlaceholderFunc), cel.Overload(
+			CELPlaceholderFuncName+"_httpRequest_string",
 			[]*cel.Type{httpRequestObjectType, cel.StringType},
 			cel.AnyType,
 		)),
-		cel.Variable("request", httpRequestObjectType),
+		cel.Variable(CELRequestVarName, httpRequestObjectType),
 		cel.CustomTypeAdapter(m.ta),
 		ext.Strings(),
+		ext.Bindings(),
+		ext.Lists(),
+		ext.Math(),
 		matcherLib,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -195,17 +202,25 @@ func (m *MatchExpression) Provision(ctx caddy.Context) error {

 // Match returns true if r matches m.
 func (m MatchExpression) Match(r *http.Request) bool {
+	match, err := m.MatchWithError(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		SetVar(r.Context(), MatcherErrorVarKey, err)
+	}
+	return match
+}
+
+// MatchWithError returns true if r matches m.
+func (m MatchExpression) MatchWithError(r *http.Request) (bool, error) {
 	celReq := celHTTPRequest{r}
 	out, _, err := m.prg.Eval(celReq)
 	if err != nil {
 		m.log.Error("evaluating expression", zap.Error(err))
-		SetVar(r.Context(), MatcherErrorVarKey, err)
-		return false
+		return false, err
 	}
 	if outBool, ok := out.Value().(bool); ok {
-		return outBool
+		return outBool, nil
 	}
-	return false
+	return false, nil
 }

 // UnmarshalCaddyfile implements caddyfile.Unmarshaler.
@@ -247,7 +262,7 @@ func (m MatchExpression) caddyPlaceholderFunc(lhs, rhs ref.Val) ref.Val {
 		return types.NewErr(
 			"invalid request of type '%v' to %s(request, placeholderVarName)",
 			lhs.Type(),
-			placeholderFuncName,
+			CELPlaceholderFuncName,
 		)
 	}
 	phStr, ok := rhs.(types.String)
@@ -255,7 +270,7 @@ func (m MatchExpression) caddyPlaceholderFunc(lhs, rhs ref.Val) ref.Val {
 		return types.NewErr(
 			"invalid placeholder variable name of type '%v' to %s(request, placeholderVarName)",
 			rhs.Type(),
-			placeholderFuncName,
+			CELPlaceholderFuncName,
 		)
 	}

@@ -275,7 +290,7 @@ var httpRequestCELType = cel.ObjectType("http.Request", traits.ReceiverType)
 type celHTTPRequest struct{ *http.Request }

 func (cr celHTTPRequest) ResolveName(name string) (any, bool) {
-	if name == "request" {
+	if name == CELRequestVarName {
 		return cr, true
 	}
 	return nil, false
@@ -340,7 +355,7 @@ func (celTypeAdapter) NativeToValue(value any) ref.Val {
 	case time.Time:
 		return types.Timestamp{Time: v}
 	case error:
-		types.NewErr(v.Error())
+		return types.WrapErr(v)
 	}
 	return types.DefaultTypeAdapter.NativeToValue(value)
 }
@@ -373,7 +388,7 @@ type CELLibraryProducer interface {
 // limited set of function signatures. For strong type validation you may need
 // to provide a custom macro which does a more detailed analysis of the CEL
 // literal provided to the macro as an argument.
-func CELMatcherImpl(macroName, funcName string, matcherDataTypes []*cel.Type, fac CELMatcherFactory) (cel.Library, error) {
+func CELMatcherImpl(macroName, funcName string, matcherDataTypes []*cel.Type, fac any) (cel.Library, error) {
 	requestType := cel.ObjectType("http.Request")
 	var macro parser.Macro
 	switch len(matcherDataTypes) {
@@ -417,7 +432,11 @@ func CELMatcherImpl(macroName, funcName string, matcherDataTypes []*cel.Type, fa
 }

 // CELMatcherFactory converts a constant CEL value into a RequestMatcher.
-type CELMatcherFactory func(data ref.Val) (RequestMatcher, error)
+// Deprecated: Use CELMatcherWithErrorFactory instead.
+type CELMatcherFactory = func(data ref.Val) (RequestMatcher, error)
+
+// CELMatcherWithErrorFactory converts a constant CEL value into a RequestMatcherWithError.
+type CELMatcherWithErrorFactory = func(data ref.Val) (RequestMatcherWithError, error)

 // matcherCELLibrary is a simplistic configurable cel.Library implementation.
 type matcherCELLibrary struct {
@@ -445,7 +464,7 @@ func (lib *matcherCELLibrary) ProgramOptions() []cel.ProgramOption {
 // that takes a single argument, and optimizes the implementation to precompile
 // the matcher and return a function that references the precompiled and
 // provisioned matcher.
-func CELMatcherDecorator(funcName string, fac CELMatcherFactory) interpreter.InterpretableDecorator {
+func CELMatcherDecorator(funcName string, fac any) interpreter.InterpretableDecorator {
 	return func(i interpreter.Interpretable) (interpreter.Interpretable, error) {
 		call, ok := i.(interpreter.InterpretableCall)
 		if !ok {
@@ -457,15 +476,15 @@ func CELMatcherDecorator(funcName string, fac CELMatcherFactory) interpreter.Int
 		callArgs := call.Args()
 		reqAttr, ok := callArgs[0].(interpreter.InterpretableAttribute)
 		if !ok {
-			return nil, errors.New("missing 'request' argument")
+			return nil, errors.New("missing 'req' argument")
 		}
 		nsAttr, ok := reqAttr.Attr().(interpreter.NamespacedAttribute)
 		if !ok {
-			return nil, errors.New("missing 'request' argument")
+			return nil, errors.New("missing 'req' argument")
 		}
 		varNames := nsAttr.CandidateVariableNames()
-		if len(varNames) != 1 || len(varNames) == 1 && varNames[0] != "request" {
-			return nil, errors.New("missing 'request' argument")
+		if len(varNames) != 1 || len(varNames) == 1 && varNames[0] != CELRequestVarName {
+			return nil, errors.New("missing 'req' argument")
 		}
 		matcherData, ok := callArgs[1].(interpreter.InterpretableConst)
 		if !ok {
@@ -474,35 +493,92 @@ func CELMatcherDecorator(funcName string, fac CELMatcherFactory) interpreter.Int
 			// and matcher provisioning should be handled at dynamically.
 			return i, nil
 		}
-		matcher, err := fac(matcherData.Value())
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+
+		if factory, ok := fac.(CELMatcherWithErrorFactory); ok {
+			matcher, err := factory(matcherData.Value())
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			return interpreter.NewCall(
+				i.ID(), funcName, funcName+"_opt",
+				[]interpreter.Interpretable{reqAttr},
+				func(args ...ref.Val) ref.Val {
+					// The request value, guaranteed to be of type celHTTPRequest
+					celReq := args[0]
+					// If needed this call could be changed to convert the value
+					// to a *http.Request using CEL's ConvertToNative method.
+					httpReq := celReq.Value().(celHTTPRequest)
+					match, err := matcher.MatchWithError(httpReq.Request)
+					if err != nil {
+						return types.WrapErr(err)
+					}
+					return types.Bool(match)
+				},
+			), nil
 		}
-		return interpreter.NewCall(
-			i.ID(), funcName, funcName+"_opt",
-			[]interpreter.Interpretable{reqAttr},
-			func(args ...ref.Val) ref.Val {
-				// The request value, guaranteed to be of type celHTTPRequest
-				celReq := args[0]
-				// If needed this call could be changed to convert the value
-				// to a *http.Request using CEL's ConvertToNative method.
-				httpReq := celReq.Value().(celHTTPRequest)
-				return types.Bool(matcher.Match(httpReq.Request))
-			},
-		), nil
+
+		if factory, ok := fac.(CELMatcherFactory); ok {
+			matcher, err := factory(matcherData.Value())
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			return interpreter.NewCall(
+				i.ID(), funcName, funcName+"_opt",
+				[]interpreter.Interpretable{reqAttr},
+				func(args ...ref.Val) ref.Val {
+					// The request value, guaranteed to be of type celHTTPRequest
+					celReq := args[0]
+					// If needed this call could be changed to convert the value
+					// to a *http.Request using CEL's ConvertToNative method.
+					httpReq := celReq.Value().(celHTTPRequest)
+					if m, ok := matcher.(RequestMatcherWithError); ok {
+						match, err := m.MatchWithError(httpReq.Request)
+						if err != nil {
+							return types.WrapErr(err)
+						}
+						return types.Bool(match)
+					}
+					return types.Bool(matcher.Match(httpReq.Request))
+				},
+			), nil
+		}
+
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid matcher factory, must be CELMatcherFactory or CELMatcherWithErrorFactory: %T", fac)
 	}
 }

 // CELMatcherRuntimeFunction creates a function binding for when the input to the matcher
 // is dynamically resolved rather than a set of static constant values.
-func CELMatcherRuntimeFunction(funcName string, fac CELMatcherFactory) functions.BinaryOp {
+func CELMatcherRuntimeFunction(funcName string, fac any) functions.BinaryOp {
 	return func(celReq, matcherData ref.Val) ref.Val {
-		matcher, err := fac(matcherData)
-		if err != nil {
-			return types.NewErr(err.Error())
+		if factory, ok := fac.(CELMatcherWithErrorFactory); ok {
+			matcher, err := factory(matcherData)
+			if err != nil {
+				return types.WrapErr(err)
+			}
+			httpReq := celReq.Value().(celHTTPRequest)
+			match, err := matcher.MatchWithError(httpReq.Request)
+			if err != nil {
+				return types.WrapErr(err)
+			}
+			return types.Bool(match)
 		}
-		httpReq := celReq.Value().(celHTTPRequest)
-		return types.Bool(matcher.Match(httpReq.Request))
+		if factory, ok := fac.(CELMatcherFactory); ok {
+			matcher, err := factory(matcherData)
+			if err != nil {
+				return types.WrapErr(err)
+			}
+			httpReq := celReq.Value().(celHTTPRequest)
+			if m, ok := matcher.(RequestMatcherWithError); ok {
+				match, err := m.MatchWithError(httpReq.Request)
+				if err != nil {
+					return types.WrapErr(err)
+				}
+				return types.Bool(match)
+			}
+			return types.Bool(matcher.Match(httpReq.Request))
+		}
+		return types.NewErr("CELMatcherRuntimeFunction invalid matcher factory: %T", fac)
 	}
 }

@@ -524,7 +600,7 @@ func celMatcherStringListMacroExpander(funcName string) cel.MacroFactory {
 				return nil, eh.NewError(arg.ID(), "matcher arguments must be string constants")
 			}
 		}
-		return eh.NewCall(funcName, eh.NewIdent("request"), eh.NewList(matchArgs...)), nil
+		return eh.NewCall(funcName, eh.NewIdent(CELRequestVarName), eh.NewList(matchArgs...)), nil
 	}
 }

@@ -538,7 +614,7 @@ func celMatcherStringMacroExpander(funcName string) parser.MacroExpander {
 			return nil, eh.NewError(0, "matcher requires one argument")
 		}
 		if isCELStringExpr(args[0]) {
-			return eh.NewCall(funcName, eh.NewIdent("request"), args[0]), nil
+			return eh.NewCall(funcName, eh.NewIdent(CELRequestVarName), args[0]), nil
 		}
 		return nil, eh.NewError(args[0].ID(), "matcher argument must be a string literal")
 	}
@@ -572,7 +648,7 @@ func celMatcherJSONMacroExpander(funcName string) parser.MacroExpander {
 					return nil, eh.NewError(entry.AsMapEntry().Value().ID(), "matcher map values must be string or list literals")
 				}
 			}
-			return eh.NewCall(funcName, eh.NewIdent("request"), arg), nil
+			return eh.NewCall(funcName, eh.NewIdent(CELRequestVarName), arg), nil
 		case ast.UnspecifiedExprKind, ast.CallKind, ast.ComprehensionKind, ast.IdentKind, ast.ListKind, ast.LiteralKind, ast.SelectKind:
 			// appeasing the linter :)
 		}
@@ -646,7 +722,7 @@ func isCELCaddyPlaceholderCall(e ast.Expr) bool {
 	switch e.Kind() {
 	case ast.CallKind:
 		call := e.AsCall()
-		if call.FunctionName() == "caddyPlaceholder" {
+		if call.FunctionName() == CELPlaceholderFuncName {
 			return true
 		}
 	case ast.UnspecifiedExprKind, ast.ComprehensionKind, ast.IdentKind, ast.ListKind, ast.LiteralKind, ast.MapKind, ast.SelectKind, ast.StructKind:
@@ -701,8 +777,15 @@ func isCELStringListLiteral(e ast.Expr) bool {
 // expressions with a proper CEL function call; this is
 // just for syntactic sugar.
 var (
-	placeholderRegexp    = regexp.MustCompile(`{([a-zA-Z][\w.-]+)}`)
-	placeholderExpansion = `caddyPlaceholder(request, "${1}")`
+	// The placeholder may not be preceded by a backslash; the expansion
+	// will include the preceding character if it is not a backslash.
+	placeholderRegexp    = regexp.MustCompile(`([^\\]|^){([a-zA-Z][\w.-]+)}`)
+	placeholderExpansion = `${1}ph(req, "${2}")`
+
+	// As a second pass, we need to strip the escape character in front of
+	// the placeholder, if it exists.
+	escapedPlaceholderRegexp    = regexp.MustCompile(`\\{([a-zA-Z][\w.-]+)}`)
+	escapedPlaceholderExpansion = `{${1}}`

 	CELTypeJSON = cel.MapType(cel.StringType, cel.DynType)
 )
@@ -710,15 +793,18 @@ var (
 var httpRequestObjectType = cel.ObjectType("http.Request")

 // The name of the CEL function which accesses Replacer values.
-const placeholderFuncName = "caddyPlaceholder"
+const CELPlaceholderFuncName = "ph"
+
+// The name of the CEL request variable.
+const CELRequestVarName = "req"

 const MatcherNameCtxKey = "matcher_name"

 // Interface guards
 var (
-	_ caddy.Provisioner     = (*MatchExpression)(nil)
-	_ RequestMatcher        = (*MatchExpression)(nil)
-	_ caddyfile.Unmarshaler = (*MatchExpression)(nil)
-	_ json.Marshaler        = (*MatchExpression)(nil)
-	_ json.Unmarshaler      = (*MatchExpression)(nil)
+	_ caddy.Provisioner       = (*MatchExpression)(nil)
+	_ RequestMatcherWithError = (*MatchExpression)(nil)
+	_ caddyfile.Unmarshaler   = (*MatchExpression)(nil)
+	_ json.Marshaler          = (*MatchExpression)(nil)
+	_ json.Unmarshaler        = (*MatchExpression)(nil)
 )
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More